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Han ZD, Wu Y, Bernhardt P, Wang H, Ren ZX. Observations on the pollination and breeding systems of two Corybas species (Diurideae; Orchidaceae) by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae) in southwestern Yunnan, China. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:426. [PMID: 36050636 PMCID: PMC9438300 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Modes of floral presentation in some angiosperms attract flies that eat and/or oviposit on seasonal fruiting bodies of fungi. Mushroom mimesis by orchid flowers has been speculated in the geoflorous, Indo-Malaysian-Australasian, genus Corybas s.l. for decades but most studies remain fragmentary and are often inconclusive. Here we report the roles of fungus gnats as pollinators of Corybas geminigibbus and C. shanlinshiensis in southwestern Yunnan, China, combining results of field observations, lab analyses, and manipulative experiments. Hand pollination experiments suggested both species were self-compatible but incapable of mechanical self-pollination, thereby requiring pollinators for fruit production. A female of a Phthinia sp. (Mycetophilidae) carried a pollinarium of C. geminigibbus dorsally on its thorax. Two females and one male of Exechia sp. (Mycetophilidae) visiting flowers of C. shanlinshiensis carried dorsal depositions of pollinaria on their thoraces. Mycetophilid eggs were not found in the flowers of either species. The comparative fragrance analyses of these flowers and three co-fruiting mushroom species did not suggest that either orchid species was a brood-site mimic. This is the first confirmation of the dispersal of pollinaria of Corybas species by fungus gnats in subtropical-temperate Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Dong Han
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - You Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Lijiang, China.
| | - Zong-Xin Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Lijiang, China.
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2
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Tsujimoto SG, Ishii HS. Alternative flowers affect model and mimic flower discrimination performance of bumblebees. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei G. Tsujimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering University of Toyama Toyama Japan
- Faculty of Science Toho University Funabashi Japan
| | - Hiroshi S. Ishii
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering University of Toyama Toyama Japan
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3
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Russell AL, Kikuchi DW, Giebink NW, Papaj DR. Sensory bias and signal detection trade-offs maintain intersexual floral mimicry. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190469. [PMID: 32420844 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mimicry is common in interspecies interactions, yet conditions maintaining Batesian mimicry have been primarily tested in predator-prey interactions. In pollination mutualisms, floral mimetic signals thought to dupe animals into pollinating unrewarding flowers are widespread (greater than 32 plant families). Yet whether animals learn to both correctly identify floral models and reject floral mimics and whether these responses are frequency-dependent is not well understood. We tested how learning affected the effectiveness and frequency-dependence of imperfect Batesian mimicry among flowers using the generalist bumblebee, Bombus impatiens, visiting Begonia odorata, a plant species exhibiting intersexual floral mimicry. Unrewarding female flowers are mimics of pollen-rewarding male flowers (models), though mimicry to the human eye is imperfect. Flower-naive bees exhibited a perceptual bias for mimics over models, but rapidly learned to avoid mimics. Surprisingly, altering the frequency of models and mimics only marginally shaped responses by naive bees and by bees experienced with the distribution and frequency of models and mimics. Our results provide evidence both of exploitation by the plant of signal detection trade-offs in bees and of resistance by the bees, via learning, to this exploitation. Critically, we provide experimental evidence that imperfect Batesian mimicry can be adaptive and, in contrast with expectations of signal detection theory, functions largely independently of the model and mimic frequency. This article is part of the theme issue 'Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery L Russell
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 910 South John Q Hammons Parkway, Springfield, MO 65897, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 87521, USA
| | - David W Kikuchi
- Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Berlin 14193, Germany.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 87521, USA
| | - Noah W Giebink
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 87521, USA
| | - Daniel R Papaj
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 87521, USA
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4
