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Zhao X, Xu L, Shisi R, Wei Q, Yin Q, Yang Y, Zhang J, Xiang J, Yu J, Li D, Liu X. Myxobolus dumerilii sp. n. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) infecting the brain of Chinese longsnout catfish Tachysurus dumerili (Bleeker) in China. Syst Parasitol 2023; 100:715-723. [PMID: 37853231 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
During an investigation of Myxobolus diversity in the Chinese longsnout catfish Tachysurus dumerili (Bleeker), a new species infecting the intracranial epidermis of the host was discovered. Upon opening the cranial cavity, several round whitish plasmodia measuring 0.55-0.80 mm in diameter were observed. Fresh spores (n= 50) were pyriform in the frontal view and fusiform in the sutural view, with a length of 15.4±0.6 (13.9-16.5) μm, width of 9.1±0.4 (8.3-9.8) μm, and thickness of 7.0±0.4 (6.3-7.9) μm. The spores had smooth shell surfaces and transparent membrane sheaths in the posterior. No folds, intercapsular appendix, and caudal appendages were observed. Two equal polar capsules were pyriform and measured 7.5±0.5 (6.7-8.7) μm in length and 3.2±0.3 (2.5-3.6) μm in width. The polar filaments were coiled with five to six turns and perpendicular to the polar capsule length. A BLAST search indicated M. dumerilii sp. n. was closely related to five Myxobolus species (with sequences similarities ranging from 90.54% to 96.52%) found in different organs of yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco (Richardson), rather than the T. dumerili-infecting species M. branchiola Dong and Zhao, 2014 (with 90.5% sequence similarity). Phylogenetic analysis showed that M. dumerilii sp. n. didn't form sister clade with brain-infecting Myxobolus spp, but clustered with M. jianlinensis Gao et Zhao, 2020 and M. voremkhai Akhmerov, 1960 within the Siluriformes-clade with highly supported values, indicating that the host specificity may play a stronger signal than site infections during the evolution of Myxobolus species. Based on the morphological, ecological, and molecular differences observed between the newly discovered species and other available Myxobolus species, M. dumerilii sp. n., is proposed and described in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhao
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Characteristics of Aquatic Resources, Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Liwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Ren Shisi
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Characteristics of Aquatic Resources, Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Characteristics of Aquatic Resources, Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Qi Yin
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Characteristics of Aquatic Resources, Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yijing Yang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Characteristics of Aquatic Resources, Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Jianguo Xiang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Characteristics of Aquatic Resources, Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jianbo Yu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Characteristics of Aquatic Resources, Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Deliang Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Characteristics of Aquatic Resources, Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Characteristics of Aquatic Resources, Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Seliverstova EV, Prutskova NP. Renal protein reabsorption impairment related to a myxosporean infection in the grass frog (Rana temporaria L.). Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1303-1316. [PMID: 37012507 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
A morphophysiological study of tubular reabsorption and mechanisms of protein endocytosis in the kidney of frogs (Rana temporaria L.) during parasitic infection was carried out. Pseudoplasmodia and spores of myxosporidia, beforehand assigned to the genus Sphaerospora, were detected in Bowman's capsules and in the lumen of individual renal tubules by light and electron microscopy. Remarkable morphological alteration and any signs of pathology in kidney tissue related to this myxosporean infection have not been noted. At the same time, significant changes in protein reabsorption and distribution of molecular markers of endocytosis in the proximal tubule (PT) cells in infected animals were detected by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. In lysozyme injection experiments, the endocytosed protein and megalin expression in the infected PTs were not revealed. Tubular expression of cubilin and clathrin decreased, but endosomal recycling marker Rab11 increased or remained unchanged. Thus, myxosporean infection resulted in the alterations in lysozyme uptake and expression of the main molecular determinants of endocytosis. The inhibition of receptor-mediated clathrin-dependent protein endocytosis in amphibian kidneys due to myxosporidiosis was shown for the first time. Established impairment of the endocytic process is a clear marker of tubular cell dysfunction that can be used to assess the functioning of amphibian kidneys during adaptation to adverse environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Seliverstova
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Torez Av., 44, Saint Petersburg, 194223, Russian Federation.
