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Anderson S, Kuter BJ, Brien K, Bauerle Bass S, Gutierrez L, Winters S, Whitfield C, Moser CA, Faig W. Perceptions of vaccine requirements among students at four Pennsylvania universities. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00801-6. [PMID: 39025697 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND University students have a unique perspective on vaccination because of their recent or perhaps newly acquired autonomy and ability to make health-related decisions. The development of the COVID-19 vaccine in 2020 and its implementation over the past few years was accompanied by much information and communication about vaccination requirements and safety, which may have affected students' perspectives on vaccination and vaccine requirements more broadly. This analysis describes current vaccine policies at several universities and evaluates student respondents' perceptions of and agreement with university vaccine requirements. METHODS A 32-question survey was administered to undergraduate, graduate, and professional students attending four Pennsylvania universities in March-May 2023; 2,223 students responded to the survey. The survey included questions about vaccine requirements, agreement with vaccine requirements, and knowledge of selected vaccines. These responses were compared with the actual vaccine requirements and recommendations of the four universities. RESULTS Most respondents agreed with university vaccine requirements, though knowledge of those requirements varied, with many unaware of which were required. University requirement of the COVID-19 vaccine was not associated with being vaccinated for COVID-19. However, while the requirement itself was not related to vaccine uptake, respondents' perception of a requirement was. Respondents were more likely to report COVID-19 vaccination and influenza vaccination if they believed their university required those vaccines. Respondents were more likely to approve of a vaccine requirement if their perception was that their university required that vaccine. CONCLUSIONS Overall, student respondents were supportive of their institution's vaccine requirements, but many lacked information about those requirements. Clear messaging using multiple modes of communication about vaccines and vaccine requirements may improve students' knowledge of vaccines and result in a corresponding increase in vaccine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara J Kuter
- Vaccine Education Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kate Brien
- Vaccine Education Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Charlotte A Moser
- Vaccine Education Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Walter Faig
- Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Petros BA, Paull JS, Tomkins-Tinch CH, Loftness BC, DeRuff KC, Nair P, Gionet GL, Benz A, Brock-Fisher T, Hughes M, Yurkovetskiy L, Mulaudzi S, Leenerman E, Nyalile T, Moreno GK, Specht I, Sani K, Adams G, Babet SV, Baron E, Blank JT, Boehm C, Botti-Lodovico Y, Brown J, Buisker AR, Burcham T, Chylek L, Cronan P, Dauphin A, Desreumaux V, Doss M, Flynn B, Gladden-Young A, Glennon O, Harmon HD, Hook TV, Kary A, King C, Loreth C, Marrs L, McQuade KJ, Milton TT, Mulford JM, Oba K, Pearlman L, Schifferli M, Schmidt MJ, Tandus GM, Tyler A, Vodzak ME, Krohn Bevill K, Colubri A, MacInnis BL, Ozsoy AZ, Parrie E, Sholtes K, Siddle KJ, Fry B, Luban J, Park DJ, Marshall J, Bronson A, Schaffner SF, Sabeti PC. Multimodal surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at a university enables development of a robust outbreak response framework. MED 2022; 3:883-900.e13. [PMID: 36198312 PMCID: PMC9482833 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universities are vulnerable to infectious disease outbreaks, making them ideal environments to study transmission dynamics and evaluate mitigation and surveillance measures. Here, we analyze multimodal COVID-19-associated data collected during the 2020-2021 academic year at Colorado Mesa University and introduce a SARS-CoV-2 surveillance and response framework. METHODS We analyzed epidemiological and sociobehavioral data (demographics, contact tracing, and WiFi-based co-location data) alongside pathogen surveillance data (wastewater and diagnostic testing, and viral genomic sequencing of wastewater and clinical specimens) to characterize outbreak dynamics and inform policy. We applied relative risk, multiple linear regression, and social network assortativity to identify attributes or behaviors associated with contracting SARS-CoV-2. To characterize SARS-CoV-2 transmission, we used viral sequencing, phylogenomic tools, and functional assays. FINDINGS Athletes, particularly those on high-contact teams, had the highest risk of testing positive. On average, individuals who tested positive had more contacts and longer interaction durations than individuals who never tested positive. The distribution of contacts per individual was overdispersed, although not as overdispersed as the distribution of phylogenomic descendants. Corroboration via technical replicates was essential for identification of wastewater mutations. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, we formulate a framework that combines tools into an integrated disease surveillance program that can be implemented in other congregate settings with limited resources. FUNDING This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, the Hertz Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Flu Lab, and the Audacious Project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Petros
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Systems, Synthetic, and Quantitative Biology PhD Program, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jillian S Paull
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Systems, Synthetic, and Quantitative Biology PhD Program, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Christopher H Tomkins-Tinch
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Bryn C Loftness
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA; Complex Systems and Data Science PhD Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | | | - Parvathy Nair
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | | | - Aaron Benz
- Degree Analytics, Inc., Austin, TX 78758, USA
| | | | | | - Leonid Yurkovetskiy
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Shandukani Mulaudzi
- Harvard Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Thomas Nyalile
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Gage K Moreno
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ivan Specht