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Anderson B, de Jager ML. Natural selection in mimicry. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 95:291-304. [PMID: 31663254 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological mimicry has served as a salient example of natural selection for over a century, providing us with a dazzling array of very different examples across many unrelated taxa. We provide a conceptual framework that brings together apparently disparate examples of mimicry in a single model for the purpose of comparing how natural selection affects models, mimics and signal receivers across different interactions. We first analyse how model-mimic resemblance likely affects the fitness of models, mimics and receivers across diverse examples. These include classic Batesian and Müllerian butterfly systems, nectarless orchids that mimic Hymenoptera or nectar-producing plants, caterpillars that mimic inert objects unlikely to be perceived as food, plants that mimic abiotic objects like carrion or dung and aggressive mimicry where predators mimic food items of their own prey. From this, we construct a conceptual framework of the selective forces that form the basis of all mimetic interactions. These interactions between models, mimics and receivers may follow four possible evolutionary pathways in terms of the direction of selection resulting from model-mimic resemblance. Two of these pathways correspond to the selective pressures associated with what is widely regarded as Batesian and Müllerian mimicry. The other two pathways suggest mimetic interactions underpinned by distinct selective pressures that have largely remained unrecognized. Each pathway is characterized by theoretical differences in how model-mimic resemblance influences the direction of selection acting on mimics, models and signal receivers, and the potential for consequent (co)evolutionary relationships between these three protagonists. The final part of this review describes how selective forces generated through model-mimic resemblance can be opposed by the basic ecology of interacting organisms and how those forces may affect the symmetry, strength and likelihood of (co)evolution between the three protagonists within the confines of the four broad evolutionary possibilities. We provide a clear and pragmatic visualization of selection pressures that portrays how different mimicry types may evolve. This conceptual framework provides clarity on how different selective forces acting on mimics, models and receivers are likely to interact and ultimately shape the evolutionary pathways taken by mimetic interactions, as well as the constraints inherent within these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Anderson
- Botany and Zoology Department, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Marinus L de Jager
- Botany and Zoology Department, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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5
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Bogarín D, Pérez-Escobar OA, Karremans AP, Fernández M, Kruizinga J, Pupulin F, Smets E, Gravendeel B. Phylogenetic comparative methods improve the selection of characters for generic delimitations in a hyperdiverse Neotropical orchid clade. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15098. [PMID: 31641165 PMCID: PMC6805863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxonomic delimitations are challenging because of the convergent and variable nature of phenotypic traits. This is evident in species-rich lineages, where the ancestral and derived states and their gains and losses are difficult to assess. Phylogenetic comparative methods help to evaluate the convergent evolution of a given morphological character, thus enabling the discovery of traits useful for classifications. In this study, we investigate the evolution of selected traits to test for their suitability for generic delimitations in the clade Lepanthes, one of the Neotropical species-richest groups. We evaluated every generic name proposed in the Lepanthes clade producing densely sampled phylogenies with Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian approaches. Using Ancestral State Reconstructions, we then assessed 18 phenotypic characters that have been traditionally employed to diagnose genera. We propose the recognition of 14 genera based on solid morphological delimitations. Among the characters assessed, we identified 16 plesiomorphies, 12 homoplastic characters, and seven synapomorphies, the latter of which are reproductive features mostly related to the pollination by pseudocopulation and possibly correlated with rapid diversifications in Lepanthes. Furthermore, the ancestral states of some reproductive characters suggest that these traits are associated with pollination mechanisms alike promoting homoplasy. Our methodological approach enables the discovery of useful traits for generic delimitations in the Lepanthes clade and offers various other testable hypotheses on trait evolution for future research on Pleurothallidinae orchids because the phenotypic variation of some characters evaluated here also occurs in other diverse genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Bogarín
- Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, Cartago, P.O. Box 302-7050, Costa Rica.
- Herbarium UCH, Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, David, Chiriquí, Panama.