| | - Natalya P Prutskova
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Torez Av., 44, Saint Petersburg, 194223, Russian Federation
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Jithila PJ, Devi ARS, Prasadan PK, Abaunza P. Tetracotyle wayanadensis (Trematoda: Digenea) metacercaria - A potential parasitic castrator of the freshwater fish Aplocheilus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1846): A histopathological and temporal variation study in the South Western Ghats, India. Parasitol Int 2021; 84:102408. [PMID: 34175473 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic castration is a phenomenon where the parasite blocks or reduces the host reproductive output. This study explored the impact of Tetracotyle wayanadensis infection on the reproductive performance of the freshwater fish Aplocheilus lineatus. Heavily infected A. lineatus showed slow and sluggish movements with reduced food intake and feeding activities. Histopathological observations of the ovary revealed severe necrosis and degeneration of previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes and follicular atresia. The oogonial nests were absent; chromatin nucleolar oocytes irregularly shaped and vacuolated. Perinucleolar oocytes have a vacuolated appearance with the hypertrophied highly columnar follicular cells invading them. Vitellogenic oocytes had a shrunken appearance with folded zona radiata; yolk globules broken down into smaller granules together with vacuolar degeneration of the ooplasm. The hypertrophied highly columnar follicular cells invaded the early vitellogenic oocytes to phagocytize the degenerating material. Zona radiata was found broken and liquefaction of yolk globules was evident with advancement in follicular atresia. Seasonal variation of parasitic infection has also been studied. Metacercaria infecting the vital organs showed seasonal variation with the highest values for prevalence and abundance during monsoon and mean intensity during winter. The lowest values for these descriptors were documented during the post-monsoon period.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Jithila
- Ecological Parasitology and Tropical Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kannur University, Mananthavady Campus, Wayanad 670645, Kerala, India
| | - A R Sudha Devi
- Ecological Parasitology and Tropical Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kannur University, Mananthavady Campus, Wayanad 670645, Kerala, India
| | - P K Prasadan
- Ecological Parasitology and Tropical Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kannur University, Mananthavady Campus, Wayanad 670645, Kerala, India.
| | - P Abaunza
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), C.O. de Santander, Promontorio San Martín s/n 39004, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
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Neves A, Gordo I, Sequeira V, Vieira AR, Silva E, Silva F, Duarte AM, Mendes S, Ganhão R, Peleteiro MC, Assis C, Rebelo R, Magalhães MF, Gil MM, Gordo LS. Negative impact on the reproductive potential of blue jack mackerel Trachurus picturatus by Kudoa infection of the ovary. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 141:47-52. [PMID: 32940250 DOI: 10.3354/dao03515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction of Trachurus picturatus off the western Portuguese coast was studied over 1 yr. During histological analyses, the presence of Kudoa sp. was detected in advanced vitellogenic oocytes. Kudoa infections are known to cause economic loss through the induction of post-mortem liquefaction of fish muscles, but ovarian infection as reported in this study will seriously affect the reproductive potential of the species and thus impact fisheries productivity. Only females showed gonad infection which led to total degradation of advanced vitellogenic oocytes. No macroscopic, somatic or condition indices revealed differences between infected and uninfected females, rendering this infection event a concealed suppression of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Neves
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Bloco C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Mathews PD, Mertins O, Espinoza LL, Milanin T, Alama-Bermejo G, Audebert F, Morandini AC. Taxonomy and 18S rDNA-based phylogeny of Henneguya multiradiatus n. sp. (Cnidaria: Myxobolidae) a parasite of Brochis multiradiatus from Peruvian Amazon. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104372. [PMID: 32652114 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A new myxozoan species belonging to the genus Henneguya was isolated from the serous membrane of the visceral cavity of the hognosed catfish Brochis multiradiatus from Peruvian Amazon. Whitish plasmodia, macroscopically visible, were found in four of the thirty examined fishes. Mature myxospores were ellipsoidal in shape in frontal view and had a total length of 44.5 ± 0.6 μm (43.9-45.1), spore body measured 18.7 ± 0.9 μm (16.8-19.6) in length, 7.1 ± 0.2 μm (6.6-7.4) in width and 5.5 ± 0.3 μm (4.9-5.6) in thickness. The two polar capsules were elongated and equal in size, measuring 9.1 ± 0.1 μm (8.8-9.4) in length and 1.7 ± 0.1 μm (1.6-1.8) in width, occupying half of the myxospore body. Polar tubules coiled in 10-11 turns perpendicular to the long axis of the polar capsule. The caudal appendage was not bifurcated and measured 25.8 ± 0.6 μm (24.7-26.5) in length. The sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene resulted in 1400 bp and this sequence did not match any of the myxozoans available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis placed the new species in a well-supported subclade of Henneguya spp. infecting callichthyid fishes, with Henneguya loretoensis being the closest species. This study is the first description of a myxozoan species, Henneguya multiradiatus n. sp. from a fish of the genus Brochis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Mathews
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil; Unité de Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National de d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UCA, CP 26, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Omar Mertins
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical Scholl, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis L Espinoza
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, 2800, San Borja, Lima, Peru
| | - Tiago Milanin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gema Alama-Bermejo
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Fabienne Audebert
- Unité de Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National de d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UCA, CP 26, 75005, Paris, France
| | - André C Morandini
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil; Marine Biology Center, University of São Paulo, 11612-109, São Sebastião, Brazil
