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OUP accepted manuscript. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C. Anderson
- School of Biology University of St Andrews Sir Harold Mitchell BuildingGreenside Place St AndrewsKY16 9THUK
| | - Graeme D. Ruxton
- School of Biology University of St Andrews Sir Harold Mitchell BuildingGreenside Place St AndrewsKY16 9THUK
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3
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Dáttilo W, Barrozo-Chávez N, Lira-Noriega A, Guevara R, Villalobos F, Santiago-Alarcon D, Neves FS, Izzo T, Ribeiro SP. Species-level drivers of mammalian ectoparasite faunas. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1754-1765. [PMID: 32198927 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, most studies have described the organization of host-parasite interaction networks by considering only few host groups at limited geographical extents. However, host-parasite relationships are merged within different taxonomic groups and factors shaping these interactions likely differ between host and parasite groups, making group-level differences important to better understand the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of these interactive communities. Here we used a dataset of 629 ectoparasite species and 251 species of terrestrial mammals, comprising 10 orders distributed across the Nearctic and Neotropical regions of Mexico to assess the species-level drivers of mammalian ectoparasite faunas. Specifically, we evaluated whether body weight, geographical range size and within-range mammal species richness (i.e. diversity field) predict mammal ectoparasite species richness (i.e. degree centrality) and their closeness centrality within the mammal-ectoparasite network. In addition, we also tested if the observed patterns differ among mammal orders and if taxonomic closely related host mammals could more likely share the same set of ectoparasites. We found that ectoparasite species richness of small mammals (mainly rodents) with large proportional range sizes was high compared to large-bodied mammals, whereas the diversity field of mammals had no predictive value (except for bats). We also observed that taxonomic proximity was a main determinant of the probability to share ectoparasite species. Specifically, the probability to share ectoparasites in congeneric species reached up to 90% and decreased exponentially as the taxonomic distance increased. Further, we also detected that some ectoparasites are generalists and capable to infect mammalian species across different orders and that rodents have a remarkable role in the network structure, being closely connected to many other taxa. Hence, because many rodent species have synanthropic habits they could act as undesired reservoirs of disease agents for humans and urban animals. Considering the reported worldwide phenomenon of the proliferation of rodents accompanying the demographic decrease or even local extinction of large-bodied mammal species, these organisms may already be an increasing health threat in many regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Nathalia Barrozo-Chávez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | | | - Roger Guevara
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
| | | | - Diego Santiago-Alarcon
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Frederico Siqueira Neves
- Departamento de Genética, Ecología e Evoluçã, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thiago Izzo
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Sérvio Pontes Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Ecohealth, Ecologia de Insetos de Dossel e Sucessão Natural, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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4
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Serio C, Raia P, Meloro C. Locomotory Adaptations in 3D Humerus Geometry of Xenarthra: Testing for Convergence. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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5
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Grossnickle DM. Feeding ecology has a stronger evolutionary influence on functional morphology than on body mass in mammals. Evolution 2020; 74:610-628. [PMID: 31967667 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ecological specialization is a central driver of adaptive evolution. However, selective pressures may uniquely affect different ecomorphological traits (e.g., size and shape), complicating efforts to investigate the role of ecology in generating phenotypic diversity. Comparative studies can help remedy this issue by identifying specific relationships between ecologies and morphologies, thus elucidating functionally relevant traits. Jaw shape is a dietary correlate that offers considerable insight on mammalian evolution, but few studies have examined the influence of diet on jaw morphology across mammals. To this end, I apply phylogenetic comparative methods to mandibular measurements and dietary data for a diverse sample of mammals. Especially powerful predictors of diet are metrics that capture either the size of the angular process, which increases with greater herbivory, or the length of the posterior portion of the jaw, which decreases with greater herbivory. The size of the angular process likely reflects sizes of attached muscles that produce jaw movements needed to grind plant material. Further, I examine the impact of feeding ecology on body mass, an oft-used ecological surrogate in macroevolutionary studies. Although body mass commonly increases with evolutionary shifts to herbivory, it is outperformed by functional jaw morphology as a predictor of diet. Body mass is influenced by numerous factors beyond diet, and it may be evolutionarily labile relative to functional morphologies. This suggests that ecological diversification events may initially facilitate body mass diversification at smaller taxonomic and temporal scales, but sustained selective pressures will subsequently drive greater trait partitioning in functional morphologies.