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms group, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Oscar A Pérez-Escobar
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adam P Karremans
- Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, Cartago, P.O. Box 302-7050, Costa Rica
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms group, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Melania Fernández
- Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, Cartago, P.O. Box 302-7050, Costa Rica
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Jaco Kruizinga
- Hortus botanicus, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Franco Pupulin
- Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, Cartago, P.O. Box 302-7050, Costa Rica
- Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, 811 South Palm Avenue, Sarasota, Florida, 34236, USA
| | - Erik Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms group, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- KU Leuven, Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms group, Leiden, The Netherlands
- University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Faculty of Science and Technology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Lussu M, De Agostini A, Cogoni A, Marignani M, Cortis P. Does size really matter? A comparative study on floral traits in orchids with two different pollination strategies. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:961-966. [PMID: 30945419 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The lock and key hypothesis assumes that male and female genitalia match in a unique system to prevent interspecific crosses. This hypothesis is largely investigated in animals, while there is a distinct lack of studies on plants. Nevertheless, we expect the lock and key hypothesis could apply to plants with complex floral morphologies, such as orchids. Here we apply a comparative approach to examine the variation of floral functional traits in food- and sex-deceptive orchids. To understand if a specific deception strategy is related to a specific variation in floral traits evaluated the variation in sterile and fertile traits among species and subsequently examined the correlations between male and female reproductive organs of the same species with the aim of investigating the role of the lock and key hypothesis in deceptive orchids. Our results show that the functional morphology of fertile traits plays a pivotal role in limiting gene flow in species that grow in sympatry. In particular, it was observed that the Reproductive Standardisation Index (RSI) is significantly different in the two pollination strategies and that the correlation between pollinarium length and stigmatic cavity length is stronger in food-deceptive species when compared to the sex-deceptive species. These results reveal that the lock and key hypothesis contributes to maintain boundaries in plants with very complex floral morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lussu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A De Agostini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Cogoni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Marignani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - P Cortis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus L. de Jager
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
| | - Bruce Anderson
- Botany and Zoology Department Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
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8
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Scaccabarozzi D, Cozzolino S, Guzzetti L, Galimberti A, Milne L, Dixon KW, Phillips RD. Masquerading as pea plants: behavioural and morphological evidence for mimicry of multiple models in an Australian orchid. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:1061-1073. [PMID: 30184161 PMCID: PMC6266105 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims While there is increasing recognition of Batesian floral mimicry in plants, there are few confirmed cases where mimicry involves more than one model species. Here, we test for pollination by mimicry in Diuris (Orchidaceae), a genus hypothesized to attract pollinators via mimicry of a range of co-occurring pea plants (Faboideae). Methods Observations of pollinator behaviour were made for Diuris brumalis using arrays of orchid flowers. An analysis of floral traits in the co-flowering community and spectral reflectance measurements were undertaken to test if Di. brumalis and the pea plants showed strong similarity and were likely to be perceived as the same by bees. Pollen removal and fruit-set were recorded at 18 sites over two years to test if fitness of Di. brumalis increased with the abundance of the model species. Key Results Diuris brumalis shares the pollinator species Trichococolletes capillosus and T. leucogenys (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) with co-flowering Faboideae from the genus Daviesia. On Di. brumalis, Trichocolletes exhibited the same stereotyped food-foraging and mate-patrolling behaviour that they exhibit on Daviesia. Diuris and pea plants showed strong morphological similarity compared to the co-flowering plant community, while the spectral reflectance of Diuris was similar to that of Daviesia spp. Fruit-set and pollen removal of Di. brumalis was highest at sites with a greater number of Daviesia flowers. Conclusions Diuris brumalis is pollinated by mimicry of co-occurring congeneric Faboideae species. Evidence for mimicry of multiple models, all of which share pollinator species, suggests that this may represent a guild mimicry system. Interestingly, Di. brumalis belongs to a complex of species with similar floral traits, suggesting that this represents a useful system for investigating speciation in lineages that employ mimicry of food plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Scaccabarozzi
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario MSA, Naples, Italy
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Salvatore Cozzolino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario MSA, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Guzzetti
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, ZooPlantLab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Piazza della Scienza, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Galimberti
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, ZooPlantLab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Piazza della Scienza, Milano, Italy
| | - Lynne Milne
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Kingsley W Dixon
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Ryan D Phillips