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Zlotnik S, Gridi-Papp M, Bernal XE. Laryngeal Demasculinization in Wild Cane Toads Varies with Land Use. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:682-693. [PMID: 31628632 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic factors, including the spread of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, have been linked to alterations in the reproductive physiology, morphology, and behavior of wildlife. Few studies of endocrine disruption, however, focus on secondary sexual traits that affect mating signals, despite their importance for reproductive success. The larynx of many anurans (frogs and toads), for example, is larger in males than in females and is crucial for producing mating calls. We aim to determine if wild populations of cane toads (Rhinella marina) near sugarcane fields in Florida have demasculinized larynges when compared to populations near urban areas. We find evidence of demasculinization in both primary and secondary sexual traits in male toads living near sugarcane. Relative to body size, the laryngeal mass, vocal cord length, and dilator muscle width are all reduced in males from sugarcane regions compared to their urban counterparts. Strong correlations between primary and secondary male sexual traits indicate that demasculinization occurs in concert both within and across diverse organs, including the testes, larynx, and skin. Our results show that anurans near sugarcane fields have demasculinized reproductive systems, that this disruption extends to secondary sexual traits like the larynx, and that it is likely due to anthropogenic causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zlotnik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, 103 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Marcos Gridi-Papp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Ximena E Bernal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
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Borkhanuddin MH, Cech G, Molnár K, Shaharom-Harrison F, Khoa TND, Samshuri MA, Mazelan S, Atkinson SD, Székely C. Henneguya (Cnidaria: Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) infections of cultured barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Perciformes: Latidae) in an estuarine wetlands system of Malaysia: description of Henneguya setiuensis n. sp., Henneguya voronini n. sp. and Henneguya calcarifer n. sp. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:85-96. [PMID: 31768684 PMCID: PMC6942030 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Examination of 35 barramundi (Lates calcarifer) from aquaculture cages in Setiu Wetland, Malaysia, revealed a single fish infected with three Henneguya spp. (Cnidaria: Myxosporea). Characterization of the infections using tissue tropism, myxospore morphology and morphometry and 18S rDNA sequencing supported description of three new species: Henneguya setiuensis n. sp., Henneguya voronini n. sp. and H. calcarifer n. sp. Myxospores of all three species had typical Henneguya morphology, with two polar capsules in the plane of the suture, an oval spore body, smooth valve cell surfaces, and two caudal appendages. Spores were morphometrically similar, and many dimensions overlapped, but H. voronini n. sp. had shorter caudal appendages compared with H. calcarifer n. sp. and H. setiuensis n. sp. Gross tissue tropism distinguished the muscle parasite H. calcarifer n. sp. from gill parasites H. setiuensis n. sp. and H. voronini n. sp.; and these latter two species were further separable by fine-scale location of developing plasmodia, which were intra-lamellar for H. setiuensis n. sp. and basal to the filaments for H. voronini n. sp. small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences distinguished all three species: the two gill species H. setiuensis n. sp. and H voronini n. sp. were only 88% similar (over 1708 bp), whereas the muscle species H. calcarifer n. sp. was most similar to H. voronini n. sp. (98% over 1696 bp). None of the three novel species was more than 90% similar to any known myxosporean sequence in GenBank. Low infection prevalence of these myxosporeans and lack of obvious tissue pathology from developing plasmodia suggested none of these parasites are currently a problem for barramundi culture in Setiu Wetland; however additional surveys of fish, particularly at different times of the year, would be informative for better risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gábor Cech
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 18, Budapest, H-1581, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Molnár
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 18, Budapest, H-1581, Hungary
| | - Faizah Shaharom-Harrison
- Faculty of Fisheries & Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Tran Nguyen Duy Khoa
- Department of Coastal Aquaculture, Can Tho University, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Viet Nam
| | - Muhammad Arif Samshuri
- Faculty of Science & Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Suhairi Mazelan
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture & Fisheries Research (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Stephen D Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97330, USA
| | - Csaba Székely
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 18, Budapest, H-1581, Hungary.
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Sokolov SG, Lebedeva DI, Murzina SA, Parshukov AN, Bystrova KA, Ieshko EP. Morphology and phylogeny of Henneguya oviperda infecting oocytes of Esox lucius, with description of parasite-induced histopathology. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 133:91-98. [PMID: 31019133 DOI: 10.3354/dao03331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Henneguya oviperda (Cohn, 1895) (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) is a parasite infecting oocytes of the northern pike Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 (Actinopterygii: Esocidae). Infected oocytes are surrounded by all oocyte layers, some of them thinner and less visible than intact oocytes. A mature plasmodium of H. oviperda fills the entire internal space of the oocytes at the secondary growth phase, rendering the nucleus and organelles of the latter undetectable. Apart from the observed degradation of internal structures, alterations in the envelopes of the infected oocytes, and the deformation of the intact oocytes adjacent to them, no other developmental anomalies have been found in the reproductive products of female northern pike. Mature spores of H. oviperda have oval bodies with polar capsules of almost equal size and caudal projections that are on average equal to the spore body length. Phylogenetic analysis comparing 18S rDNA sequences placed H. oviperda into a clade of esocid-infecting species of the genus Henneguya and also supported H. psorospermica as a sister species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Sokolov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskij pr., 119071 Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Wildlife parasitology is a highly diverse area of research encompassing many fields including taxonomy, ecology, pathology and epidemiology, and with participants from extremely disparate scientific fields. In addition, the organisms studied are highly dissimilar, ranging from platyhelminths, nematodes and acanthocephalans to insects, arachnids, crustaceans and protists. This review of the parasites of wildlife in Australia highlights the advances made to date, focussing on the work, interests and major findings of researchers over the years and identifies current significant gaps that exist in our understanding. The review is divided into three sections covering protist, helminth and arthropod parasites. The challenge to document the diversity of parasites in Australia continues at a traditional level but the advent of molecular methods has heightened the significance of this issue. Modern methods are providing an avenue for major advances in documenting and restructuring the phylogeny of protistan parasites in particular, while facilitating the recognition of species complexes in helminth taxa previously defined by traditional morphological methods. The life cycles, ecology and general biology of most parasites of wildlife in Australia are extremely poorly understood. While the phylogenetic origins of the Australian vertebrate fauna are complex, so too are the likely origins of their parasites, which do not necessarily mirror those of their hosts. This aspect of parasite evolution is a continuing area for research in the case of helminths, but remains to be addressed for many other parasitic groups.
