1
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Katoh TA, Fukai YT, Ishibashi T. Optical microscopic imaging, manipulation, and analysis methods for morphogenesis research. Microscopy (Oxf) 2024; 73:226-242. [PMID: 38102756 PMCID: PMC11154147 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis is a developmental process of organisms being shaped through complex and cooperative cellular movements. To understand the interplay between genetic programs and the resulting multicellular morphogenesis, it is essential to characterize the morphologies and dynamics at the single-cell level and to understand how physical forces serve as both signaling components and driving forces of tissue deformations. In recent years, advances in microscopy techniques have led to improvements in imaging speed, resolution and depth. Concurrently, the development of various software packages has supported large-scale, analyses of challenging images at the single-cell resolution. While these tools have enhanced our ability to examine dynamics of cells and mechanical processes during morphogenesis, their effective integration requires specialized expertise. With this background, this review provides a practical overview of those techniques. First, we introduce microscopic techniques for multicellular imaging and image analysis software tools with a focus on cell segmentation and tracking. Second, we provide an overview of cutting-edge techniques for mechanical manipulation of cells and tissues. Finally, we introduce recent findings on morphogenetic mechanisms and mechanosensations that have been achieved by effectively combining microscopy, image analysis tools and mechanical manipulation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu A Katoh
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yohsuke T Fukai
- Nonequilibrium Physics of Living Matter RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishibashi
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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2
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Messmore M, Kassab AJ, Prather RO, Arceo DAC, DeCampli W. Cilia and Nodal Flow in Asymmetry: An Engineering Perspective. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2024; 52:63-82. [PMID: 38523441 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2024051678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Over the past several years, cilia in the primitive node have become recognized more and more for their contribution to development, and more specifically, for their role in axis determination. Although many of the mechanisms behind their influence remain undocumented, it is known that their presence and motion in the primitive node of developing embryos is the determinant of the left-right axis. Studies on cilial mechanics and nodal fluid dynamics have provided clues as to how this asymmetry mechanism works, and more importantly, have shown that direct manipulation of the flow field in the node can directly influence physiology. Although relatively uncommon, cilial disorders have been shown to have a variety of impacts on individuals from chronic respiratory infections to infertility, as well as situs inversus which is linked to congenital heart disease. After first providing background information pertinent to understanding nodal flow and information on why this discussion is important, this paper aims to give a review of the history of nodal cilia investigations, an overview of cilia mechanics and nodal flow dynamics, as well as a review of research studies current and past that sought to understand the mechanisms behind nodal cilia's involvement in symmetry-breaking pathways through a biomedical engineering perspective. This discussion has the additional intention to compile interdisciplinary knowledge on asymmetry and development such that it may encourage more collaborative efforts between the sciences on this topic, as well as provide insight on potential paths forward in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain J Kassab
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Ray O Prather
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, 32114, USA; University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; The Heart Center at Orlando Health Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA
| | - David A Castillo Arceo
- College of Engineering and Computer Science (CECS), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - William DeCampli
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA; The Heart Center, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, 32806, USA
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3
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Du J, Li SK, Guan LY, Guo Z, Yin JF, Gao L, Kawanishi T, Shimada A, Zhang QP, Zheng LS, Liu YY, Feng XQ, Zhao L, Chen DY, Takeda H, Fan YB. Mechanically sensitive HSF1 is a key regulator of left-right symmetry breaking in zebrafish embryos. iScience 2023; 26:107864. [PMID: 37766982 PMCID: PMC10520531 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The left-right symmetry breaking of vertebrate embryos requires nodal flow. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate the asymmetric gene expression regulation under nodal flow remain elusive. Here, we report that heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is asymmetrically activated in the Kupffer's vesicle of zebrafish embryos in the presence of nodal flow. Deficiency in HSF1 expression caused a significant situs inversus and disrupted gene expression asymmetry of nodal signaling proteins in zebrafish embryos. Further studies demonstrated that HSF1 is a mechanosensitive protein. The mechanical sensation ability of HSF1 is conserved in a variety of mechanical stimuli in different cell types. Moreover, cilia and Ca2+-Akt signaling axis are essential for the activation of HSF1 under mechanical stress in vitro and in vivo. Considering the conserved expression of HSF1 in organisms, these findings unveil a fundamental mechanism of gene expression regulation by mechanical clues during embryonic development and other physiological and pathological transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu-Kai Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liu-Yuan Guan
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Yin
- College of life science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Li Gao
