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Malus J, Urbaczka J, Rygelova M, Casula V, Nieminen M, Monte A, Horka V, Uchytil J. Effect of Footwear Type on Biomechanical Risk Factors for Knee Osteoarthritis. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231183416. [PMID: 37560612 PMCID: PMC10406632 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231183416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular walking in different types of footwear may increase the mediolateral shear force, knee adduction moment, or vertical ground-reaction forces that could increase the risk of early development of knee osteoarthritis (OA). PURPOSE To compare kinematic and kinetic parameters that could affect the development of knee OA in 3 footwear conditions. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A total of 40 asymptomatic participants performed walking trials in the laboratory at self-selected walking speeds under barefoot (BF), minimalistic (MF), and neutral (NF) footwear conditions. Knee joint parameters were described using discrete point values, and continuous curves were evaluated using statistical parametric mapping. A 3 × 1 repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine the main effect of footwear for both discrete and continuous data. To compare differences between footwear conditions, a post hoc paired t test was used. RESULTS Discrete point analyses showed a significantly greater knee power in NF compared with MF and BF in the weight absorption phase (P < .001 for both). Statistical parametric mapping analysis indicated a significantly greater knee angle in the sagittal plane at the end of the propulsive phase in BF compared with NF and MF (P = .043). Knee joint moment was significantly greater in the propulsive phase for the sagittal (P = .038) and frontal planes (P = .035) in BF compared with NF and MF and in the absorption phase in the sagittal plane (P = .034) in BF compared with MF and NF. A significant main effect of footwear was found for anteroposterior (propulsion, ↑MF, NF, ↓BF [P = .008]; absorption, ↑BF, MF, ↓NF [P = .001]), mediolateral (propulsion, ↑MF, NF, ↓BF [P = .005]; absorption, ↑NF, MF, ↓BF [P = .044]), and vertical (propulsion, ↑NF, BF, ↓MF [P = .001]; absorption, ↑MF, BF, ↓NF [P < .001]) ground-reaction forces. Knee power showed a significant main effect of footwear (absorption, ↑NF, MF, ↓BF [P = .015]; propulsion, ↑MF, NF, ↓BF [P = .039]). CONCLUSION Walking in MF without sufficient accommodation affected kinetic and kinematic parameters and could increase the risk of early development of knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Malus
- Human Motion Diagnostic Center, Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Urbaczka
- Human Motion Diagnostic Center, Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Rygelova
- Human Motion Diagnostic Center, Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Victor Casula
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Miika Nieminen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Andrea Monte
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Veronika Horka
- Human Motion Diagnostic Center, Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Uchytil
- Human Motion Diagnostic Center, Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Baum N, Minor MA. Identification and Control of a Soft-Robotic Bladder Towards Impedance-Style Haptic Terrain Display. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2022.3216251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Baum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mark A. Minor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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3
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Holowka NB, Kraft TS, Wallace IJ, Gurven M, Venkataraman VV. Forest terrains influence walking kinematics among indigenous Tsimane of the Bolivian Amazon. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2022; 4:e19. [PMID: 37588935 PMCID: PMC10426037 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2022.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory-based studies indicate that a major evolutionary advantage of bipedalism is enabling humans to walk with relatively low energy expenditure. However, such studies typically record subjects walking on even surfaces or treadmills that do not represent the irregular terrains our species encounters in natural environments. To date, few studies have quantified walking kinematics on natural terrains. Here we used high-speed video to record marker-based kinematics of 21 individuals from a Tsimane forager-horticulturalist community in the Bolivian Amazon walking on three different terrains: a dirt field, a forest trail and an unbroken forest transect. Compared with the field, in the unbroken forest participants contacted the ground with more protracted legs and flatter foot postures, had more inclined trunks, more flexed hips and knees, and raised their feet higher during leg swing. In contrast, kinematics were generally similar between trail and field walking. These results provide preliminary support for the idea that irregular natural surfaces like those in forests cause humans to alter their walking kinematics, such that travel in these environments could be more energetically expensive than would be assumed from laboratory-based data. These findings have important implications for the evolutionary energetics of human foraging in environments with challenging terrains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas S. Kraft
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ian J. Wallace
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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4
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Abstract
