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Gnanasunderam C, Young H, Butcher CF, Hutchins RF. Ethyl decanoate as a major component in the defensive secretion of two new zealand aleocharine (staphylinidae) beetles-Tramiathaea cornigera (broun) andThamiaraea fuscicornis (broun). J Chem Ecol 2014; 7:197-202. [PMID: 24420439 DOI: 10.1007/bf00988647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/1980] [Revised: 05/23/1980] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The defensive secretions of bothTramiathaea cornigera andThamiaraea fuscicornis contain undecane, toluquinone, ethyl decanoate and smaller amounts of other esters. The presence of esters particularly ethyl decanoate as a major component sets these two beetles apart chemically not only among the staphylinids but also within the subfamily Aleocharinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gnanasunderam
- Entomology Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
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Howard DF, Blum MS, Jones TH, Phillips DW. Defensive adaptations of eggs and adults ofGastrophysa cyanea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J Chem Ecol 2014; 8:453-62. [PMID: 24414956 DOI: 10.1007/bf00987793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/1981] [Revised: 07/09/1981] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Egg clusters and adults ofGastrophysa cyanea are conspicuous and, like their larvae, are chemically protected. The eggs owe their bright yellow color primarily to β-carotene and, in addition, contain substantial quantities of oleic acid. At natural concentrations oleic acid effectively deters many species of ants from feeding. The use of fatty acids as deterrents against ants is discussed as a possible widespread phenomenon among insects. During defensive confrontations, adults ofG. cyanea exhibit avoidance behavior and may also feign death. In addition, the adults may autohemmorhage or secrete a fluid from elytral or pronotal pores in response to traumatic stimuli. The secretions are effective against ants and contain a mixture of hydrocarbons as well as terpenoid components. The pattern of ontogenetic modification in the defensive chemical repertoire ofG. cyanea is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Howard
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 30602, Athens, Georgia
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Aldrich JR, Lusby WR, Kochansky JP, Abrams CB. Volatile compounds from the predatory insectPodisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) : Male and female metathoracic scent gland and female dorsal abdominal gland secretions. J Chem Ecol 2013; 10:561-8. [PMID: 24318597 DOI: 10.1007/bf00994221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/1983] [Revised: 07/02/1983] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the predatory spined soldier bug,Podisus maculiventris, the dorsal abdominal glands are much smaller in adult females than males. Females produce a mixture of (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-hexenoic acid, benzaldehyde, and nonanal in these glands. The female dorsal abdominal gland secretion may be a close-range pheromone since the dorsal abdominal gland secretion from males has been shown to be a long-range aggregation pheromone in this species. The metathoracic scent gland secretions of male and female spined soldier bugs are apparently identical, and similar to that of other pentatomids, except for the presence of the monoterpene alcohol, linalool.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Aldrich
- USDA-ARS, Insect Physiology Laboratory, Bldg. 467, BARC-East, 20705, Behsville, Maryland
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Farine JP, Bonnard O, Brossut R, Le Quere JL. Chemistry of pheromonal and defensive secretions in the nymphs and the adults ofDysdercus cingulatus Fabr. (Heteroptera, Pyrrhocoridae). J Chem Ecol 2013; 18:65-76. [PMID: 24254633 DOI: 10.1007/bf00997165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/1991] [Accepted: 09/20/1991] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The exocrine secretions from the nymphs and the adults of both sexes inD. cingulatus were chemically investigated. Seven compounds were identified in the anterior glands, and eleven in the median dorsoabdominal glands of nymphs and adults of both sexes. Fifty-five compounds were identified in the defensive glands (34 in posterior dorsoabdominal glands ofnymphs and 21 in metathoracic glands of adults), and six in the sternal glandular epithelium of the males. The biological function of the glandular secretions and of their identified compounds were investigated and are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Farine
- Laboratoire de Zoologie C.N.R.S., U.A. 674, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Bd. Gabriel, 21100, Dijon, France
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Mattiacci L, Vinson SB, Williams HJ, Aldrich JR, Bin F. A long-range attractant kairomone for egg parasitoidTrissolcus basalis, isolated from defensive secretion of its host,Nezara viridula. J Chem Ecol 2013; 19:1167-81. [PMID: 24249135 DOI: 10.1007/bf00987378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/1992] [Accepted: 01/28/1993] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A short-chain α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, (E)-2-decenal, present in the defensive metathoracic gland ofNezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), stimulates a behavioral response in the egg parasitoidTrissolcus basalis (Woll.) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Preliminary studies showed thatT. basalis are attracted to an area containing adultN. viridula, but we also found that femaleT. basalis would examine and probe glass beads coated with an acetone extract of the metathoracic gland from males or females. Using this bioassay, the kairomone was isolated by bioassay directed by preparative gas chromatography and identified by NMR and mass spectrometry as (E)-2-decenal. The biological activity of the identified aldehyde was compared with analogs to determine specificity. An unstable Z isomer was found to be more active but not present in detectable or behaviorly relevant levels in the host, based on the bell-shaped dose-response curve of the two isomers. An investigation was also designed to determine if theE isomer was also responsible for the egg recognition kairomone activity previously reported. However, no 2-decenal isomers were detected in host egg extracts and the chemical characteristics of the 2-decenal isomers differ from the unidentified egg recognition kairomone. The role of the (E)-2-decenal in attracting femaleT. basalts toN. viridula was demonstrated in a Y-tube olfactometer; this alk-2-enal appears to act as a long-range kairomone orientingT. basalis toNezara populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mattiacci