- College of life science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Toru Kawanishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuko Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Qiu-Ping Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li-Sha Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi-Yao Liu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dong-Yan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yu-Bo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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4
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Katoh TA, Omori T, Ishikawa T, Okada Y, Hamada H. Biophysical Analysis of Mechanical Signals in Immotile Cilia of Mouse Embryonic Nodes Using Advanced Microscopic Techniques. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4715. [PMID: 37497447 PMCID: PMC10366680 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immotile cilia of crown cells at the node of mouse embryos are required for sensing leftward fluid flow that gives rise to the breaking of left-right (L-R) symmetry. The flow-sensing mechanism has long remained elusive, mainly because of difficulties inherent in manipulating and precisely analyzing the cilium. Recent progress in optical microscopy and biophysical analysis has allowed us to study the mechanical signals involving primary cilia. In this study, we used high-resolution imaging with mechanical modeling to assess the membrane tension in a single cilium. Optical tweezers, a technique used to trap sub-micron-sized particles with a highly focused laser beam, allowed us to manipulate individual cilia. Super-resolution microscopy allowed us to discern the precise localization of ciliary proteins. Using this protocol, we provide a method for applying these techniques to cilia in mouse embryonic nodes. This method is widely applicable to the determination of mechanical signals in other cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu A. Katoh
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Omori
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physics, Universal Biology Institute and International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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5
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Katoh TA, Omori T, Mizuno K, Sai X, Minegishi K, Ikawa Y, Nishimura H, Itabashi T, Kajikawa E, Hiver S, Iwane AH, Ishikawa T, Okada Y, Nishizaka T, Hamada H. Immotile cilia mechanically sense the direction of fluid flow for left-right determination. Science 2023; 379:66-71. [PMID: 36603091 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq8148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Immotile cilia at the ventral node of mouse embryos are required for sensing leftward fluid flow that breaks left-right symmetry of the body. However, the flow-sensing mechanism has long remained elusive. In this work, we show that immotile cilia at the node undergo asymmetric deformation along the dorsoventral axis in response to the flow. Application of mechanical stimuli to immotile cilia by optical tweezers induced calcium ion transients and degradation of Dand5 messenger RNA (mRNA) in the targeted cells. The Pkd2 channel protein was preferentially localized to the dorsal side of immotile cilia, and calcium ion transients were preferentially induced by mechanical stimuli directed toward the ventral side. Our results uncover the biophysical mechanism by which immotile cilia at the node sense the direction of fluid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu A Katoh
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Omori
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Xiaorei Sai
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Itabashi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eriko Kajikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sylvain Hiver
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Atsuko H Iwane
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology and Physics, Universal Biology Institute and International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nishizaka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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6
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Daems M, Peacock HM, Jones EAV. Fluid flow as a driver of embryonic morphogenesis. Development 2020; 147:147/15/dev185579. [PMID: 32769200 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluid flow is a powerful morphogenic force during embryonic development. The physical forces created by flowing fluids can either create morphogen gradients or be translated by mechanosensitive cells into biological changes in gene expression. In this Primer, we describe how fluid flow is created in different systems and highlight the important mechanosensitive signalling pathways involved for sensing and transducing flow during embryogenesis. Specifically, we describe how fluid flow helps establish left-right asymmetry in the early embryo and discuss the role of flow of blood, lymph and cerebrospinal fluid in sculpting the embryonic cardiovascular and nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Daems
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanna M Peacock
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A V Jones
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Cilia and centrosomes: Ultrastructural and mechanical perspectives. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 110:61-69. [PMID: 32307225 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and centrosomes of eukaryotic cells play important roles in cell movement, fluid transport, extracellular sensing, and chromosome division. The physiological functions of cilia and centrosomes are generated by their dynamics, motions, and forces controlled by the physical, chemical, and biological environments. How an individual cilium achieves its beat pattern and induces fluid flow is governed by its ultrastructure as well as the coordination of associated molecular motors. Thus, a bottom-up understanding of the physiological functions of cilia and centrosomes from the molecular to tissue levels is required. Correlations between the structure and motion can be understood in terms of mechanics. This review first focuses on cilia and centrosomes at the molecular level, introducing their ultrastructure. We then shift to the organelle level and introduce the kinematics and mechanics of cilia and centrosomes. Next, at the tissue level, we introduce nodal ciliary dynamics and nodal flow, which play crucial roles in the organogenetic process of left-right asymmetry. We also introduce respiratory ciliary dynamics and mucous flow, which are critical for protecting the epithelium from drying and exposure to harmful particles and viruses, i.e., respiratory clearance function. Finally, we discuss the future research directions in this field.