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, West Perth, WA, Australia
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Vic., Australia
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9
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Whitehead MR, Gaskett AC, Johnson SD. Floral community predicts pollinators’ color preference: implications for Batesian floral mimicry. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Whitehead
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne C Gaskett
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Steven D Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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10
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Suetsugu K. Achlorophyllous orchid can utilize fungi not only for nutritional demands but also pollinator attraction. Ecology 2018; 99:1498-1500. [PMID: 29574702 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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11
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Qu H, Seifan T, Seifan M. Effects of plant and pollinator traits on the maintenance of a food deceptive species within a plant community. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongchun Qu
- Division of Theoretical Research for Complex Systems, Key Laboratory of Industrial IOT and Networked Control (Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications), Ministry of Education; CN-400065 Chongqing PR China
| | | | - Merav Seifan
- Mitrani Dept of Desert Ecology, Swiss Inst. for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, and: Jacob Blaustein Inst. for Desert Research, Ben Gurion Univ. of the Negev; IL-8499000 Midresher Ben-Gurion Israel
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12
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Duffy KJ, Johnson SD. Effects of distance from models on the fitness of floral mimics. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:438-443. [PMID: 28146332 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rewardless plants can attract pollinators by mimicking floral traits of rewarding heterospecific plants. This should result in the pollination success of floral mimics being dependent on the relative abundance of their models, as pollinator abundance and conditioning on model signals should be higher in the vicinity of the models. However, the attraction of pollinators to signals of the models may be partially innate, such that spatial isolation of mimics from model species may not strongly affect pollination success of mimics. We tested whether pollination rates and fruit set of the rewardless orchid Disa pulchra were influenced by proximity and abundance of its rewarding model species, Watsonia lepida. Pollination success of the orchid increased with proximity to the model species, while fruit set of the orchid increased with local abundance of the model species. Orchids that were experimentally translocated outside the model population experienced reduced pollinaria removal and increased pollinator-mediated self-pollination. These results confirm predictions that the pollination success of floral mimics should be dependent on the proximity and abundance of model taxa, and thus highlight the importance of ecological facilitation among species involved in mimicry systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Duffy
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - S D Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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13
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Archibald JK, Cook J, Anderson B, Johnson SD, Mort ME. A reassessment of the phylogeny and circumscription of Zaluzianskya (Scrophulariaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 112:194-208. [PMID: 28411161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The genus Zaluzianskya (Scrophulariaceae s.s.) encompasses a diversity of floral and ecological traits. However, this diversity, as described by the current taxonomic circumscription of Zaluzianskya, is an underestimate. We present molecular data suggesting that this genus requires expansion via incorporation of species from other genera and recognition of unnamed cryptic species. This study advances prior molecular phylogenies of the southern African genus through the addition of DNA regions and 51 populations that had not previously been sampled in a published phylogeny. A total of 82 species of Zaluzianskya and related genera are included, adding 48 to those previously sampled. Results are presented from analyses of five DNA regions, including nuclear ITS and four rapidly evolving chloroplast regions (trnL-trnF, rpl16, rps16, and trnS-trnfM). Our primary finding is that the genus Phyllopodium is polyphyletic as currently circumscribed, with some species placed within Zaluzianskya and others grouping with Polycarena, indicating the need for further phylogenetic work on these genera. Preliminary support for the incorporation of Reyemia into Zaluzianskya is reinforced here by the first molecular analysis to include both species of Reyemia and a strong sampling of species across Zaluzianskya and major clades of tribe Limoselleae. The two disjunct, tropical African species of Zaluzianskya are also confirmed as members of this genus. Finally, a broad sampling of 21 populations of Z. microsiphon establishes their phylogenetic division into two to five separate lineages. Hybridization, coevolution, and cryptic speciation may each play a role in the evolution of Z. microsiphon. Further resolution within a clade comprising sections Nycterinia and Macrocalyx is needed to better understand their relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K Archibald
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | | | - Bruce Anderson
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Steven D Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Mark E Mort
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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14
