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Vahdani A, Moemeni M, Holmes D, Lunt RR, Jackson JE, Borhan B. Mechanistic Insight into the Thermal "Blueing" of Cyanine Dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19756-19767. [PMID: 38989979 PMCID: PMC11273608 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
In recent work to develop cyanine dyes with especially large Stokes shifts, we encountered a "blueing" reaction, in which the heptamethine cyanine dye Cy7 (IUPAC: 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-((1E,3E,5E)-7-((E)-1,3,3-trimethylindolin-2-ylidene)hepta-1,3,5-trien-1-yl)-3H-indol-1-ium) undergoes shortening in two-carbon steps to form the pentamethine (Cy5) and trimethine (Cy3) analogs. Each step blue-shifts the resulting absorbance wavelength by ca. 100 nm. Though photochemical and oxidative chain-shortening reactions had been noted previously, it is simple heating alone or with amine bases that effects this unexpected net C2H2 excision. Explicit acetylene loss would be too endothermic to merit consideration. Our mechanistic studies using 2H labeling, mass spectrometric and NMR spectroscopic analyses, and quantum chemical modeling point instead to electrocyclic closure and aromatization of the heptamethine chain in Cy7 forming Fischer's base FB (1,3,3-trimethyl-2-methyleneindoline), a reactive carbon nucleophile that initiates chain shortening of the cyanine dyes by attack on their polymethine backbones. The byproduct is the cationic indolium species TMP (IUPAC: 1,3,3 trimethyl-2-phenyl indolium).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Vahdani
- Department
of ChemistryDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Mehdi Moemeni
- Department
of ChemistryDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Daniel Holmes
- Department
of ChemistryDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Richard R. Lunt
- Department
of ChemistryDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - James E. Jackson
- Department
of ChemistryDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Babak Borhan
- Department
of ChemistryDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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2
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Wang Y, Huo F, Yin C. Development of Human Serum Albumin Fluorescent Probes in Detection, Imaging, and Disease Therapy. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1121-1138. [PMID: 38266243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) acts as a repository and transporter of substances in the blood. An abnormal concentration may indicate the occurrence of liver- and kidney-related diseases, which has attracted people to investigate the precise quantification of HSA in body fluids. Fluorescent probes can combine with HSA covalently or noncovalently to quantify HSA in urine and plasma. Moreover, probes combined with HSA can improve its photophysical properties; probe-HSA has been applied in real-time monitoring and photothermal and photodynamic therapy in vivo. This Review will introduce fluorescent probes for quantitative HSA according to the three reaction mechanisms of spatial structure, enzymatic reaction, and self-assembly and systematically introduce the application of probes combined with HSA in disease imaging and phototherapy. It will help develop multifunctional applications for HSA probes and provide assistance in the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Fangjun Huo
- Research Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Caixia Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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(Z)-3-(Dicyanomethylene)-4-((5-fluoro-3,3-dimethyl-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-3H-indol-1-ium-2-yl) methylene)-2-(((E)-5-fluoro-3,3-dimethyl-1-(3-phenylpropyl)indolin-2-ylidene)methyl) cyclobut-1-en-1-olate. MOLBANK 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/m1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent literature on this topic highlights the significance of adding malononitrile moiety and halogen substituents to the squaraine scaffold to create redshifted fluorophores into the near-infrared optical region. Herein, a redshifted hydrophobic squaraine dye is synthesized via a three-step pathway. The reported dye is characterized by spectroscopic techniques, such as 1H NMR, 19F NMR, 13C NMR, and high-resolution mass spectroscopy. Optical properties are also reported using absorbance and fluorescence studies. The hydrophobicity of the dye was studied with absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy in water–methanol mixtures and showed J-aggregates as the water concentration increased. Density functional theory calculations were conducted to assess its electron delocalization as well as observe the three-dimensional geometry of the dye as a result of the dicyanomethylene modification and the two bulky phenyl groups.
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Aristova D, Selin R, Heil HS, Kosach V, Slominsky Y, Yarmoluk S, Pekhnyo V, Kovalska V, Henriques R, Mokhir A, Chernii S. Trimethine Cyanine Dyes as NA-Sensitive Probes for Visualization of Cell Compartments in Fluorescence Microscopy. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47734-47746. [PMID: 36591208 PMCID: PMC9798395 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We propose symmetrical cationic trimethine cyanine dyes with β-substituents in the polymethine chain based on modified benzothiazole and benzoxazole heterocycles as probes for the detection and visualization of live and fixed cells by fluorescence microscopy. The spectral-luminescent properties of trimethine cyanines have been characterized for free dyes and in the presence of nucleic acids (NA) and globular proteins. The studied cyanines are low to moderate fluorescent when free, but in the presence of NA, they show an increase in emission intensity up to 111 times; the most pronounced emission increase was observed for the dyes T-2 in the presence of dsDNA and T-1 with RNA. Spectral methods showed the binding of all dyes to nucleic acids, and different interaction mechanisms have been proposed. The ability to visualize cell components of the studied dyes has been evaluated using different human cell lines (MCF-7, A2780, HeLa, and Hs27). We have shown that all dyes are cell-permeant staining nucleus components, probably RNA-rich nucleoli with background fluorescence in the cytoplasm, except for the dye T-5. The dye T-5 selectively stains some structures in the cytoplasm of MCF-7 and A2780 cells associated with mitochondria or lysosomes. This effect has also been confirmed for the normal type of cell line-human foreskin fibroblasts (Hs27). The costaining of dye T-5 with MitoTracker CMXRos Red demonstrates specificity to mitochondria at a concentration of 0.1 μM. Colocalization analysis has shown signals overlapping of dye T-5 and MitoTracker CMXRos Red (Pearson's Coefficient value = 0.92 ± 0.04). The photostability study shows benzoxazole dyes to be up to ∼7 times more photostable than benzothiazole ones. Moreover, studied benzoxazoles are less cytotoxic at working concentrations than benzothiazoles (67% of cell viability for T-4, T-5 compared to 12% for T-1, and ∼30% for T-2, T-3 after 24 h). Therefore, the benzoxazole T-4 dye is proposed for nucleic acid detection in vitro and intracellular fluorescence imaging of live and fixed cells. In contrast, the benzoxazole dye T-5 is proposed as a good alternative to commercial dyes for mitochondria staining in the green-yellow region of the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Aristova
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Instituto
Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Roman Selin
- V.I.
Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry NASU, 32/34 Palladin Ave, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Organic
Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University
of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hannah Sophie Heil
- Instituto
Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Viktoriia Kosach
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yuriy Slominsky
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry NASU, 5 Murmans’ka St., 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy Yarmoluk
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vasyl Pekhnyo
- V.I.
Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry NASU, 32/34 Palladin Ave, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladyslava Kovalska
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- Instituto
Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Andriy Mokhir
- Organic
Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University
of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svitlana Chernii
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
- V.I.
Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry NASU, 32/34 Palladin Ave, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
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Fluorescent properties of amphi-PIC J-aggregates in the complexes with bovine serum albumin. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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The synthesis and study of novel merocyanine probes for protein detection and cells visualization. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Squaraine dyes as serum albumins probes: Synthesis, photophysical experiments and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105221. [PMID: 34364053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three barbiturate squaraine dyes derived from indolenine or benzothiazole, with different barbituric acid derivatives were prepared, characterized and photophysically evaluated by standard spectroscopic methods. As expectable for squaraines, these dyes showed narrow and intense absorption and emission bands in the Vis/NIR region. The interaction of synthesized dyes with bovine and human serum albumins (BSA and HSA) was also evaluated in phosphate buffer (PB). The results revealed that upon the addition of BSA or HSA the complex dye-protein emit more fluorescence, and the emission intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of protein used (0-3.5 µM). The titration tests allowed to calculate the binding constants, in an order of magnitude of 104-106 M, as well as the limits of detection and quantification in the nanomolar tens range. All dyes showed a good response to the interaction with both proteins, but the most pronounced envisioning their use as protein labeling was observed for the squaraine dye derived from the indolenine with a 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid moiety. The molecular docking studies revealed the existence of a binding between the compounds and four sites on the HSA molecule, where one of these four locations is a new binding site with which this series of dye interacts.
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Aristova D, Kosach V, Chernii S, Slominsky Y, Balanda A, Filonenko V, Yarmoluk S, Rotaru A, Özkan HG, Mokhir A, Kovalska V. Monomethine cyanine probes for visualization of cellular RNA by fluorescence microscopy. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2021; 9. [PMID: 34198271 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac10ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have studied spectral-luminescent properties of the monomethine cyanine dyes both in their free states and in the presence of either double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acids (dsDNAs) or single-stranded ribonucleic acids (RNAs). The dyes possess low fluorescence intensity in an unbound state, which is increased up to 479 times in the presence of the nucleic acids. In the presence of RNAs, the fluorescence intensity increase was stronger than that observed in the presence of dsDNA. Next, we have performed staining of live and fixed cells by all prepared dyes. The dyes proved to be cell and nuclear membrane permeant. They are photostable and brightly stain RNA-containing organelles in both live and fixed cells. The colocalization confirmed the specific nucleoli staining with anti-Ki-67 antibodies. The RNA digestion experiment has confirmed the selectivity of the dyes toward intracellular RNA. Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that the investigated monomethine cyanine dyes are useful fluorescent probes for the visualization of intracellular RNA and RNA-containing organelles such as nucleoli by using fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Aristova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine.,Scientific Services Company Otava Ltd, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Viktoriia Kosach
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Chernii
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine.,Scientific Services Company Otava Ltd, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yuriy Slominsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry NASU, 5 Murmans'ka St., 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anatoliy Balanda
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine.,Scientific Services Company Otava Ltd, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Valeriy Filonenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy Yarmoluk
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine.,Scientific Services Company Otava Ltd, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alexandru Rotaru
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Hülya Gizem Özkan
- Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andriy Mokhir
- Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vladyslava Kovalska
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine.,Scientific Services Company Otava Ltd, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
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9
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Pronkin PG, Shvedova LA, Tatikolov AS. Hydrophilic meso-substituted cyanine dyes in solution and in complexes with serum albumins: spectral properties and molecular docking study. J CHEM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-020-01858-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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