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6
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Puttick MN, Ingram T, Clarke M, Thomas GH. MOTMOT: Models of trait macroevolution on trees (an update). Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Travis Ingram
- Department of Zoology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Magnus Clarke
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Gavin H. Thomas
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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7
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A new, fast method to search for morphological convergence with shape data. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226949. [PMID: 31881075 PMCID: PMC6934287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological convergence is an intensely studied macroevolutionary phenomenon. It refers to the morphological resemblance between phylogenetically distant taxa. Currently available methods to explore evolutionary convergence either: rely on the analysis of the phenotypic resemblance between sister clades as compared to their ancestor, fit different evolutionary regimes to different parts of the tree to see whether the same regime explains phenotypic evolution in phylogenetically distant clades, or assess deviations from the congruence between phylogenetic and phenotypic distances. We introduce a new test for morphological convergence working directly with non-ultrametric (i.e. paleontological) as well as ultrametric phylogenies and multivariate data. The method (developed as the function search.conv within the R package RRphylo) tests whether unrelated clades are morphologically more similar to each other than expected by their phylogenetic distance. It additionally permits using known phenotypes as the most recent common ancestors of clades, taking full advantage of fossil information. We assessed the power of search.conv and the incidence of false positives by means of simulations, and then applied it to three well-known and long-discussed cases of (purported) morphological convergence: the evolution of grazing adaptation in the mandible of ungulates with high-crowned molars, the evolution of mandibular shape in sabertooth cats, and the evolution of discrete ecomorphs among anoles of Caribbean islands. The search.conv method was found to be powerful, correctly identifying simulated cases of convergent morphological evolution in 95% of the cases. Type I error rate is as low as 4–6%. We found search.conv is some three orders of magnitude faster than a competing method for testing convergence.
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8
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Silvestro D, Warnock RCM, Gavryushkina A, Stadler T. Closing the gap between palaeontological and neontological speciation and extinction rate estimates. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5237. [PMID: 30532040 PMCID: PMC6286320 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring the pace at which speciation and extinction occur is fundamental to understanding the origin and evolution of biodiversity. Both the fossil record and molecular phylogenies of living species can provide independent estimates of speciation and extinction rates, but often produce strikingly divergent results. Despite its implications, the theoretical reasons for this discrepancy remain unknown. Here, we reveal a conceptual and methodological basis able to reconcile palaeontological and molecular evidence: discrepancies are driven by different implicit assumptions about the processes of speciation and species evolution in palaeontological and neontological analyses. We present the "birth-death chronospecies" model that clarifies the definition of speciation and extinction processes allowing for a coherent joint analysis of fossil and phylogenetic data. Using simulations and empirical analyses we demonstrate not only that this model explains much of the apparent incongruence between fossils and phylogenies, but that differences in rate estimates are actually informative about the prevalence of different speciation modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 41319, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Global Gothenburg Biodiversity Centre, 41319, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Rachel C M Warnock
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science & Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Tanja Stadler
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science & Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Budd GE, Mann RP. History is written by the victors: The effect of the push of the past on the fossil record. Evolution 2018; 72:2276-2291. [PMID: 30257040 PMCID: PMC6282550 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Survivorship biases can generate remarkable apparent rate heterogeneities through time in otherwise homogeneous birth‐death models of phylogenies. They are a potential explanation for many striking patterns seen in the fossil record and molecular phylogenies. One such bias is the “push of the past”: clades that survived a substantial length of time are likely to have experienced a high rate of early diversification. This creates the illusion of a secular rate slow‐down through time that is, rather, a reversion to the mean. An extra effect increasing early rates of lineage generation is also seen in large clades. These biases are important but relatively neglected influences on many aspects of diversification patterns in the fossil record and elsewhere, such as diversification spikes after mass extinctions and at the origins of clades; they also influence rates of fossilization, changes in rates of phenotypic evolution and even molecular clocks. These inevitable features of surviving and/or large clades should thus not be generalized to the diversification process as a whole without additional study of small and extinct clades, and raise questions about many of the traditional explanations of the patterns seen in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham E Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, SE 752 36, Sweden
| | - Richard P Mann
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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10
