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Maestro A, Nagy BS, Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. A Telescoped Continuous Flow Enantioselective Process for Accessing Intermediates of 1-Aryl-1,3-diols as Chiral Building Blocks. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15523-15529. [PMID: 37844195 PMCID: PMC10629223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
A telescoped continuous flow process is reported for the enantioselective synthesis of chiral precursors of 1-aryl-1,3-diols, intermediates in the synthesis of ezetimibe, dapoxetine, duloxetine, and atomoxetine. The two-step sequence consists of an asymmetric allylboration of readily available aldehydes using a polymer-supported chiral phosphoric acid catalyst to introduce asymmetry, followed by selective epoxidation of the resulting alkene. The process is highly stable for at least 7 h and represents a transition-metal free enantioselective approach to valuable 1-aryl-1,3-diols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Maestro
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bence S Nagy
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), A-8010 Graz, Austria
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2
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Cossar PJ, Cardoso D, Mathwin D, Russell CC, Chiew B, Hamilton MP, Baker JR, Young KA, Chau N, Robinson PJ, McCluskey A. Wiskostatin and other carbazole scaffolds as off target inhibitors of dynamin I GTPase activity and endocytosis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115001. [PMID: 36577213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wiskostatin (1-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol) (1) is a carbazole-based compound reported as a specific and relatively potent inhibitor of the N-WASP actin remodelling complex (S-isomer EC50 = 4.35 μM; R-isomer EC50 = 3.44 μM). An NMR solution structure showed that wiskostatin interacts with a cleft in the regulatory GTPase binding domain of N-WASP. However, numerous studies have reported wiskostatin's actions on membrane transport and cytokinesis that are independent of the N-WASP-Arp2/3 complex pathway, but offer limited alternative explanation. The large GTPase, dynamin has established functional roles in these pathways. This study reveals that wiskostatin and its analogues, as well as other carbazole-based compounds, are inhibitors of helical dynamin GTPase activity and endocytosis. We characterise the effects of wiskostatin on in vitro dynamin GTPase activity, in-cell endocytosis, and determine the importance of wiskostatin functional groups on these activities through design and synthesis of libraries of wiskostatin analogues. We also examine whether other carbazole-based scaffolds frequently used in research or the clinic also modulate dynamin and endocytosis. Understanding off-targets for compounds used as research tools is important to be able to confidently interpret their action on biological systems, particularly when the target and off-targets affect overlapping mechanisms (e.g. cytokinesis and endocytosis). Herein we demonstrate that wiskostatin is a dynamin inhibitor (IC50 20.7 ± 1.2 μM) and a potent inhibitor of clathrin mediated endocytosis (IC50 = 6.9 ± 0.3 μM). Synthesis of wiskostatin analogues gave rise to 1-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-((4-methylbenzyl)amino)propan-2-ol (35) and 1-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-((4-chlorobenzyl)amino)propan-2-ol (43) as potent dynamin inhibitors (IC50 = 1.0 ± 0.2 μM), and (S)-1-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol (8a) and (R)-1-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol (8b) that are amongst the most potent inhibitors of clathrin mediated endocytosis yet reported (IC50 = 2.3 ± 3.3 and 2.1 ± 1.7 μM, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Cossar
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - David Cardoso
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Daniel Mathwin
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Cecilia C Russell
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Beatrice Chiew
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Michael P Hamilton
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Baker
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Kelly A Young
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ngoc Chau
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia.