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The influence of genetic drift on the formation and stability of polymorphisms arising from negative frequency-dependent selection. J Theor Biol 2016; 391:51-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Habitat selection in a deceptive predator: maximizing resource availability and signal efficacy. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Imbert E, Wang H, Anderson B, Hervouet B, Talavera M, Schatz B. Reproductive biology and colour polymorphism in the food-deceptiveIris lutescens(Iridaceae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2014.895419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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de Jager ML, Ellis AG. Costs of deception and learned resistance in deceptive interactions. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132861. [PMID: 24478302 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The costs that species suffer when deceived are expected to drive learned resistance, although this relationship has seldom been studied experimentally. Flowers that elicit mating behaviour from male insects by mimicking conspecific females provide an ideal system for such investigation. Here, we explore interactions between a sexually deceptive daisy with multiple floral forms that vary in deceptiveness, and the male flies that pollinate it. We show that male pollinators are negatively impacted by the interaction, suffering potential mating costs in terms of their ability and time taken to locate genuine females within deceptive inflorescences. The severity of these costs is determined by the amount of mating behaviour elicited by deceptive inflorescences. However, inexperienced male flies exhibit the ability to learn to discriminate the most deceptive inflorescences as female mimics and subsequently reduce the amount of mating behaviour they exhibit on them with increased exposure. Experienced males, which interact with sexually deceptive forms naturally, exhibit similar patterns of reduced mating behaviour on deceptive inflorescences in multiple populations, indicating that pollinator learning is widespread. As sexually deceptive plants are typically dependent on the elicitation of mating behaviour from male pollinators for pollination, this may result in antagonistic coevolution within these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus L de Jager
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, , Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Rodríguez-Peña N, Stoner KE, Ayala-Berdon J, Flores-Ortiz CM, Duran A, Schondube JE. Nitrogen and amino acids in nectar modify food selection of nectarivorous bats. J Anim Ecol 2013; 82:1106-15. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge Ayala-Berdon
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apartado Postal 27-3 (Xangari); Morelia; 58189; México
| | - Cesar M. Flores-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal; UBIPRO; Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala; UNAM; Mexico City; México
| | - Angel Duran
- Departamento de Matemáticas; Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala; UNAM; Mexico City; México
| | - Jorge E. Schondube
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apartado Postal 27-3 (Xangari); Morelia; 58189; México
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Jersáková J, Jürgens A, Šmilauer P, Johnson SD. The evolution of floral mimicry: identifying traits that visually attract pollinators. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jersáková
- University of South Bohemia; Česke Budejovice Czech Republic
- School of Life Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Andreas Jürgens
- School of Life Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Petr Šmilauer
- University of South Bohemia; Česke Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Steven D. Johnson
- School of Life Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Pietermaritzburg South Africa
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Newman E, Anderson B, Johnson SD. Flower colour adaptation in a mimetic orchid. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:2309-13. [PMID: 22298842 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the tremendous variability in floral colour among angiosperms is often attributed to divergent selection by pollinators, it is usually difficult to preclude the possibility that floral colour shifts were driven by non-pollinator processes. Here, we examine the adaptive significance of flower colour in Disa ferruginea, a non-rewarding orchid that is thought to attract its butterfly pollinator by mimicking the flowers of sympatric nectar-producing species. Disa ferruginea has red flowers in the western part of its range and orange flowers in the eastern part--a colour shift that we hypothesized to be the outcome of selection for resemblance to different local nectar-producing plants. Using reciprocal translocations of red and orange phenotypes as well as arrays of artificial flowers, we found that the butterfly Aeropetes tulbaghia, the only pollinator of the orchid, preferred both the red phenotype and red artificial flowers in the west where its main nectar plant also has red flowers, and both the orange phenotype and orange artificial flowers in the east, where its main nectar plant has orange flowers. This phenotype by environment interaction demonstrates that the flower colour shift in D. ferruginea is adaptive and driven by local colour preference in its pollinator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Newman
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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21
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Schneider KA. Maximization principles for frequency-dependent selection II: the one-locus multiallele case. J Math Biol 2009; 61:95-132. [PMID: 19707764 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-009-0292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this article we study a single-locus multiallele version of the pairwise-interaction model (PIM) in discrete and continuous time and a density-dependent version of this model (D-PIM) in continuous time. The PIM assumes that the fitnesses of genotypes are proportional to the average amount of competition resulting from pairwise interactions. Hence, fitness is frequency dependent. Our main aim is to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of maximization principles analogous to Fisher's Fundamental Theorem for constant selection. We provide a systematic analysis and illustrate our results by concrete examples. We show that in discrete time the mean fitness is nondecreasing along every trajectory provided the interaction coefficients are nonnegative and symmetric. For asymmetric interactions this is in general not true. However, for what we call pseudo-symmetric interactions a function similar to, but in general not identical to, the mean fitness: the adjusted-mean fitness, is nondecreasing along trajectories. For asymmetric interactions, we also provide sufficient conditions for the mean fitness, and more generally for the adjusted-mean fitness, to be nondecreasing and sufficient conditions when it is not. In continuous time, we provide similar but stronger results. If the interaction coefficients are pseudo-symmetric, the adjusted-mean fitness is nondecreasing in the D-PIM.