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Morphological and molecular description of Myxobolus batalhensis n. sp. (Myxozoa, Myxosporea), a liver and ovary parasite of Salminus hilarii in Brazil. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:3303-3313. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5644-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Estensoro I, Pérez-Sánchez J. Immunity to gastrointestinal microparasites of fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:187-201. [PMID: 26828391 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fish intestinal parasites cause direct mortalities and also morbidity, poor growth, higher susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens and lower resistance to stress. This review is focused on microscopic parasites (Protozoa and Metazoa) that invade the gastrointestinal tract of fish. Intracellular parasites (mainly Microsporidia and Apicomplexa) evoke almost no host immune reaction while they are concealed in the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments, and can even use fish cells (macrophages) as Trojan horses to spread in the host. Inflammatory reaction only appears when the parasite bursts infected cells. Immunity against extracellular parasites is depicted for the myxozoans Ceratonova shasta and Enteromyxum spp. The cellular and humoral innate responses and the production of antibodies are crucial for resolving some of these myxozoonoses, but an excessive inflammatory reaction (concerted by cytokines) can become a fatal pathophysiological consequence. The local immune response plays a key role, with numerous genes more strongly regulated in the intestine than at lymphohaematopoietic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain
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Hartigan A, Wilkinson M, Gower DJ, Streicher JW, Holzer AS, Okamura B. Myxozoan infections of caecilians demonstrate broad host specificity and indicate a link with human activity. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:375-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rouis SO, Rouis AO, Dumont HJ, Magellan K, Arab A. Dynamics and effects of Ligula intestinalis (L.) infection in the native fish Barbus callensis Valenciennes, 1842 in Algeria. Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:307-18. [PMID: 27078654 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of the emergence, duration, and decline phases in epizootic cycles are well known for humans and some crops, but they are poorly understood for host-parasite systems in the wild. Parasites may be particularly insidious as they are often introduced unintentionally, simultaneously with their hosts, and later transferred to species in the new location. Here we investigate the epizootic dynamics of the tapeworm Ligula intestinalis in the Hamiz reservoir, Algeria, and explore its effects on the cyprinid fish Barbus callensis. Regular sampling was conducted from October 2005 to February 2008 with intermittent surveys carried out until 2010. Five percent of the 566 specimens of B. callensis that were caught were infected, with the maximum number of parasites found in spring. There was no obvious difference in weight between uninfected fish and infected ones, and infection did not affect fish condition. However, infected fish were significantly longer than uninfected fish and had inhibited gonad development. The proportion of infected fish caught was significantly higher in year 1 and by the second winter, infection collapsed to zero. The Ligula infection thus appeared to have minimal ecological effects and be of a temporary nature, thus exhibiting an epizootic cycle. Taken together, our data indicates that this infection declined or even failed during our study period. Failure may be due to the specific genetic strain of Ligula, but invasive carp may also have been influential in both the introduction and subsequent decline of this parasite.
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Gbankoto A, Tossavi ND, Sindété M, Sakiti GN, Moutaïrou K, Ribou AC. Some pathophysiological insights into ovarian infestation by Myxobolus sp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) in Clarias gariepinus (Clariids: Silurids) from Bénin (West Africa). Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2941-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Orton F, Tyler CR. Do hormone-modulating chemicals impact on reproduction and development of wild amphibians? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:1100-17. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Orton
- Biosciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter; Stocker Road Exeter EX4 4QD U.K
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- Biosciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter; Stocker Road Exeter EX4 4QD U.K
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16
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Pérez-Cordón G, Estensoro I, Benedito-Palos L, Calduch-Giner JA, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. Interleukin gene expression is strongly modulated at the local level in a fish-parasite model. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 37:201-208. [PMID: 24530812 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to identify interleukin (IL)-related genes in the gilthead sea bream (GSB) (Sparus aurata L.) and how they are modulated by the parasite Enteromyxum leei, a myxozoan that causes severe enteritis with a strong inflammatory response. A Blast-X search of our transcriptomic GSB database (www.nutrigroup-iats.org/seabreamdb) identified 16 new sequences encompassing seven ILs (IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12β, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-34), the interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 (ILF2), and eight IL receptors (IL-R); IL-R1, IL-6RA, IL-6RB, IL-8RA, IL-10RA, IL-10RB, IL-18R1, and IL-22R. Except for ILF2, their expression, plus that of IL-1β, IL-1R2, IL-6, and TNF-α (from public repositories), were analysed by 96-well PCR array of samples of blood, spleen, head kidney, and intestine of GSB that were anally intubated with E. leei (recipient group, RCPT). Only the expression profile of the intestine of RCPT fish showed significant difference as compared to samples from PBS-inoculated fish. At 17 days post intubation (dpi), the expression of key pro-inflammatory ILs, such as IL-8, IL-8R, IL-12β, and TNFα was significantly up-regulated, whereas at 64 dpi, anti-inflammatory IL expression (IL-6, IL-6RB, IL-7, IL-10, IL-10RA, and IL-15) was predominant. These results indicate a modification of the IL expression at late times post infection, probably to protect the fish intestine from the parasite and damage inflicted by an excessive inflammatory response. Furthermore, the response is mainly mediated at the local level as no significant changes were detected in blood, spleen and head kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Pérez-Cordón
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Laura Benedito-Palos