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3
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O’Boyle NM, Niklasson IB, Ponting DJ, Ortega MA, Seifert T, Natsch A, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Nature-derived epoxy resins: Synthesis, allergenicity, and thermosetting properties of pinoresinol diglycidyl ether. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:259-269. [PMID: 35465773 PMCID: PMC9082971 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221089595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel nature-derived epoxy resin monomer (ERM) derived from the plant lignan pinoresinol. Epoxy resins are thermosetting materials in global usage owing to their excellent technical properties such as flexibility and durability. However, their adverse health effects are often not considered and affect users of epoxy resins worldwide. Components of epoxy resin systems are strong skin sensitizers and cause allergic contact dermatitis. The reported prevalence attributable to epoxy chemicals is between 11.7 and 12.5% of all cases of occupational allergic contact dermatitis. We are committed to developing epoxy resins with reduced allergenic effect, while maintaining their excellent properties. The novel ERM, pinoresinol diglycidyl ether (PinoDGE), was synthesized in one step from pinoresinol and epichlorohydrin in 88% yield. It was not classified as a skin sensitizer in the in vivo local lymph node assay, at concentrations up to 0.17 m, as it did not cause a stimulation index >3 compared to control. Pinoresinol diglycidyl ether reacted with the model peptide AcPHCKRM in a reactivity assay and was predicted to be a skin sensitizer in the KeratinoSens assay. Preliminary cross-linking studies indicate that it has promising properties compared to commercially used ERMs. Pinoresinol diglycidyl ether could be seen as a lead compound for further development of alternative ERMs with a better safety profile based on natural and renewable sources for construction of epoxy resin polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M O’Boyle
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida B Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David J Ponting
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Miguel A Ortega
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tina Seifert
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Amino Alcohols as Potential Antibiotic and Antifungal Leads. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072050. [PMID: 35408448 PMCID: PMC9000800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Five focused compound libraries (forty-nine compounds), based on prior studies in our laboratory were synthesized and screened for antibiotic and anti-fungal activity against S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, C. albicans and C. neoformans. Low levels of activity, at the initial screening concentration of 32 μg/mL, were noted with analogues of (Z)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-phenylacrylonitriles which made up the first two focused libraries produced. The most promising analogues possessing additional substituents on the terminal aromatic ring of the synthesised acrylonitriles. Modifications of the terminal aromatic moiety were explored through epoxide installation flowed by flow chemistry mediated ring opening aminolysis with discreet sets of amines to the corresponding amino alcohols. Three new focused libraries were developed from substituted anilines, cyclic amines, and phenyl linked heterocyclic amines. The aniline-based compounds were inactive against the bacterial and fungal lines screened. The introduction of a cyclic, such as piperidine, piperazine, or morpholine, showed >50% inhibition when evaluated at 32 μg/mL compound concentration against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Examination of the terminal aromatic substituent via oxirane aminolysis allowed for the synthesis of three new focused libraries of afforded amino alcohols. Aromatic substituted piperidine or piperazine switched library activity from antibacterial to anti-fungal activity with ((Z)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-(2-hydroxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)acrylonitrile), ((Z)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-(2-hydroxy-3-(4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)propoxy)-phenyl)acrylonitrile) and ((Z)-3-(4-(3-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-hydroxypropoxy)-phenyl)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-acrylonitrile) showing >95% inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii H99 growth at 32 μg/mL. While (Z)-3-(4-(3-(cyclohexylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-acrylonitrile, (S,Z)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)acrylonitrile, (R,Z)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)acrylonitrile, (Z)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-(2-hydroxy-3-(D-11-piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)-acrylonitrile, and (Z)-3-(4-(3-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-hydroxypropoxy)-phenyl)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-acrylonitrile 32 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus.
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Phumjan T, Songthammawat P, Jongcharoenkamol J, Batsomboon P, Ruchirawat S, Ploypradith P. Substituted 9-Anthraldehydes from Dibenzocycloheptanol Epoxides via Acid-Catalyzed Epoxide Opening/Semipinacol Rearrangement. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13322-13349. [PMID: 34415157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Starting from benzaldehyde derivatives, the corresponding dibenzocycloheptenol could be prepared in five steps. Under both substrate (secondary vs tertiary alcohol and the substituents on the aromatic ring(s)) and condition control, the subsequent epoxidation and acid-catalyzed epoxide opening/semipinacol rearrangement/aromatization afforded the corresponding 9-anthraldehydes in good yields, up to 88% over two steps. The presence of the electron-withdrawing group(s) on the aromatic ring(s) suppressed the rate of the epoxidation while the subsequent semipinacol rearrangement step required heating; the presence of the electron-donating group(s), on the other hand, frequently led to the decomposition during the epoxidation. From the mechanistic studies, the semipinacol rearrangement of the epoxide could precede the ionization at the bisbenzylic position, yielding the aldehyde intermediate. The ensuing dehydrative aromatization led to the formation of 9-anthraldehyde. Conversely, nucleophilic addition to the aldehyde and dehydrative aromatization with concomitant loss of formic acid led to anthracene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanawat Phumjan
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 906 Khamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Poramate Songthammawat
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand 10210
| | - Jira Jongcharoenkamol
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 906 Khamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Paratchata Batsomboon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand 10210