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Raia P, Boggioni M, Carotenuto F, Castiglione S, Di Febbraro M, Di Vincenzo F, Melchionna M, Mondanaro A, Papini A, Profico A, Serio C, Veneziano A, Vero VA, Rook L, Meloro C, Manzi G. Unexpectedly rapid evolution of mandibular shape in hominins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7340. [PMID: 29743608 PMCID: PMC5943523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the hominins - namely the so-called 'australopiths' and the species of the genus Homo - are known to possess short and deep mandibles and relatively small incisors and canines. It is commonly assumed that this suite of traits evolved in early members of the clade in response to changing environmental conditions and increased consumption of though food items. With the emergence of Homo, the functional meaning of mandible shape variation is thought to have been weakened by technological advancements and (later) by the control over fire. In contrast to this expectation, we found that mandible shape evolution in hominins is exceptionally rapid as compared to any other primate clade, and that the direction and rate of shape change (from the ape ancestor) are no different between the australopiths and Homo. We deem several factors including the loss of honing complex, canine reduction, and the acquisition of different diets may have concurred in producing such surprisingly high evolutionary rates. This study reveals the evolution of mandibular shape in hominins has strong morpho-functional and ecological significance attached.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Raia
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - M Boggioni
- Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Department of Environmental Biology, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - F Carotenuto
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - S Castiglione
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - M Di Febbraro
- Università degli Studi del Molise, Department of Biosciences and The Territory, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090, Pesche, Isernia, Italy
| | - F Di Vincenzo
- Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Department of Environmental Biology, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy.,Istituto Italiano di Paleontologia Umana, Via Ulisse Aldrovandi, 18, 00197, Roma, Italy
| | - M Melchionna
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - A Mondanaro
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138, Naples, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Firenze, Department of Earth Sciences, Via Giorgio La Pira, 4, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - A Papini
- Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Department of Environmental Biology, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - A Profico
- Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Department of Environmental Biology, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - C Serio
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - A Veneziano
- Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Department of Environmental Biology, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - V A Vero
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - L Rook
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Department of Earth Sciences, Via Giorgio La Pira, 4, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - C Meloro
- Liverpool John Moores University, School of Natural Science and Psychology, Byrom Street, L3 3AF, Liverpool, UK
| | - G Manzi
- Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Department of Environmental Biology, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
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11
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Halliday TJD, Upchurch P, Goswami A. Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:521-550. [PMID: 28075073 PMCID: PMC6849585 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The 'Age of Mammals' began in the Paleocene epoch, the 10 million year interval immediately following the Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction. The apparently rapid shift in mammalian ecomorphs from small, largely insectivorous forms to many small-to-large-bodied, diverse taxa has driven a hypothesis that the end-Cretaceous heralded an adaptive radiation in placental mammal evolution. However, the affinities of most Paleocene mammals have remained unresolved, despite significant advances in understanding the relationships of the extant orders, hindering efforts to reconstruct robustly the origin and early evolution of placental mammals. Here we present the largest cladistic analysis of Paleocene placentals to date, from a data matrix including 177 taxa (130 of which are Palaeogene) and 680 morphological characters. We improve the resolution of the relationships of several enigmatic Paleocene clades, including families of 'condylarths'. Protungulatum is resolved as a stem eutherian, meaning that no crown-placental mammal unambiguously pre-dates the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary. Our results support an Atlantogenata-Boreoeutheria split at the root of crown Placentalia, the presence of phenacodontids as closest relatives of Perissodactyla, the validity of Euungulata, and the placement of Arctocyonidae close to Carnivora. Periptychidae and Pantodonta are resolved as sister taxa, Leptictida and Cimolestidae are found to be stem eutherians, and Hyopsodontidae is highly polyphyletic. The inclusion of Paleocene taxa in a placental phylogeny alters interpretations of relationships and key events in mammalian evolutionary history. Paleocene mammals are an essential source of data for understanding fully the biotic dynamics associated with the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. The relationships presented here mark a critical first step towards accurate reconstruction of this important interval in the evolution of the modern fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. D. Halliday
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity College LondonGower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTU.K.
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonGower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTU.K.
| | - Paul Upchurch
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity College LondonGower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTU.K.
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity College LondonGower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTU.K.
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonGower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTU.K.