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Josep Alvar Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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Hartigan A, Phalen DN, Slapeta J. Myxosporean parasites in Australian frogs: Importance, implications and future directions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2013; 2:62-8. [PMID: 24533318 PMCID: PMC3862533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myxosporean parasites have been identified in amphibians around the world yet very little is known about their diversity, biology and host impact. Several species of Australian frogs have recently been shown to be affected by myxosporidiosis caused by two new Cystodiscus species. In this manuscript, we review what is known about the myxosporean parasites Cystodiscus australis and Cystodiscus axonis that produce myxospores in gallbladders of Australian frogs and Myxobolus fallax and Myxobolus hylae that produce spores in gonads and the potential impact of these parasites on the conservation of Australian frogs. By doing so, we aim to highlight the importance of amphibian myxosporean parasites, suggest directions for future research and argue that the lessons learned about these parasites in Australia are directly transferable to amphibians around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlie Hartigan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - David N Phalen
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jan Slapeta
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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18
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Lloret J, Faliex E, Shulman GE, Raga JA, Sasal P, Muñoz M, Casadevall M, Ahuir-Baraja AE, Montero FE, Repullés-Albelda A, Cardinale M, Rätz HJ, Vila S, Ferrer D. Fish Health and Fisheries, Implications for Stock Assessment and Management: The Mediterranean Example. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10641262.2012.695817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Morris DJ. A new model for myxosporean (Myxozoa) development explains the endogenous budding phenomenon, the nature of cell within cell life stages and evolution of parasitism from a cnidarian ancestor. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:829-40. [PMID: 22749958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phylum Myxozoa is composed of endoparasitic species that have predominately been recorded within aquatic vertebrates. The simple body form of a trophic cell containing other cells within it, as observed within these hosts, has provided few clues to relationships with other organisms. In addition, the placement of the group using molecular phylogenies has proved very difficult, although the majority of analyses now suggest that they are cnidarians. There have been relatively few studies of myxozoan stages within invertebrate hosts, even though these exhibit multicellular and sexual stages that may provide clues to myxozoan evolution. Therefore an ultrastructural examination of a myxozoan infection of a freshwater oligochaete was conducted, to reassess and formulate a model for myxozoan development in these hosts. This deemed that meiosis occurs within the oligochaete, but that fertilisation is not immediate. Rather, the resultant haploid germ cell (oocyte) is engulfed by a diploid sporogonic cell (nurse cell) to form a sporoplasm. It is this sporoplasm that infects the fish, resulting in the multicellular stages observed. Fertilisation occurs after the parasites leave the fish and enter the oligochaete host. The nurse cell/oocyte model explains previously conflicting evidence in the literature regarding myxosporean biology, and aligns phenomena considered distinctive to the Myxozoa, such as endogenous budding and cell within cell development, with processes recorded in cnidarians. Finally, the evolutionary origin of the Myxozoa as cnidarian parasites of ova is hypothesised.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Morris
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.
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Hartigan A, Sangster C, Rose K, Phalen DN, Šlapeta J. Myxozoan parasite in brain of critically endangered frog. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:693-5. [PMID: 22469079 PMCID: PMC3309702 DOI: 10.3201/eid1804.111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Pizzatto
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Sydney; Sydney; NSW; Australia
| | - R. Shine
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Sydney; Sydney; NSW; Australia
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22
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Davey GC, Calduch-Giner JA, Houeix B, Talbot A, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Prunet P, Pérez-Sánchez J, Cairns MT. Molecular profiling of the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) response to chronic exposure to the myxosporean parasite Enteromyxum leei. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:2102-12. [PMID: 21803425 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to investigate the transcriptome response of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) after challenge with the myxosporean Enteromyxum leei, a wide-spread enteric parasite causing heavy economic losses in Mediterranean sparid farms. This parasite causes severe desquamative enteritis which usually leads to death of the fish, and there are no preventative or curative treatments for this enteromyxosis. After 113 days of exposure to parasite-contaminated effluent, fish were classified into three cohorts: control fish not exposed to parasite, those that were exposed and infected, and those that were exposed but not infected. In order to detect target genes that may be candidates for infective status or resistance, a cDNA microarray containing 18,490 cDNA clones enriched in genes differentially expressed after infection was hybridised with head kidney and intestine samples. In infected fish, 371 and 373 genes were differentially regulated at the >1.5-fold level in intestine and head kidney respectively, whereas in non-infected fish 175 and 501 genes were differentially regulated in these tissues, respectively. A global marked gene down-regulation was evident in infected fish, mainly in genes involved in the immune and acute phase response particularly complement and mannose binding lectin. Microarray analysis demonstrated a complex interplay between host and/or parasite derived proteases and protease inhibitors, apoptosis, cell proliferation and antioxidant defence genes in exposed fish. In the head kidney of non-infected fish a marked depression of genes involved in the acute phase response was evident. By contrast, in the intestine of non-infected fish, interferon-stimulated and MHC class II genes involved in antigen processing and presentation were up-regulated, possibly indicating that an active immune response at the local level is important to avoid infection with or proliferation of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Davey
- Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
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23
