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Jiang H, Szwedo J, Labandeira CC, Chen J, Moulds MS, Mähler B, Muscente AD, Zhuo D, Nyunt TT, Zhang H, Wei C, Rust J, Wang B. Mesozoic evolution of cicadas and their origins of vocalization and root feeding. Nat Commun 2024; 15:376. [PMID: 38191461 PMCID: PMC10774268 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Extant cicada (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) includes widely distributed Cicadidae and relictual Tettigarctidae, with fossils ascribed to these two groups based on several distinct, minimally varying morphological differences that define their extant counterparts. However, directly assigning Mesozoic fossils to modern taxa may overlook the role of unique and transitional features provided by fossils in tracking their early evolutionary paths. Here, based on adult and nymphal fossils from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber of Myanmar, we explore the phylogenetic relationships and morphological disparities of fossil and extant cicadoids. Our results suggest that Cicadidae and Tettigarctidae might have diverged at or by the Middle Jurassic, with morphological evolution possibly shaped by host plant changes. The discovery of tymbal structures and anatomical analysis of adult fossils indicate that mid-Cretaceous cicadas were silent as modern Tettigarctidae or could have produced faint tymbal-related sounds. The discovery of final-instar nymphal and exuviae cicadoid fossils with fossorial forelegs and piercing-sucking mouthparts indicates that they had most likely adopted a subterranean lifestyle by the mid-Cretaceous, occupying the ecological niche of underground feeding on root. Our study traces the morphological, behavioral, and ecological evolution of Cicadoidea from the Mesozoic, emphasizing their adaptive traits and interactions with their living environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Charles University, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic.
- Section Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany.
| | - Jacek Szwedo
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology and Museum of Amber Inclusions, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, PL80-308, Poland
| | - Conrad C Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
- Department of Entomology and Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Maxwell S Moulds
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Bastian Mähler
- Section Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | | | - De Zhuo
- Beijing Xiachong Amber Museum, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Thet Tin Nyunt
- Department of Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Myanmar Gems Museum, Nay Pyi Taw, 15011, Myanmar
| | - Haichun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Cong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jes Rust
- Section Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Prokop J, Rosová K, Leipner A, Sroka P. Thoracic and abdominal outgrowths in early pterygotes: a clue to the common ancestor of winged insects? Commun Biol 2023; 6:1262. [PMID: 38087009 PMCID: PMC10716172 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental questions in insect evolution is the origin of their wings and primary function of ancestral wing precursors. Recent phylogenomic and comparative morphological studies broadly support a terrestrial ancestor of pterygotes, but an aquatic or semiaquatic ancestor cannot be ruled out. Here new features of the branchial system of palaeodictyopteran larvae of several different instars of Katosaxoniapteron brauneri gen. et sp. nov. (Eugereonoidea) from the late Carboniferous collected at Piesberg (Germany) are described, which consist of delicate dorsolateral and lamellate caudal abdominal gills that support an aquatic or at least semiaquatic lifestyle for these insects. Moreover, the similar form and surface microstructures on the lateral abdominal outgrowths and thoracic wing pads indicate that paired serial outgrowths on segments of both tagmata presumably functioned as ancestral type of gills resembling a protopterygote model. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the wing sheaths of later stage damselfly larvae in hypoxic conditions have a respiratory role similar to abdominal tracheal gills. Hence, the primary function and driving force for the evolution of the precursors of wing pads and their abdominal homologues could be respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Prokop
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Rosová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Angelika Leipner
- Museum Schölerberg, Klaus-Strick-Weg 10, 49082, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Pavel Sroka