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kian Sani
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gordon Adams
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Simone V Babet
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Emily Baron
- COVIDCheck Colorado, LLC, Denver, CO 80202, USA
| | - Jesse T Blank
- Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
| | - Chloe Boehm
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Princeton University Molecular Biology Department, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Jeremy Brown
- Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
| | | | | | - Lily Chylek
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Paul Cronan
- Fathom Information Design, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ann Dauphin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Valentine Desreumaux
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Megan Doss
- Warrior Diagnostics, Inc., Loveland, CO 80538, USA
| | - Belinda Flynn
- Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas V Hook
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Anton Kary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
| | - Clay King
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
| | | | - Libby Marrs
- Fathom Information Design, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kyle J McQuade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
| | - Thorsen T Milton
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jada M Mulford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
| | - Kyle Oba
- Fathom Information Design, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Leah Pearlman
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Grace M Tandus
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Andy Tyler
- Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
| | - Megan E Vodzak
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kelly Krohn Bevill
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
| | - Andres Colubri
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | - A Zeynep Ozsoy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
| | - Eric Parrie
- COVIDCheck Colorado, LLC, Denver, CO 80202, USA
| | - Kari Sholtes
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Katherine J Siddle
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ben Fry
- Fathom Information Design, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J Park
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John Marshall
- Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
| | - Amy Bronson
- Physician Assistant Program, Department of Kinesiology, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
| | | | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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4
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Yaglom HD, Maurer M, Collins B, Hojnacki J, Monroy-Nieto J, Bowers JR, Packard S, Erickson DE, Barrand ZA, Simmons KM, Brock BN, Lim ES, Smith S, Hepp CM, Engelthaler DM. One health genomic surveillance and response to a university-based outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta AY.25 lineage, Arizona, 2021. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272830. [PMID: 36315517 PMCID: PMC9621446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic surveillance and wastewater tracking strategies were used to strengthen the public health response to an outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta AY.25 lineage associated with a university campus in Arizona. Epidemiologic and clinical data routinely gathered through contact tracing were matched to SARS-CoV-2 genomes belonging to an outbreak of AY.25 identified through ongoing phylogenomic analyses. Continued phylogenetic analyses were conducted to further describe the AY.25 outbreak. Wastewater collected twice weekly from sites across campus was tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR, and subsequently sequenced to identify variants. The AY.25 outbreak was defined by a single mutation (C18804T) and comprised 379 genomes from SARS-CoV-2 positive cases associated with the university and community. Several undergraduate student gatherings and congregate living settings on campus likely contributed to the rapid spread of COVID-19 across the university with secondary transmission into the community. The clade defining mutation was also found in wastewater samples collected from around student dormitories a week before the semester began, and 9 days before cases were identified. Genomic, epidemiologic, and wastewater surveillance provided evidence that an AY.25 clone was likely imported into the university setting just prior to the onset of the Fall 2021 semester, rapidly spread through a subset of the student population, and then subsequent spillover occurred in the surrounding community. The university and local public health department worked closely together to facilitate timely reporting of cases, identification of close contacts, and other necessary response and mitigation strategies. The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants and potential threat of other infectious disease outbreaks on university campuses presents an opportunity for future comprehensive One Health genomic data driven, targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley D. Yaglom
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew Maurer
- Coconino County Health and Human Services, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Brooke Collins
- Coconino County Health and Human Services, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jacob Hojnacki
- Coconino County Health and Human Services, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Juan Monroy-Nieto
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jolene R. Bowers
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Samuel Packard
- Coconino County Health and Human Services, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Daryn E. Erickson
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Zachary A. Barrand
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kyle M. Simmons
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Breezy N. Brock
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Efrem S. Lim
- Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sandra Smith
- Campus Health Services, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Crystal M. Hepp
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David M. Engelthaler
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
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