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Hartigan A, Fiala I, Dyková I, Jirků M, Okimoto B, Rose K, Phalen DN, Šlapeta J. A suspected parasite spill-back of two novel Myxidium spp. (Myxosporea) causing disease in Australian endemic frogs found in the invasive Cane toad. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18871. [PMID: 21541340 PMCID: PMC3081827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are contributing to the decline of endangered amphibians. We identified myxosporean parasites, Myxidium spp. (Myxosporea: Myxozoa), in the brain and liver of declining native frogs, the Green and Golden Bell frog (Litoria aurea) and the Southern Bell frog (Litoria raniformis). We unequivocally identified two Myxidium spp. (both generalist) affecting Australian native frogs and the invasive Cane toad (Bufo marinus, syn. Rhinella marina) and demonstrated their association with disease. Our study tested the identity of Myxidium spp. within native frogs and the invasive Cane toad (brought to Australia in 1935, via Hawaii) to resolve the question whether the Cane toad introduced them to Australia. We showed that the Australian brain and liver Myxidium spp. differed 9%, 7%, 34% and 37% at the small subunit rDNA, large subunit rDNA, internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2, but were distinct from Myxidium cf. immersum from Cane toads in Brazil. Plotting minimum within-group distance against maximum intra-group distance confirmed their independent evolutionary trajectory. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the brain stages localize inside axons. Myxospores were morphologically indistinguishable, therefore genetic characterisation was necessary to recognise these cryptic species. It is unlikely that the Cane toad brought the myxosporean parasites to Australia, because the parasites were not found in 261 Hawaiian Cane toads. Instead, these data support the enemy-release hypothesis predicting that not all parasites are translocated with their hosts and suggest that the Cane toad may have played an important spill-back role in their emergence and facilitated their dissemination. This work emphasizes the importance of accurate species identification of pathogens relevant to wildlife management and disease control. In our case it is paving the road for the spill-back role of the Cane toad and the parasite emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlie Hartigan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ivan Fiala
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Dyková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Jirků
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ben Okimoto
- Honolulu Zoo, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Karrie Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David N. Phalen
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Eizaguirre C, Lenz TL. Major histocompatibility complex polymorphism: dynamics and consequences of parasite-mediated local adaptation in fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2010; 77:2023-2047. [PMID: 21133915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Parasitism is a common form of life and represents a strong selective pressure for host organisms. In response to this evolutionary pressure, vertebrates have developed genetically coded defences such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Mechanisms of parasite-mediated selection not only maintain outstanding polymorphism in these genes but have also been proposed to further promote host population divergence and ultimately speciation because it can drive evolution of local adaptation in which MHC genes play a crucial role. This review first highlights the dynamics and complexity of parasite-mediated selection in natural systems, which not only depends on dominating parasite strategies and on the taxonomic diversity of the parasite community but also includes the differences in parasite communities between habitats and niches, creating divergent selection on locally adapted populations. Then the different ways in which MHC genes potentially allow vertebrates to respond to these dynamics and to adapt locally are outlined. Finally, it is proposed that varying selection strength in time and space may lead to variation in the strength of precopulatory reproductive isolation which has evolved to maintain local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eizaguirre
- Leibniz Institute for Marine Sciences (IFM GEOMAR), Department of Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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25
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Kallert DM, Ponader S, Adelt S, Kaese P, Geyer R, Haas W, El-Matbouli M. Analysis of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss epidermal mucus and evaluation of semiochemical activity for polar filament discharge in Myxobolus cerebralis actinospores. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2010; 77:1579-1598. [PMID: 21078020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
As myxozoan actinospores are stimulated by fish epidermal mucus to attach to their hosts via extrusion of filaments from specialized organelles, the polar capsules, mucus components were tested for discharge triggering activity on Myxobolus cerebralis actinospores. Using various methodological approaches, a selective exclusion of candidate substances based on experimental outcome is provided and the physiochemical traits of the putative agents are explored to create a basis for the isolation of the host recognition chemostimuli. Activity was detected in compounds that can be characterized as small molecular, amphiphilic to slightly hydrophobic organic substances. They were separable by chromatographic methods using reversed phase C18 supports. An active fraction was isolated by solid phase extraction comprising at least nine UV-detectable constituents as shown by thin-layer chromatography. By means of biochemical fractionation and analysis of host fish mucus, non-volatile inorganic electrolytes, all volatiles, free L-amino acids, glycoproteins, bound and free hexoses, sialic acids, glycans, proteins, urea, amines and inositols were shown not to trigger polar filament discharge. The results contribute to the identification of the attachment host cues and enable a more focused laboratory activation of myxozoan actinospores.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Kallert
- Fish Medicine and Livestock Management, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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26
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Phylogenetic position of Sphaerospora testicularis and Latyspora scomberomori n. gen. n. sp. (Myxozoa) within the marine urinary clade. Parasitology 2010; 138:381-93. [PMID: 20946696 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010001381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An amendment of the family Sinuolineidae (Myxosporea) is proposed in order to include a newly described genus Latyspora n. gen. The type species Latyspora scomberomori n. gen. n. sp. is a coelozoic parasite in the kidney tubules of Scomberomorus guttatus. In addition to the morphological and molecular characterization of L. scomberomori n. gen. n. sp., we also present novel SSU rDNA data on Sphaerospora testicularis, a serious parasite of Dicentrarchus labrax. Performed phylogenetic analyses revealed that both species cluster within the marine urinary clade encompassing the representatives with a shared insertion within their V4 SSU rRNA region and grouping according to the shape of their spores' sutural line and their similar tissue tropism in the host. Sphaerospora testicularis is the closest relative to Parvicapsula minibicornis within the Parvicapsula subclade and L. scomberomori n. gen. n. sp. is the basal species of the Zschokkella subclade. The phylogenetic position of S. testicularis, outwith the basal Sphaerospora sensu stricto clade, and its morphology suggest it being a non-typical Sphaerospora. The sequence data provided on S. testicularis can help in future revisions of the strongly polyphyletic genus Sphaerospora. We recommend re-sequencing of several sphaerosporids as an essential step before such taxonomic changes are accomplished.