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12
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Villalobos F, Carotenuto F, Raia P, Diniz-Filho JAF. Phylogenetic fields through time: temporal dynamics of geographical co-occurrence and phylogenetic structure within species ranges. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150220. [PMID: 26977061 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Species co-occur with different sets of other species across their geographical distribution, which can be either closely or distantly related. Such co-occurrence patterns and their phylogenetic structure within individual species ranges represent what we call the species phylogenetic fields (PFs). These PFs allow investigation of the role of historical processes--speciation, extinction and dispersal--in shaping species co-occurrence patterns, in both extinct and extant species. Here, we investigate PFs of large mammalian species during the last 3 Myr, and how these correlate with trends in diversification rates. Using the fossil record, we evaluate species' distributional and co-occurrence patterns along with their phylogenetic structure. We apply a novel Bayesian framework on fossil occurrences to estimate diversification rates through time. Our findings highlight the effect of evolutionary processes and past climatic changes on species' distributions and co-occurrences. From the Late Pliocene to the Recent, mammal species seem to have responded in an individualistic manner to climate changes and diversification dynamics, co-occurring with different sets of species from different lineages across their geographical ranges. These findings stress the difficulty of forecasting potential effects of future climate changes on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Villalobos
- Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II/UFG, CxP 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Francesco Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli Federico II, Largo S. Marcellino 10, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Raia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli Federico II, Largo S. Marcellino 10, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - José Alexandre F Diniz-Filho
- Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II/UFG, CxP 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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13
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Halliday TJD, Upchurch P, Goswami A. Eutherians experienced elevated evolutionary rates in the immediate aftermath of the Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20153026. [PMID: 27358361 PMCID: PMC4936024 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) mass extinction on the evolution of many groups, including placental mammals, has been hotly debated. The fossil record suggests a sudden adaptive radiation of placentals immediately after the event, but several recent quantitative analyses have reconstructed no significant increase in either clade origination rates or rates of character evolution in the Palaeocene. Here we use stochastic methods to date a recent phylogenetic analysis of Cretaceous and Palaeocene mammals and show that Placentalia likely originated in the Late Cretaceous, but that most intraordinal diversification occurred during the earliest Palaeocene. This analysis reconstructs fewer than 10 placental mammal lineages crossing the K-Pg boundary. Moreover, we show that rates of morphological evolution in the 5 Myr interval immediately after the K-Pg mass extinction are three times higher than background rates during the Cretaceous. These results suggest that the K-Pg mass extinction had a marked impact on placental mammal diversification, supporting the view that an evolutionary radiation occurred as placental lineages invaded new ecological niches during the Early Palaeocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas John Dixon Halliday
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paul Upchurch
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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14
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Lloyd GT. Estimating morphological diversity and tempo with discrete character-taxon matrices: implementation, challenges, progress, and future directions. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme T. Lloyd
- Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; Macquarie University; NSW 2109 Australia
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15
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Puttick MN, Thomas GH. Fossils and living taxa agree on patterns of body mass evolution: a case study with Afrotheria. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20152023. [PMID: 26674947 PMCID: PMC4707753 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of life is extinct, so incorporating some fossil evidence into analyses of macroevolution is typically seen as necessary to understand the diversification of life and patterns of morphological evolution. Here we test the effects of inclusion of fossils in a study of the body size evolution of afrotherian mammals, a clade that includes the elephants, sea cows and elephant shrews. We find that the inclusion of fossil tips has little impact on analyses of body mass evolution; from a small ancestral size (approx. 100 g), there is a shift in rate and an increase in mass leading to the larger-bodied Paenungulata and Tubulidentata, regardless of whether fossils are included or excluded from analyses. For Afrotheria, the inclusion of fossils and morphological character data affect phylogenetic topology, but these differences have little impact upon patterns of body mass evolution and these body mass evolutionary patterns are consistent with the fossil record. The largest differences between our analyses result from the evolutionary model, not the addition of fossils. For some clades, extant-only analyses may be reliable to reconstruct body mass evolution, but the addition of fossils and careful model selection is likely to increase confidence and accuracy of reconstructed macroevolutionary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Puttick
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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16
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Evidence for a Mid-Jurassic Adaptive Radiation in Mammals. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2137-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Shi JJ, Rabosky DL. Speciation dynamics during the global radiation of extant bats. Evolution 2015; 69:1528-1545. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff J. Shi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
| | - Daniel L. Rabosky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
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18
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Price SA, Hopkins SSB. The macroevolutionary relationship between diet and body mass across mammals. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Price
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; University of California; 1 Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