- Agricultural Entomology Institute, Borgo XX Giugno, 06121, Perugia, Italy
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Real-time measurement of volatile chemicals released by bed bugs during mating activities. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50981. [PMID: 23227225 PMCID: PMC3515544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) problems have increased dramatically in many parts of the world, leading to a renewed interest in their chemical ecology. Most studies of bed bug semiochemicals have been based on the collection of volatiles over a period of time followed by chemical analysis. Here we present for the first time, a combination of proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry and video analysis for real-time measurement of semiochemicals emitted by isolated groups of bed bugs during specific behavioural activities. The most distinct peaks in the proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry recordings were always observed close to the termination of mating attempts, corresponding to the defensive emissions that bed bugs have been suspected to exploit for prevention of unwanted copulations. The main components of these emissions were (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-octenal recorded in ratios between 1∶3 and 3∶1. In the current study, the quantity varied over 1000 fold for both of the compounds with up to 40 µg total release in a single emission. Males also emit defensive compounds due to homosexual copulation attempts by other males, and no significant differences were observed in the ratio or the amount of the two components released from males or females. In summary, this study has demonstrated that combining proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry with video analysis can provide detailed information about semiochemicals emitted during specific behavioural activities.
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Smith RM. The defensive secretion of the bugsLamprophara bifasciata, Adrisa numeensis, andTectocoris diophthalmusfrom Fiji. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1978.10423827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Chemistry of defensive secretions in nymphs and adults of fire bug,Pyrrhocoris apterus L. (Heteroptera, Pyrrhocoridae). J Chem Ecol 1992; 18:1673-82. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02751094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/1992] [Accepted: 05/14/1992] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alarm pheromone of pentatomid bug,Erthesina fullo Thunberg (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). J Chem Ecol 1989; 15:2695-702. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01014726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/1988] [Accepted: 02/02/1989] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hamilton JGC, Gough AJE, Staddon BW, Games DE. Multichemical defense of plant bugHotea gambiae (Westwood) (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae): (E)-2-hexenol from abdominal gland in adults. J Chem Ecol 1985; 11:1399-409. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01012140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/1984] [Accepted: 02/13/1985] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gough AJ, Hamilton JG, Games DE, Staddon BW. Multichemical defense of plant bugHotea gambiae (westwood) (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae) : Sesquiterpenoids from abdominal gland in larvae. J Chem Ecol 1985; 11:343-52. [PMID: 24309966 DOI: 10.1007/bf01411421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/1984] [Accepted: 07/10/1984] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical defense in larvae of the plant bugHotea gambiae has been investigated. Results of analyses (GC, GC-MS) on the secretions from the three dorsally situated larval abdominal defense (scent) glands are reported. The secretion from the first abdominal gland consists of a mixture of C10 and C15 isoprenoids: (C10) α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, β-phellandrene; (C15) β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, α-humulene, and (the major component) humulene epoxide II. The secretions from the second and third abdominal glands are similar mixtures consisting of (E)-2-decenal, (E)-4-oxohex-2-enal, andn-tridecane together with lesser amounts of (E)-2-hexenal,n-dodecane, and other materials. Isoprenoid defense is now known from four species of plant bugs (Heteroptera) associated with Malvaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Gough
- Department of Chemistry, University College, P.O. Box 78, CF1 1XL, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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Olagbemiro TO, Staddon BW. Isoprenoids from metathoracic scent gland of cotton seed bug,Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). J Chem Ecol 1983; 9:1397-412. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00990746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/1982] [Revised: 12/22/1982] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Choudhuri DK, Das KK. On the chemical components of the stink of "Chrysocoris stolli" Wolf. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Insecta). ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1969; 77:609-15. [PMID: 4188398 DOI: 10.3109/13813456909059772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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The structure and development of a surface pattern on the cuticle of the green vegetable bug Nezara viridula. Tissue Cell 1969; 1:367-85. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(69)80031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/1968] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gilby AR, Waterhouse DF. Secretions from the lateral scent glands of the green vegetable bug, Nezara viridula. Nature 1967; 216:90-1. [PMID: 6050688 DOI: 10.1038/216090a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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