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27
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Estensoro I, Benedito-Palos L, Palenzuela O, Kaushik S, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. The nutritional background of the host alters the disease course in a fish-myxosporean system. Vet Parasitol 2010; 175:141-50. [PMID: 20947256 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to determine if a practical plant protein-based diet containing vegetable oils (VO) as the major lipid source could alter the disease course when challenged with the myxosporean Enteromyxum leei, a wide-spread parasite in the Mediterranean basin causing heavy economic losses. Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed for 9 months either a fish oil (FO) diet or a blend of VOs at 66% of replacement (66VO diet) were challenged by exposure to parasite-contaminated water effluent. All fish were periodically and non-lethally sampled to obtain biometrical data and to know their infection status. After 102 days of exposure, fish were euthanized and haematological, biometrical, histological, immunological, glutathione and anti-oxidant data were obtained from tissue, blood and serum samples. Anorexia appeared in both exposed groups, but feed intake reduction was higher in 66VO fish. The signs of disease (lower growth, condition factor, specific growth rate, haematocrit) as well as the disease course were worse in fish from 66VO group, with a higher prevalence and intensity of infection, a higher percentage of fish harbouring the parasite in the entire intestinal tract, and a faster establishment of the parasite. Parasite intensity of infection was negatively correlated with growth parameters and haematocrit in both groups, and with complement, lysozyme and hepatic total glutathione in 66VO fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Department of Marine Species Biology, Culture and Pathology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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28
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Szczepaniak K, Tomczuk K, Studzińska M. Cutaneus myxosporidiasis in the Australian green tree frog (Litoria caerulea). Parasitol Res 2010; 108:489-92. [PMID: 20922417 PMCID: PMC3024497 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This case is reported with the intention of highlighting the presentation of cutaneous myxosporidiasis in Australian tree frog (Litoria caerulea) caused by genus Myxobolus. The morphology and morphometric characteristic of the spores were determined using light microscopy and differential interference contrast microscopy. Spores were pyriform in shape in frontal view and oval in lateral view, and the average size was respectively 11.4 × 6.0 × 4.5 μm (12.1 − 9.5 × 6.3 − 5.4 × 5.0 − 4.1 μm). To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case of skin invasion caused by myxosporeans in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudiusz Szczepaniak
- Sub-Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
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29
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Matsukane Y, Sato H, Tanaka S, Kamata Y, Sugita-Konishi Y. Kudoa septempunctata n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) from an aquacultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) imported from Korea. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:865-72. [PMID: 20549238 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new myxosporean species, Kudoa septempunctata n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida), is described from the trunk muscles of an aquacultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) imported from Korea. This species formed pseudocysts in the myofiber without inflammatory reactions, and the infection was not evident macroscopically. Spores of the new species were irregularly stellate in apical view, with the majority having seven unequal valves, each with a polar capsule of variable size (the remaining spores had six valves and polar capsules). The spores had dimensions of: width 11.8 (11.1-13.1); thickness 9.4 (8.9-10.0); length 8.5 (7.9-8.9); polar capsule length 4.6 (3.7-5.3); and polar capsule width 2.4 (2.2-2.8; mean with range in parentheses; n = 10; all measurements in micrometers). Scanning electron microscopy of the spores revealed unequal positioning of the seven valves without a definite center, rounded posterior ends of valves, and tiny projections at the apex of each valve. The small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) sequence of the new species was closely related to Kudoa spp. with five or more valves, particularly Kudoa thalassomi (97.6% identity) recorded from the trunk muscles of a moon wrasse (Thalassoma lunare) around the Australian continent. However, the latter species has six valves with a pointed edge and six polar capsules of a uniform size. The new species was also distinct from all presently known Kudoa spp. with seven valves and polar capsules, i.e. Kudoa yasunagai and Kudoa lethrini, regarding tissue tropism (trunk muscles versus brain), spore shape or external appendages, and SSU rDNA sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Matsukane
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
