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Singla S, Yang Z, Patil A, Guo H, Vanthournout B, Htut KZ, Shawkey MD, Tsige M, Dhinojwala A. Influence of Core Type and Shell Thickness on Avian-Inspired Structural Colors Produced from Melanin Nanoparticle Assemblies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45229-45238. [PMID: 37699412 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Hollow melanosomes found in iridescent bird feathers, including violet-backed starlings and wild turkeys, enable the generation of diverse structural colors. It has been postulated that the high refractive index (RI) contrast between melanin (1.74) and air (1.0) results in brighter and more saturated colors. This has led to several studies that have synthesized hollow synthetic melanin nanoparticles and fabricated colloidal nanostructures to produce synthetic structural colors. However, these studies use hollow nanoparticles with thin shells (<20 nm), even though shell thicknesses as high as 100 nm have been observed in natural melanosomes. Here, we combine experimental and computational approaches to examine the influence of the varying polydopamine (PDA, synthetic melanin) shell thickness (0-100 nm) and core material on structural colors. Experimentally, a concomitant change in overall particle size and RI contrast makes it difficult to interpret the effect of a hollow or solid core on color. Thus, we utilize finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations to uncover the effect of shell thickness and core on structural colors. Our FDTD results highlight that hollow particles with thin shells have substantially higher saturation than same-sized solid and core-shell particles. These results would benefit a wide range of applications including paints, coatings, and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranshu Singla
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Zepeng Yang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Anvay Patil
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Hao Guo
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | | | - K Zin Htut
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | | | - Mesfin Tsige
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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2
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Jeon DJ, Ji S, Lee E, Kang J, Kim J, D'Alba L, Manceau M, Shawkey MD, Yeo JS. How keratin cortex thickness affects iridescent feather colours. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:220786. [PMID: 36686555 PMCID: PMC9832292 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The bright, saturated iridescent colours of feathers are commonly produced by single and multi-layers of nanostructured melanin granules (melanosomes), air and keratin matrices, surrounded by an outer keratin cortex of varying thicknesses. The role of the keratin cortex in colour production remains unclear, despite its potential to act as a thin film or absorbing layer. We use electron microscopy, optical simulations and oxygen plasma-mediated experimental cortex removal to show that differences in keratin cortex thickness play a significant role in producing colours. The results indicate that keratin cortex thickness determines the position of the major reflectance peak (hue) from nanostructured melanosomes of common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) feathers. Specifically, the common pheasant has appropriate keratin cortex thickness to produce blue and green structural colours. This finding identifies a general principle of structural colour production and sheds light on the processes that shaped the evolution of brilliant iridescent colours in the common pheasant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Jin Jeon
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmuk Ji
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunok Lee
- Department of Research Planning, National Institute of Ecology, Chungcheongnam-do 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Kang
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeong Kim
- Ecological Technology Research Team, Division of Ecological Applications Research, National Institute of Ecology, Chungcheongnam-do 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Liliana D'Alba
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, Leiden 2333 CR, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Manceau
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Matthew D. Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jong-Souk Yeo
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
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3
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Venable GX, Gahm K, Prum RO. Hummingbird plumage color diversity exceeds the known gamut of all other birds. Commun Biol 2022; 5:576. [PMID: 35739263 PMCID: PMC9226176 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A color gamut quantitatively describes the diversity of a taxon's integumentary coloration as seen by a specific organismal visual system. We estimated the plumage color gamut of hummingbirds (Trochilidae), a family known for its diverse barbule structural coloration, using a tetrahedral avian color stimulus space and spectra from a taxonomically diverse sample of 114 species. The spectra sampled occupied 34.2% of the total diversity of colors perceivable by hummingbirds, which suggests constraints on their plumage color production. However, the size of the hummingbird color gamut is equivalent to, or greater than, the previous estimate of the gamut for all birds. Using the violet cone type visual system, our new data for hummingbirds increases the avian color gamut by 56%. Our results demonstrate that barbule structural color is the most evolvable plumage coloration mechanism, achieving unique, highly saturated colors with multi-reflectance peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela X Venable