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Anderson B, Johnson SD. Geographical covariation and local convergence of flower depth in a guild of fly-pollinated plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 182:533-540. [PMID: 19210717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant adaptations to pollinators are usually studied at the species level, but are expected to occur at the local population level and be reflected in fine-scale patterns of floral variation. Here, we examined whether a guild of c. 20 South African plant species pollinated by the long proboscid fly Prosoeca ganglbaueri (Nemestrinidae) exhibits fine-scale patterns of geographical covariation and convergent evolution at a local scale. Fly proboscis length is highly variable among sites (20-50 mm). Plant adaptation results in floral depths of plants within the guild being closely matched with the proboscis length of their fly pollinator across numerous sites. This results in patterns of divergence among allopatric populations and convergence among species within a site. The most likely evolutionary processes driving these patterns include coevolution between the fly and plants with consistent and abundant rewards, as well as one-sided evolution in rare and nonrewarding species that do not influence the coevolutionary process. Pollinator-mediated selection on spur length was confirmed for a nonrewarding orchid species in the guild by a reciprocal translocation experiment. Thus, rarer and nonrewarding species in the guild are forced to keep pace with the coevolutionary race between common rewarding flowers and flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Anderson
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Steven D Johnson
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
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Wilson P. Striking example of avatars evolving together among local communities. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 182:293-295. [PMID: 19338632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wilson
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA (tel +1 818 677 2937; email )
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24
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Schneider KA. Maximization principles for frequency-dependent selection I: the one-locus two-allele case. Theor Popul Biol 2008; 74:251-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Calsbeek R, Smith TB. Probing the adaptive landscape using experimental islands: density-dependent natural selection on lizard body size. Evolution 2007; 61:1052-61. [PMID: 17492960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anolis lizards in the Greater Antilles are thought to have diversified through natural selection on body size and shape, presumably due to interspecific competition and variation in locomotor performance. Here we measure natural selection on body size over three years and across seven replicate populations of the brown anole, A. sagrei. We experimentally manipulated an important component of the environment (population density) on several small islands to test the role of density in driving natural selection. Results indicate that the strength of natural selection was proportional to population density (r2 = 0.81), and favored larger body sizes at higher density, presumably owing to the enhanced competitive ability afforded by large size. Changes in the distribution of body size by selective releases of lizards to islands show that this effect did not arise by pure density dependence, since smaller individuals were disproportionately selected against at higher densities. We measured significant broad sense heritability for body size in the laboratory (h2 = 0.55) indicating that selection in the wild could have an evolutionary response. Our results suggest an important effect of population density on natural selection in Anolis lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Calsbeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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Trotter MV, Spencer HG. Frequency-dependent selection and the maintenance of genetic variation: exploring the parameter space of the multiallelic pairwise interaction model. Genetics 2007; 176:1729-40. [PMID: 17483410 PMCID: PMC1931533 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.073072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When individuals' fitnesses depend on the genetic composition of the population in which they are found, selection is then frequency dependent. Frequency-dependent selection (FDS) is often invoked as a heuristic explanation for the maintenance of large numbers of alleles at a locus. The pairwise interaction model is a general model of FDS via intraspecific competition at the genotypic level. Here we use a parameter-space approach to investigate the full potential for the maintenance of multiallelic equilibria under the pairwise interaction model. We find that FDS maintains full polymorphism more often than classic constant-selection models and produces more skewed equilibrium allele frequencies. Fitness sets with some degree of rare advantage maintained full polymorphism most often, but a wide variety of nonobvious fitness patterns were also found to have positive potential for polymorphism. An example is put forth suggesting possible explanations for multiallelic polymorphisms maintained despite positive FDS on individual alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith V Trotter
- Department of Zoology, Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Ollerton
- Landscape and Biodiversity Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Northampton, Park Campus, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK.
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