Research among non-industrial societies suggests that body kinematics adopted during running vary between groups according to the cultural importance of running. Among groups in which running is common and an important part of cultural identity, runners tend to adopt what exercise scientists and coaches consider to be good technique for avoiding injury and maximising performance. In contrast, among groups in which running is not particularly culturally important, people tend to adopt suboptimal technique. This paper begins by describing key elements of good running technique, including landing with a forefoot or midfoot strike pattern and leg oriented roughly vertically. Next, we review evidence from non-industrial societies that cultural attitudes about running associate with variation in running techniques. Then, we present new data from Tsimane forager–horticulturalists in Bolivia. Our findings suggest that running is neither a common activity among the Tsimane nor is it considered an important part of cultural identity. We also demonstrate that when Tsimane do run, they tend to use suboptimal technique, specifically landing with a rearfoot strike pattern and leg protracted ahead of the knee (called overstriding). Finally, we discuss processes by which culture might influence variation in running techniques among non-industrial societies, including self-optimisation and social learning. New evidence from the Tsimane underscores that running techniques vary between societies according to the cultural importance of running
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5
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Yu B, Kramer PA. Walking Speed Alters Barefoot Gait Coordination and Variability. J Mot Behav 2021; 54:410-421. [PMID: 34641775 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.1990005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Using the dynamic system approach, we examined the pattern and variability of inter-joint coordination in barefoot and shod walking in 20 women at three speeds: SLOW, FAST, and comfortable walking speed (CWS). We found that barefoot and shod walking used different coordination strategies to cope with increasing walking speed. As walking speed increased, ankle-knee coordination patterns between shod and barefoot became less different (p < 0.00001), and ankle-hip coordination patterns became more different (p < 0.001). Compared to shod, barefoot walking had significantly lower coordination variability in mid stance of knee-hip at CWS and FAST and late swing of ankle-hip at SLOW and CWS with medium effect (effect size 0.61-0.74). Future research should investigate the connection between the decreased coordination variability and joint tissue stress to understand the impact of barefoot walking on the lower extremity joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnan Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Patricia Ann Kramer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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6
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Gecelter RC, Ilyaguyeva Y, Thompson NE. The menisci are not shock absorbers: A biomechanical and comparative perspective. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1051-1064. [PMID: 34486236 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The lateral and medial menisci are fibrocartilaginous structures in the knee that play a crucial role in normal knee biomechanics. However, one commonly cited role of the menisci is that they function as "shock absorbers." Here we provide a critique of this notion, drawing upon a review of comparative anatomical and biomechanical data from humans and other tetrapods. We first review those commonly, and often exclusively, cited studies in support of a shock absorption function and show that evidence for a shock absorptive function is dubious. We then review the evolutionary and comparative evidence to show that (1) the human menisci are unremarkable in morphology compared with most other tetrapods, and (2) "shock" during locomotion is uncommon, with humans standing out as one of the only tetrapods that regularly experiences high levels of shock during locomotion. A shock-absorption function does not explain the origin of menisci, nor are human menisci specialized in any way that would explain a unique shock-absorbing function during human gait. Finally, we show that (3) the material properties of menisci are distinctly poorly suited for energy dissipation and that (4) estimations of meniscal energy absorption based on published data are negligible, both in their absolute amount and in comparison to other well-accepted structures which mitigate shock during locomotion. The menisci are evolutionarily ancient structures crucial for joint congruity, load distribution, and stress reduction, among a number of other functions. However, the menisci are not meaningful shock absorbers, neither in tetrapods broadly, nor in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaffa Ilyaguyeva
- NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Nathan E Thompson
- Department of Anatomy, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
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7
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Tasnim N, Schmitt D, Zeininger A. Effects of human variation on foot and ankle pain in rural Madagascar. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:308-320. [PMID: 34397101 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Foot and ankle dysfunction in barefoot/minimally shod populations remains understudied. Although factors affecting musculoskeletal pain in Western populations are well-studied, little is known about how types of work, gender, and body shape influence bone and joint health in non-Western and minimally shod communities. This study examines the effect of human variation on locomotor disability in an agrarian community in Madagascar. MATERIALS AND METHODS Foot measurements were collected along with height, weight, age, and self-report data on daily activity and foot and ankle pain from 41 male and 48 female adults. A short form revised foot function index (FFI-R), that measures functional disability related to foot pain, was calculated. Raw and normalized foot measurements were compared by gender and used in a multiple linear regression model to determine predictors of FFI-R. RESULTS Compared to men, women reported higher FFI-R scores (p = 0.014), spent more time on their feet (p = 0.019), and had higher BMIs (p = 0.0001). For their weight, women had significantly smaller and narrower feet than men. Bimalleolar breadth (p = 0.0005) and foot length (p = 0.0223) standardized by height, time spent on feet (p = 0.0102), ankle circumference standardized by weight (p = 0.0316), and age (p = 0.0090) were significant predictors of FFI-R score. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that human variation in anatomical and behavioral patterns serve as significant explanations for increased foot and ankle pain in women in this non-Western rural population. Foot and ankle pain were prevalent at similar levels to those in industrialized populations, indicating that research should continue to examine its effect on similar barefoot/minimally shod communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Tasnim