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Kaija Gahm
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Univeristy of California, Los Angeles, California, CA, USA
| | - Richard O Prum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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4
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Barhoum A, García-Betancourt ML, Jeevanandam J, Hussien EA, Mekkawy SA, Mostafa M, Omran MM, S. Abdalla M, Bechelany M. Review on Natural, Incidental, Bioinspired, and Engineered Nanomaterials: History, Definitions, Classifications, Synthesis, Properties, Market, Toxicities, Risks, and Regulations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:177. [PMID: 35055196 PMCID: PMC8780156 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are becoming important materials in several fields and industries thanks to their very reduced size and shape-related features. Scientists think that nanoparticles and nanostructured materials originated during the Big Bang process from meteorites leading to the formation of the universe and Earth. Since 1990, the term nanotechnology became very popular due to advances in imaging technologies that paved the way to specific industrial applications. Currently, nanoparticles and nanostructured materials are synthesized on a large scale and are indispensable for many industries. This fact fosters and supports research in biochemistry, biophysics, and biochemical engineering applications. Recently, nanotechnology has been combined with other sciences to fabricate new forms of nanomaterials that could be used, for instance, for diagnostic tools, drug delivery systems, energy generation/storage, environmental remediation as well as agriculture and food processing. In contrast with traditional materials, specific features can be integrated into nanoparticles, nanostructures, and nanosystems by simply modifying their scale, shape, and composition. This article first summarizes the history of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. Followed by the progress that led to improved synthesis processes to produce different nanoparticles and nanostructures characterized by specific features. The content finally presents various origins and sources of nanomaterials, synthesis strategies, their toxicity, risks, regulations, and self-aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (E.A.H.); (M.M.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Jaison Jeevanandam
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Eman A. Hussien
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (E.A.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Sara A. Mekkawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.M.O.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Menna Mostafa
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (E.A.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohamed M. Omran
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.M.O.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Mohga S. Abdalla
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.M.O.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
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5
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Pan Y, Li Z, Wang M, Zhao T, Wang X, Zheng X. Unambiguous evidence of brilliant iridescent feather color from hollow melanosomes in an Early Cretaceous bird. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 9:nwab227. [PMID: 35145706 PMCID: PMC8824705 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Research and Education on Biological Evolution and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, China
| | - Zhiheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Research and Education on Biological Evolution and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University, China
- Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature, China
| | - Xiaoting Zheng
- Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University, China
- Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature, China
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6
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Nordén KK, Eliason CM, Stoddard MC. Evolution of brilliant iridescent feather nanostructures. eLife 2021; 10:e71179. [PMID: 34930526 PMCID: PMC8691833 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The brilliant iridescent plumage of birds creates some of the most stunning color displays known in the natural world. Iridescent plumage colors are produced by nanostructures in feathers and have evolved in diverse birds. The building blocks of these structures-melanosomes (melanin-filled organelles)-come in a variety of forms, yet how these different forms contribute to color production across birds remains unclear. Here, we leverage evolutionary analyses, optical simulations, and reflectance spectrophotometry to uncover general principles that govern the production of brilliant iridescence. We find that a key feature that unites all melanosome forms in brilliant iridescent structures is thin melanin layers. Birds have achieved this in multiple ways: by decreasing the size of the melanosome directly, by hollowing out the interior, or by flattening the melanosome into a platelet. The evolution of thin melanin layers unlocks color-producing possibilities, more than doubling the range of colors that can be produced with a thick melanin layer and simultaneously increasing brightness. We discuss the implications of these findings for the evolution of iridescent structures in birds and propose two evolutionary paths to brilliant iridescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Katarina Nordén
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Chad M Eliason