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 906 Khamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand 10210.,Centre of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Poonsakdi Ploypradith
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 906 Khamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand 10210.,Centre of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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6
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Baker JR, Russell CC, Gilbert J, McCluskey A, Sakoff JA. Amino alcohol acrylonitriles as broad spectrum and tumour selective cytotoxic agents. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:929-942. [PMID: 34263170 PMCID: PMC8223738 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00021g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified specific dichlorophenylacrylonitriles as lead compounds in the development of novel anticancer compounds, notably, (Z)-N-(4-(2-cyano-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)vinyl)phenyl)acetamide (1) and ANI-7 (2). Herein we specifically probe the SAR associated with the terminal aromatic ring and associated cytoxicity in a broad range of human cancer cell lines. Synthesis of three focused libraries revealed a poor tolerance for electron withdrawing and donating moieties (Library A). A clear preference for hydrophobic substituents on a terminal piperazine moiety (Library B) with good levels of broad spectrum cytotoxicity, e.g. 13a (GI50 2.5-6.0 μM), as did the introduction of a methylene spacer with 13i (4-CH3PhCH2; GI50 1.5-4.5 μM). Removal of the aromatic moiety and installation of simple hydrophobic groups (Library C), in particular an adamantyl moiety, afforded highly active broad spectrum cytotoxic agents with GI50 values ranging from 1.7 μM (14k; 1-adamantyl) to 5.6 μM (14i; pyrrolidine). Within these libraries we note lung cancer selectivity, relative to normal cells, of 13h (fluoro substituted acrylonitrile, GI50 1.6 μM, 9.3-fold selective); the colorectal selectivity of 14h (methylpiperidine analogue, GI50 0.36 μM, 6.9-fold selective) and the breast cancer selectivity of 13f (nitrile substituted acrylonitrile, GI50 2.3-6.0 μM, up to 20-fold selective). The latter was confirmed as a novel AhR ligand and a CYP1A1 activating compound, that likely induces cell death following bioactivation; a phenomenon previously described in breast cancer cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Baker
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Cecilia C Russell
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Jayne Gilbert
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital Edith Street Waratah NSW 2298 Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Jennette A Sakoff
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital Edith Street Waratah NSW 2298 Australia
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Yan Z, Du C, Luo G, Deng J. Remarkable improvement of epoxide ring-opening reaction efficiency and selectivity with water as a green regulator. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00277e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As a fully green regulator, water improves the product selectivity by regulating the transformation routes of the reaction intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Yan
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chencan Du
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Deng
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Ahlqvist GP, Burke EG, Johnson JA, Jamison TF. Continuous dimethyldioxirane generation for polymer epoxidation. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01676d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the development of a reactor for the continuous flow generation and use of dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) and its application to the low-level epoxidation of unsaturated polymers.
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Baker JR, Russell CC, Gilbert J, Sakoff JA, McCluskey A. Amino Alcohol Acrylonitriles as Activators of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway: An Unexpected MTT Phenotypic Screening Outcome. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:490-505. [PMID: 32012442 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Z)-N-(4-(2-cyano-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)vinyl)phenyl)acetamide, 1 showed MCF-7 GI50 =30 nM and 400-fold selective c.f. MCF10A (normal breast tissue). Acetamide moiety modification (13 a-g) to introduce additional hydrophobicity was favoured with MCF-7 breast cancer cell activity enhanced at 1.3 nM. Other analogues were potent against the HT29 colon cancer cell line at 23 nM. Textbook SAR data was observed in the MCF-7 cell line, in an MTT assay, via the ortho (17 a), meta (17 b) and para (13 f). The amino alcohol -OH moiety was pivotal, but no stereochemical preference noted. But, these data did not fit our homology modelling expectations. Aberrant MTT ((3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) screening results and metabolic interference confirmed by sulforhodamine B (SRB) screening. Interfering analogues resulted in 120 and 80-fold CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 amplification, with no upregulation of SULT1A1. This is consistent with activation of the AhR pathway. Piperidine per-deuteration reduced metabolic inactivation. 3-OH / 4-OH piperidine analogues showed differential MTT and SRB activity supporting MTT assay metabolic inactivation. Data supports piperidine 3-OH, but not the 4-OH, as a CYP substrate. This family of β-amino alcohol substituted 3,4-dichlorophenylacetonitriles show broad activity modulated via the AhR pathway. By SRB analysis the most potent analogue was 23 b, (Z)-3-(4-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-acrylonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Cecilia C Russell
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jayne Gilbert
- Experimental Therapeutics Group Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Hospital, Edith Street, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Jennette A Sakoff
- Experimental Therapeutics Group Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Hospital, Edith Street, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Flow Synthesis of Biologically-Relevant Compound Libraries. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040909. [PMID: 32085549 PMCID: PMC7070499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry is one of the most prominent enabling technologies that has greatly shaped the way chemists' approach organic synthesis. Specifically, in drug discovery, the advantages of flow techniques over batch procedures allow the rapid and efficient assembly of compound libraries to be tested for biological properties. The aim of the present review is to comment on some representative examples from the last five years of literature that highlight how flow procedures are becoming of increasing importance for the synthesis of biologically-relevant molecules.
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12
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Development of a continuous flow synthesis of propranolol: tackling a competitive side reaction. J Flow Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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