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Hartigan A, Phalen DN, Slapeta J. Museum material reveals a frog parasite emergence after the invasion of the cane toad in Australia. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:50. [PMID: 20537137 PMCID: PMC2901343 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A parasite morphologically indistinguishable from Myxidium immersum (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) found in gallbladders of the invasive cane toad (Bufo marinus) was identified in Australian frogs. Because no written record exists for such a parasite in Australian endemic frogs in 19th and early 20th century, it was assumed that the cane toad introduced this parasite. While we cannot go back in time ourselves, we investigated whether material at the museum of natural history could be used to retrieve parasites, and whether they were infected at the time of their collection (specifically prior to and after the cane toad translocation to Australia in 1935). Results Using the herpetological collection at the Australian Museum we showed that no myxospores were found in any animals (n = 115) prior to the cane toad invasion (1879-1935). The green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea), the Peron's tree frog (Litoria peronii), the green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) and the striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) were all negative for the presence of the parasite using microscopy of the gallbladder content and its histology. These results were sufficient to conclude that the population was free from this disease (at the expected minimum prevalence of 5%) at 99.7% confidence level using the 115 voucher specimens in the Australian Museum. Similarly, museum specimens (n = 29) of the green and golden bell frog from New Caledonia, where it was introduced in 19th century, did not show the presence of myxospores. The earliest specimen positive for myxospores in a gallbladder was a green tree frog from 1966. Myxospores were found in eight (7.1%, n = 112) frogs in the post cane toad introduction period. Conclusion Australian wildlife is increasingly under threat, and amphibian decline is one of the most dramatic examples. The museum material proved essential to directly support the evidence of parasite emergence in Australian native frogs. This parasite can be considered one of the luckiest parasites, because it has found an empty niche in Australia. It now flourishes in > 20 endemic and exotic frog species, but its consequences are yet to be fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlie Hartigan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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31
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Abstract
Eukaryotes form new cells through the replication of nuclei followed by cytokinesis. A notable exception is reported from the class Myxosporea of the phylum Myxozoa. This assemblage of approximately 2310 species is regarded as either basal bilaterian or cnidarian, depending on the phylogenetic analysis employed. For myxosporeans, cells have long been regarded as forming within other cells by a process referred to as endogenous budding. This would involve a nucleus forming endoplasmic reticulum around it, which transforms into a new plasma membrane, thus enclosing and separating it from the surrounding cell. This remarkable process, unique within the Metazoa, is accepted as occurring within stages found in vertebrate hosts, but has only been inferred from those stages observed within invertebrate hosts. Therefore, I conducted an ultrastructural study to examine how internal cells are formed by a myxosporean parasitizing an annelid. In this case, actinospore parasite stages clearly internalized existing cells; a process with analogies to the acquisition of endosymbiotic algae by cnidarian species. A subsequent examination of the myxozoan literature did not support endogenous budding, indicating that this process, which has been a central tenet of myxozoan developmental biology for over a century, is dogma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Morris
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
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32
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Trubiroha A, Kroupova H, Wuertz S, Frank SN, Sures B, Kloas W. Naturally-induced endocrine disruption by the parasite Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda) in roach (Rutilus rutilus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 166:234-40. [PMID: 19723526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fish represent the most frequently used vertebrate class for the investigation of endocrine disruption (ED) in wildlife. However, field studies are complicated by exposure scenarios involving a variety of anthropogenic and natural influences interfering with the endocrine system. One natural aspect rarely considered in ecotoxicological studies is how parasites modulate host physiology. Therefore, investigations were carried out to characterise the impacts of the parasitic tapeworm Ligula intestinalis on plasma sex steroid levels and expression of key genes associated with the reproduction in roach (Rutilus rutilus), a sentinel species for wildlife ED research. Parasitisation by L. intestinalis suppressed gonadal development in both genders of roach and analysis of plasma sex steroids revealed substantially lower levels of 17beta-oestradiol (E2) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) in infected females as well as E2, 11-KT, and testosterone in infected males. Consistently, in both, infected females and males, expression of the oestrogen dependent genes such as vitellogenin and brain-type aromatase in liver and brain was reduced. Furthermore, parasitisation differentially modulated mRNA expression of the oestrogen and androgen receptors in brain and liver. Most prominently, liver expression of oestrogen receptor 1 was reduced in infected females but not in males, whereas expression of oestrogen receptor 2a was up-regulated in both genders. Further, insulin-like growth factor 1 mRNA in the liver was increased in infected females but not in males. Despite severe impacts on plasma sex steroids and pituitary gonadotropin expression, brain mRNA levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) precursors encoding GnRH2 and GnRH3 were not affected by L. intestinalis-infection. In summary, the present results provide basic knowledge of the endocrine system in L. intestinalis-infected roach and clearly demonstrate that parasites can cause ED in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Trubiroha
- Department of Aquaculture and Ecophysiology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany.
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