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Schmitt
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angel Zeininger
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Tennant LM, Fok DJ, Kingston DC, Winberg TB, Parkinson RJ, Laing AC, Callaghan JP. Analysis of invoked slips while wearing flip-flops in wet and dry conditions: Does alternative footwear alter slip kinematics? APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 92:103318. [PMID: 33290936 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Minimal footwear has become more ubiquitous; however, it may increase slip severity. This study specifically examined the slipping kinematics of flip-flop sandals. Invoked slips from standing were evaluated in dry and wet tile, and a unique wet footbed + wet tile condition, with 40, 50, and 60% bodyweight (BW) committed to the slipping foot. Water did not alter peak slip velocity (PV) at 40% BW, but PV increased with greater slip-foot force on wet tile by ~1 m/s. Interestingly, when floor-contact was lost during the slip, the flip-flops could come off the heel. This decoupling occurred most often when both the tile and footbed were either dry or wet. Given that both decoupling and greater PV were observed on wet tile, slipping in flip-flops under wet conditions may have more serious consequences. The results highlight that slips may occur at both the foot-flip-flop, and flip-flop-tile interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana M Tennant
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna J Fok
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Kingston
- Department of Biomechanics, College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Taylor B Winberg
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rob J Parkinson
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew C Laing
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jack P Callaghan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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9
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Lieberman DE, Mahaffey M, Cubesare Quimare S, Holowka NB, Wallace IJ, Baggish AL. Running in Tarahumara (Rarámuri) Culture. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1086/708810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Wallace IJ, Felson DT, Worthington S, Duryea J, Clancy M, Aliabadi P, Eick GN, Snodgrass JJ, Baggish AL, Lieberman DE. Knee osteoarthritis risk in non-industrial societies undergoing an energy balance transition: evidence from the indigenous Tarahumara of Mexico. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:1693-1698. [PMID: 31519654 PMCID: PMC10609556 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-industrial societies with low energy balance levels are expected to be less vulnerable than industrial societies to diseases associated with obesity including knee osteoarthritis. However, as non-industrial societies undergo rapid lifestyle changes that promote positive energy balance, individuals whose metabolisms are adapted to energetic scarcity are encountering greater energy abundance, increasing their propensity to accumulate abdominal adipose tissue and thus potentially their sensitivity to obesity-related diseases. OBJECTIVES Here, we propose that knee osteoarthritis is one such disease for which susceptibility is amplified by this energy balance transition. METHODS Support for our hypothesis comes from comparisons of knee radiographs, knee pain and anthropometry among men aged ≥40 years in two populations: Tarahumara subsistence farmers in Mexico undergoing the energy balance transition and urban Americans from Framingham, Massachusetts. RESULTS We show that despite having markedly lower obesity levels than the Americans, the Tarahumara appear predisposed to accrue greater abdominal adiposity (ie, larger abdomens) for a given body weight, and are more vulnerable to radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis at lower levels of body mass index. Also, proportionate increases in abdomen size in the two groups are associated with greater increases in radiographic knee osteoarthritis risk among the Tarahumara than the Americans, implying that the abdominal adipose tissue of the Tarahumara is a more potent stimulus for knee degeneration. CONCLUSIONS Heightened vulnerability to knee osteoarthritis among non-industrial societies experiencing rapid lifestyle changes is a concern that warrants further investigation since such groups represent a large but understudied fraction of the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Wallace
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David T Felson
- Rheumatology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Steven Worthington
- Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey Duryea
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret Clancy
- Rheumatology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Piran Aliabadi
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Geeta N Eick
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - J Josh Snodgrass
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Aaron L Baggish
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel E Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Outerleys J, Matias A, Johnson C, Davis IS. Barefoot, minimal, and shod walking in habituated runners. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2019.1606331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jereme Outerleys
- Spaulding National Running Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Caleb Johnson
- Spaulding National Running Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irene S. Davis