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Jones KE, Smaers JB, Goswami A. Impact of the terrestrial-aquatic transition on disparity and rates of evolution in the carnivoran skull. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:8. [PMID: 25648618 PMCID: PMC4328284 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Which factors influence the distribution patterns of morphological diversity among clades? The adaptive radiation model predicts that a clade entering new ecological niche will experience high rates of evolution early in its history, followed by a gradual slowing. Here we measure disparity and rates of evolution in Carnivora, specifically focusing on the terrestrial-aquatic transition in Pinnipedia. We analyze fissiped (mostly terrestrial, arboreal, and semi-arboreal, but also including the semi-aquatic otter) and pinniped (secondarily aquatic) carnivorans as a case study of an extreme ecological transition. We used 3D geometric morphometrics to quantify cranial shape in 151 carnivoran specimens (64 fissiped, 87 pinniped) and five exceptionally-preserved fossil pinnipeds, including the stem-pinniped Enaliarctos emlongi. Range-based and variance-based disparity measures were compared between pinnipeds and fissipeds. To distinguish between evolutionary modes, a Brownian motion model was compared to selective regime shifts associated with the terrestrial-aquatic transition and at the base of Pinnipedia. Further, evolutionary patterns were estimated on individual branches using both Ornstein-Uhlenbeck and Independent Evolution models, to examine the origin of pinniped diversity. Results Pinnipeds exhibit greater cranial disparity than fissipeds, even though they are less taxonomically diverse and, as a clade nested within fissipeds, phylogenetically younger. Despite this, there is no increase in the rate of morphological evolution at the base of Pinnipedia, as would be predicted by an adaptive radiation model, and a Brownian motion model of evolution is supported. Instead basal pinnipeds populated new areas of morphospace via low to moderate rates of evolution in new directions, followed by later bursts within the crown-group, potentially associated with ecological diversification within the marine realm. Conclusion The transition to an aquatic habitat in carnivorans resulted in a shift in cranial morphology without an increase in rate in the stem lineage, contra to the adaptive radiation model. Instead these data suggest a release from evolutionary constraint model, followed by aquatic diversifications within crown families. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0285-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina E Jones
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Jeroen B Smaers
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY, 11794-4364, USA.
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. .,Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Saarinen JJ, Boyer AG, Brown JH, Costa DP, Ernest SKM, Evans AR, Fortelius M, Gittleman JL, Hamilton MJ, Harding LE, Lintulaakso K, Lyons SK, Okie JG, Sibly RM, Stephens PR, Theodor J, Uhen MD, Smith FA. Patterns of maximum body size evolution in Cenozoic land mammals: eco-evolutionary processes and abiotic forcing. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132049. [PMID: 24741007 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that macroevolutionary patterns of mammal evolution during the Cenozoic follow similar trajectories on different continents. This would suggest that such patterns are strongly determined by global abiotic factors, such as climate, or by basic eco-evolutionary processes such as filling of niches by specialization. The similarity of pattern would be expected to extend to the history of individual clades. Here, we investigate the temporal distribution of maximum size observed within individual orders globally and on separate continents. While the maximum size of individual orders of large land mammals show differences and comprise several families, the times at which orders reach their maximum size over time show strong congruence, peaking in the Middle Eocene, the Oligocene and the Plio-Pleistocene. The Eocene peak occurs when global temperature and land mammal diversity are high and is best explained as a result of niche expansion rather than abiotic forcing. Since the Eocene, there is a significant correlation between maximum size frequency and global temperature proxy. The Oligocene peak is not statistically significant and may in part be due to sampling issues. The peak in the Plio-Pleistocene occurs when global temperature and land mammal diversity are low, it is statistically the most robust one and it is best explained by global cooling. We conclude that the macroevolutionary patterns observed are a result of the interplay between eco-evolutionary processes and abiotic forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha J Saarinen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, , Helsinki, Finland, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, , Knoxville, TN, USA, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, , Albuquerque, NM, USA, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, , Albuquerque, NM, USA, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, , Santa Cruz, CA, USA, Department of Biology and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, , Logan, UT, USA, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, , Victoria, Australia, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, , Athens, GA, USA, Santa Fe Institute, , Santa Fe, NM, USA, Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, , Washington, DC, USA, School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, , Tempe, Arizona, USA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, , Reading, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, , Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Earth Sciences, George Mason University, , Fairfax, VA, USA
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Rabosky DL, Donnellan SC, Grundler M, Lovette IJ. Analysis and Visualization of Complex Macroevolutionary Dynamics: An Example from Australian Scincid Lizards. Syst Biol 2014; 63:610-27. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Rabosky
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 3South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; 4Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; 5Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 3South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; 4Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; 5Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Stephen C. Donnellan
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 3South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; 4Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; 5Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 3South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; 4Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; 5Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Michael Grundler
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 3South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; 4Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; 5Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Irby J. Lovette
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 3South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; 4Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; 5Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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Slater GJ. Phylogenetic evidence for a shift in the mode of mammalian body size evolution at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary. Methods Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Slater
- Department of Paleobiology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; MRC 121, P.O. Box 37012; Washington; DC; 20013-7012; USA
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