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8
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Gallagher MT, Montenegro-Johnson TD, Smith DJ. Simulations of particle tracking in the oligociliated mouse node and implications for left-right symmetry-breaking mechanics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190161. [PMID: 31884925 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of internal anatomical asymmetry is familiar-usually in humans the heart is on the left and the liver is on the right; however, how does the developing embryo know to produce this consistent laterality? Symmetry-breaking initiates with left-right asymmetric cilia-driven fluid mechanics in a small fluid-filled structure called the ventral node in mice. However, the question of what converts this flow into left-right asymmetric development remains unanswered. A leading hypothesis is that flow transports morphogen-containing vesicles within the node, the absorption of which results in asymmetrical gene expression. To investigate how vesicle transport might result in the situs patterns observe in wild-type and mutant experiments, we extend the open-source Stokes flow package, NEAREST, to consider the hydrodynamic and Brownian motion of particles in a mouse model with flow driven by one, two and 112 beating cilia. Three models for morphogen-containing particle released are simulated to assess their compatibility with observed results in oligociliated and wild-type mouse embryos: uniformly random release, localized cilium stress-induced release and localized release from motile cilia themselves. Only the uniformly random release model appears consistent with the data, with neither localized release model resulting in significant transport in the oligociliated embryo. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Gallagher
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | | | - D J Smith
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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9
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Cartwright JHE, Piro O, Tuval I. Chemosensing versus mechanosensing in nodal and Kupffer's vesicle cilia and in other left-right organizer organs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190566. [PMID: 31884912 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How is sensing carried out by cilia in the mouse node, zebrafish Kupffer's vesicle and similar left-right (LR) organizer organs in other species? Two possibilities have been put forward. In the former, cilia would detect some chemical species in the fluid; in the latter, they would detect fluid flow. In either case, the hypothesis is that an imbalance would be detected between this signalling coming from cilia on the left and right sides of the organizer, which would initiate a cascade of signals leading ultimately to the breaking of LR symmetry in the developing body plan of the organism. We review the evidence for both hypotheses. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julyan H E Cartwright
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.,Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Oreste Piro
- Departamento de Física, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Idan Tuval
- Departamento de Física, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, CSIC-Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07190 Mallorca, Spain
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10
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R Ferreira R, Fukui H, Chow R, Vilfan A, Vermot J. The cilium as a force sensor-myth versus reality. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/14/jcs213496. [PMID: 31363000 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells need to sense their mechanical environment during the growth of developing tissues and maintenance of adult tissues. The concept of force-sensing mechanisms that act through cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions is now well established and accepted. Additionally, it is widely believed that force sensing can be mediated through cilia. Yet, this hypothesis is still debated. By using primary cilia sensing as a paradigm, we describe the physical requirements for cilium-mediated mechanical sensing and discuss the different hypotheses of how this could work. We review the different mechanosensitive channels within the cilium, their potential mode of action and their biological implications. In addition, we describe the biological contexts in which cilia are acting - in particular, the left-right organizer - and discuss the challenges to discriminate between cilium-mediated chemosensitivity and mechanosensitivity. Throughout, we provide perspectives on how quantitative analysis and physics-based arguments might help to better understand the biological mechanisms by which cells use cilia to probe their mechanical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita R Ferreira
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Hajime Fukui
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Renee Chow
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Andrej Vilfan
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Department of Living Matter Physics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany .,J. Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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11
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Tajhya R, Delling M. New insights into ion channel-dependent signalling during left-right patterning. J Physiol 2019; 598:1741-1752. [PMID: 31106399 DOI: 10.1113/jp277835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The left-right organizer (LRO) in the mouse consists of pit cells within the depression, located at the end of the developing notochord, also known as the embryonic node and crown cells lining the outer periphery of the node. Cilia on pit cells are posteriorly tilted, rotate clockwise and generate leftward fluid flow. Primary cilia on crown cells are required to interpret the directionality of fluid movement and initiate flow-dependent gene transcription. Crown cells express PC1-L1 and PC2, which may form a heteromeric polycystin channel complex on primary cilia. It is still only poorly understood how fluid flow activates the ciliary polycystin complex. Besides polycystin channels voltage gated channels like HCN4 and KCNQ1 have been implicated in establishing asymmetry. How this electrical network of ion channels initiates left-sided signalling cascades and differential gene expression is currently only poorly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Tajhya
- Department of Physiology, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94518, USA
| | - Markus Delling
- Department of Physiology, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94518, USA
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12
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Shen S, Zhong W, Wang Z, Lin Z, Feng S. β-FeSe nanorods composited g-C 3N 4 with enhanced photocatalytic efficiency. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181886. [PMID: 31032042 PMCID: PMC6458366 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A series of β-FeSe nanorods composited g-C3N4 were prepared. The structure, morphology, chemical state, photocatalytic activity, electrochemical impedance and photoluminescence of β-FeSe/g-C3N4 composites were well characterized. It is found that the decolourization rate of 3 wt% β-FeSe/g-C3N4 composites reaches 4.4 times than that of g-C3N4. The improved photocatalytic properties could be ascribed to the reduced recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, which is derived from the excellent ability of β-FeSe to capture and transfer electrons. This work provides an alternative co-catalyst for decolourizing organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenwu Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Shangshen Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, People's Republic of China
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