- Spaulding National Running Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Holowka NB, Wynands B, Drechsel TJ, Yegian AK, Tobolsky VA, Okutoyi P, Mang'eni Ojiambo R, Haile DW, Sigei TK, Zippenfennig C, Milani TL, Lieberman DE. Foot callus thickness does not trade off protection for tactile sensitivity during walking. Nature 2019; 571:261-264. [PMID: 31243365 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Until relatively recently, humans, similar to other animals, were habitually barefoot. Therefore, the soles of our feet were the only direct contact between the body and the ground when walking. There is indirect evidence that footwear such as sandals and moccasins were first invented within the past 40 thousand years1, the oldest recovered footwear dates to eight thousand years ago2 and inexpensive shoes with cushioned heels were not developed until the Industrial Revolution3. Because calluses-thickened and hardened areas of the epidermal layer of the skin-are the evolutionary solution to protecting the foot, we wondered whether they differ from shoes in maintaining tactile sensitivity during walking, especially at initial foot contact, to improve safety on surfaces that can be slippery, abrasive or otherwise injurious or uncomfortable. Here we show that, as expected, people from Kenya and the United States who frequently walk barefoot have thicker and harder calluses than those who typically use footwear. However, in contrast to shoes, callus thickness does not trade-off protection, measured as hardness and stiffness, for the ability to perceive tactile stimuli at frequencies experienced during walking. Additionally, unlike cushioned footwear, callus thickness does not affect how hard the feet strike the ground during walking, as indicated by impact forces. Along with providing protection and comfort at the cost of tactile sensitivity, cushioned footwear also lowers rates of loading at impact but increases force impulses, with unknown effects on the skeleton that merit future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Holowka
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bert Wynands
- Human Movement Science and Health, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Tina J Drechsel
- Human Movement Science and Health, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Andrew K Yegian
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Victoria A Tobolsky
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul Okutoyi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Moi University Medical School, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Robert Mang'eni Ojiambo
- Department of Physiology, Moi University Medical School, Eldoret, Kenya.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, Rwanda
| | - Diresibachew W Haile
- Department of Physiology, Moi University Medical School, Eldoret, Kenya.,Department of Physiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Timothy K Sigei
- Department of Statistics and Computer Science, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Claudio Zippenfennig
- Human Movement Science and Health, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Thomas L Milani
- Human Movement Science and Health, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Daniel E Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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DeSilva J, McNutt E, Benoit J, Zipfel B. One small step: A review of Plio‐Pleistocene hominin foot evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 168 Suppl 67:63-140. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy DeSilva
- Department of AnthropologyDartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of GeosciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Ellison McNutt
- Department of AnthropologyDartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire
| | - Julien Benoit
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of GeosciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Bernhard Zipfel
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of GeosciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
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Georgiou L, Kivell TL, Pahr DH, Skinner MM. Trabecular bone patterning in the hominoid distal femur. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5156. [PMID: 30002981 PMCID: PMC6035864 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to external bone shape and cortical bone thickness and distribution, the distribution and orientation of internal trabecular bone across individuals and species has yielded important functional information on how bone adapts in response to load. In particular, trabecular bone analysis has played a key role in studies of human and nonhuman primate locomotion and has shown that species with different locomotor repertoires display distinct trabecular architecture in various regions of the skeleton. In this study, we analyse trabecular structure throughout the distal femur of extant hominoids and test for differences due to locomotor loading regime. METHODS Micro-computed tomography scans of Homo sapiens (n = 11), Pan troglodytes (n = 18), Gorilla gorilla (n = 14) and Pongo sp. (n = 7) were used to investigate trabecular structure throughout the distal epiphysis of the femur. We predicted that bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in the medial and lateral condyles in Homo would be distally concentrated and more anisotropic due to a habitual extended knee posture at the point of peak ground reaction force during bipedal locomotion, whereas great apes would show more posteriorly concentrated BV/TV and greater isotropy due to a flexed knee posture and more variable hindlimb use during locomotion. RESULTS Results indicate some significant differences between taxa, with the most prominent being higher BV/TV in the posterosuperior region of the condyles in Pan and higher BV/TV and anisotropy in the posteroinferior region in Homo. Furthermore, trabecular number, spacing and thickness differ significantly, mainly separating Gorilla from the other apes. DISCUSSION The trabecular architecture of the distal femur holds a functional signal linked to habitual behaviour; however, there was more similarity across taxa and greater intraspecific variability than expected. Specifically, there was a large degree of overlap in trabecular structure across the sample, and Homo was not as distinct as predicted. Nonetheless, this study offers a comparative sample of trabecular structure in the hominoid distal femur and can contribute to future studies of locomotion in extinct taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leoni Georgiou
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Tracy L. Kivell
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent, UK
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dieter H. Pahr
- Institute for Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner Private University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Matthew M. Skinner
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent, UK
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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