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Prokop J, Nel A, Engel MS. Diversity, Form, and Postembryonic Development of Paleozoic Insects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:401-429. [PMID: 36689304 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-022637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While Mesozoic, Paleogene, and Neogene insect faunas greatly resemble the modern one, the Paleozoic fauna provides unique insights into key innovations in insect evolution, such as the origin of wings and modifications of postembryonic development including holometaboly. Deep-divergence estimates suggest that the majority of contemporary insect orders originated in the Late Paleozoic, but these estimates reflect divergences between stem groups of each lineage rather than the later appearance of the crown groups. The fossil record shows the initial radiations of the extant hyperdiverse clades during the Early Permian, as well as the specialized fauna present before the End Permian mass extinction. This review summarizes the recent discoveries related to the documented diversity of Paleozoic hexapods, as well as current knowledge about what has actually been verified from fossil evidence as it relates to postembryonic development and the morphology of different body parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Prokop
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - André Nel
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France;
| | - Michael S Engel
- Division of Entomology, University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Lawrence, Kansas, USA;
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
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South African Lagerstätte reveals middle Permian Gondwanan lakeshore ecosystem in exquisite detail. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1154. [DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractContinental ecosystems of the middle Permian Period (273–259 million years ago) are poorly understood. In South Africa, the vertebrate fossil record is well documented for this time interval, but the plants and insects are virtually unknown, and are rare globally. This scarcity of data has hampered studies of the evolution and diversification of life, and has precluded detailed reconstructions and analyses of ecosystems of this critical period in Earth’s history. Here we introduce a new locality in the southern Karoo Basin that is producing exceptionally well-preserved and abundant fossils of novel freshwater and terrestrial insects, arachnids, and plants. Within a robust regional geochronological, geological and biostratigraphic context, this Konservat- and Konzentrat-Lagerstätte offers a unique opportunity for the study and reconstruction of a southern Gondwanan deltaic ecosystem that thrived 266–268 million years ago, and will serve as a high-resolution ecological baseline towards a better understanding of Permian extinction events.
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Abdominal serial homologues of wings in Paleozoic insects. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3414-3422.e1. [PMID: 35772407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Late Paleozoic acquisition of wings in insects represents one of the key steps in arthropod evolution. While the origin of wings has been a contentious matter for nearly two centuries, recent evolutionary developmental studies suggest either the participation of both tergal and pleural tissues in the formation of wings1 or wings originated from exites of the most proximal leg podite incorporated into the insect body wall.2 The so-called "dual hypothesis" for wing origins finds support from studies of embryology, evo-devo, and genomics, although the degree of the presumed contribution from tergal and pleural tissues differ.3-6 Ohde et al.,7 confirmed a major role for tergal tissue in the formation of the cricket wing and suggested that "wings evolved from the pre-existing lateral terga of a wingless insect ancestor." Additional work has focused on identifying partial serially homologous structures of wings on the prothorax8,9 and abdominal segments.10 Thus, several studies have suggested that the prothoracic horns in scarab beetles,9 gin traps of tenebrionid and scarab beetle pupae,11,12 or abdominal tracheal gills of mayfly larvae1,13 evolved from serial homologues of wings. Here, we present critical information from abdominal lateral outgrowths (flaps) of Paleozoic palaeodictyopteran larvae, which show comparable structure to thoracic wings, consisting of cordate lateral outgrowths antero-basally hinged by muscle attachments. These flaps therefore most likely represent wing serial homologues. The presence of these paired outgrowths on abdominal segments I-IX in early diverging Pterygota likely corresponds to crustacean epipods14,15 and resembles a hypothesized ancestral body plan of a "protopterygote" model.
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Haug JT, Müller P, Haug C. Fossil dragonfly-type larva with lateral abdominal protrusions and implications on the early evolution of Pterygota. iScience 2021; 24:103162. [PMID: 34646993 PMCID: PMC8501664 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic larvae are known in three early branches of Pterygota: Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies). A common origin of these larvae has been suggested, yet also counterarguments have been put forward, for example, the different position of larval gills: laterally on the abdomen in Ephemeroptera, terminally in Odonata, variably in Plecoptera. We discuss recent fossil findings and report a new dragonfly-type larva from Kachin amber (Myanmar), which possesses ancestral characters such as a terminal filum, maintained in ephemeropterans, but lost in modern odonatan larvae. The new larva possesses lateral protrusions on the abdominal segments where in other lineages gills occur. Together with other fossils, such as a plecopteran retaining lateral gills on the abdomen, this indicates that lateral protrusions on the abdomen might have well been an ancestral feature, removing one important argument against the idea of an aquatic larva in the ground pattern of Pterygota. A new dragonfly-type larva was found in Kachin amber (Myanmar, 99 million years old). The larva possesses a terminal filum, which is not known in modern dragonfly larvae It also exhibits lateral abdominal protrusions where in other lineages gills occur This find makes an aquatic larva in the ground pattern of Pterygota more likely
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim T Haug
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Biocenter, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,GeoBio-Center at LMU, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany
| | | | - Carolin Haug
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Biocenter, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,GeoBio-Center at LMU, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany
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Rosová K, Sinitshenkova ND, Prokop J. Evidence for wing development in the Late Palaeozoic Palaeodictyoptera revisited. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 63:101061. [PMID: 34098321 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The numerous fossil specimens described as consecutive series of different larval stages of two species, Tchirkovaea guttata and Paimbia fenestrata (Palaeodictyoptera: Tchirkovaeidae), were reinvestigated with emphasis on comparing the development and growth of their wings with that of the wings of a recent mayfly, Cloeon dipterum. This unique fossil material was for a long time considered as undisputed evidence for an unusual type of wing development in Palaeozoic insects. The original idea was that the larvae of Palaeodictyopterida had wings, which were articulated and fully movable in their early stages of postembryonic development and that these gradually enlarging wings changed their position from longitudinal to perpendicular to the body axis. Moreover, the development of wings was supposed to include two or more subimaginal instars, implying that the fully winged instars moulted several times during their postembryonic development. The results of the present study revealed that there is no evidence that this series of nymphal, subimaginal and imaginal wings provide support for the original idea of wing development in Palaeozoic insects. On the contrary, our results indicate, that the supposed palaeodictyopteran larval wings are in fact wing pads with a wing developing inside the cuticular sheath as in recent hemimetabolous insects. Moreover, this study newly reinterpreted the wing pad base of Parathesoneura carpenteri and confirmed the presence of nygma like structures on wings and wing pads of palaeodictyopteran Tchirkovaeidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Rosová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Nina D Sinitshenkova
- Palaeontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 123, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jakub Prokop
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Pecharová M, Sinitshenkova ND, Prokop J. On the morphology of the Late Paleozoic insect families Bardohymenidae and Aspidothoracidae (Palaeodictyopterida: Megasecoptera). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2020; 55:100916. [PMID: 32179420 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Megasecoptera is a late Paleozoic order of herbivorous insects with rostrum-like mouthparts and slender homonomous outstretched wings. Our knowledge of their morphology is mainly based on wings while other body parts are scarcely documented. Here we focus on the families Bardohymenidae and Aspidothoracidae. A new well preserved specimen of Sylvohymen cf. sibiricus is described and illustrated, particularly the structures of the external male genitalia previously unknown for Bardohymenidae. Sylvohymen marginatussp. nov. is described from the early Permian of Tshekarda based on unique traits in the wing venation. The genera Paleohymen and Taigahymen are both removed from Bardohymenidae and the latter is transferred to Vorkutiidae. Alexahymen aestatis (Brauckmann, 1991) comb. nov. from Pennsylvanian at Piesberg is transferred from Aspidothoracidae to Bardohymenidae. Piesbergbrodiagen. nov. is designated for Piesbergbrodia tristrata (Brauckmann and Herd, 2003) comb. nov. as a member of Brodiidae and the first known record of this family from Piesberg quarry. The placement of Sylvohymen peckae in the Bardohymenidae is considered doubtful due to lack of significant characters in its venation. Furthermore, our study is focused on the form of the apical cell and the pattern of wing pigmentation. Peculiarities of the integumental outgrowths and external genitalia of representatives of Aspidothoracidae and Bardohymenidae, and other close relatives, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pecharová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Nina D Sinitshenkova
- Palaeontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 123, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jakub Prokop
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic
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