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Field Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoUnited States
| | - Mary Caswell Stoddard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
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7
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Freyer P, Wilts BD, Stavenga DG. Cortex Thickness Is Key for the Colors of Iridescent Starling Feather Barbules With a Single, Organized Melanosome Layer. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.746254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The iridescent plumage of many birds is structurally colored due to an orderly arrangement of melanosomes in their feather barbules. Here, we investigated the blue- to purple-colored feathers of the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and the blue and green feathers of the Cape starling (Lamprotornis nitens). In both cases, the barbules contain essentially a single layer of melanosomes, but in S. vulgaris they are solid and rod-shaped, and in L. nitens they are hollow and rod- as well as platelet-shaped. We analyzed the coloration of the feathers by applying imaging scatterometry, bifurcated-probe- and micro-spectrophotometry. The reflectance spectra of the feathers of the European starling showed multiple peaks and a distinct, single peak for the Cape starling feathers. Assuming that the barbules of the two starling species contain a simple multilayer, consisting locally only of a cortex plus a single layer of melanosomes, we interpret the experimental data by applying effective-medium-multilayer modeling. The optical modeling provides quantitative insight into the function of the keratin cortex thickness, being the principal factor to determine the peak wavelength of the reflectance bands; the melanosome layer only plays a minor role. The air cavity in the hollow melanosomes of the Cape starling creates a strongly enhanced refractive index contrast, thus very effectively causing a high reflectance.
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8
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Jeon DJ, Paik S, Ji S, Yeo JS. Melanin-based structural coloration of birds and its biomimetic applications. Appl Microsc 2021; 51:14. [PMID: 34633588 PMCID: PMC8505553 DOI: 10.1186/s42649-021-00063-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin has been a widely researched pigment by scientists for decades as it is undoubtedly the most ubiquitous and ancient pigment found in nature. Melanin plays very significant roles in structural plumage colors in birds: it has visible light-absorbing capabilities, and nanoscale structures can be formed by self-assembling melanin granules. Herein, we review recent progress on melanin-based structural coloration research. We hope that this review will provide current understanding of melanin's structural and optical properties, natural coloration mechanisms, and biomimetic methods to implement artificial melanin-based structural colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Jin Jeon
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Suejeong Paik
- 39 Yeonhui-ro 22-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03723, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmuk Ji
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Souk Yeo
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
- Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
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9
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D'Alba L, Meadows M, Maia R, Jong-Souk Y, Manceau M, Shawkey M. Morphogenesis of iridescent feathers in Anna's hummingbird Calypte anna. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1502-1510. [PMID: 34104966 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Color is a phenotypic trait of utmost importance, particularly in birds, which are known for their diverse color signals and color-producing mechanisms including pigment-based colors, light scattering from nanostructured feather tissues and combinations thereof. Bright iridescent plumage colors of hummingbirds are caused by light scattering by an organized array of flattened, pigment organelles, containing air-filled vesicles, called melanosomes. These hollow platelets are organized in multilayer arrays that contain numerous sharp air/melanin refractive index interfaces, producing brilliant iridescent colors. Despite their ecological significance and potential for inspiration of new optical materials, how platelets form and spatially arrange in nanostructures in growing feathers remains unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that melanosome formation and organization occurs mostly through passive self-assembly processes by assembling a developmental time series of growing hummingbird feathers using optical and electron microscopy. We show that hummingbird platelets contain air bubbles or vesicles upon their formation in pigment-producing cells, melanocytes. When melanosomes are transferred to neighboring keratinocytes (the cells shaping barbule structure) they drastically expand in size; and variation in this enlargement appears to be driven by physical constraints caused by the placement of the melanosomes within the barbule plate and their proximity to other melanosomes. As the barbule elongates and narrows, polymerizing feather corneous beta protein (CβP) orients melanosomes unilaterally, forcing them into a stacked configuration. These results reveal potentially novel forces driving the self-assembly of the nanostructures producing some of the brightest colors in nature.<.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana D'Alba
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Melissa Meadows
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525
| | - Rafael Maia
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Yeo Jong-Souk
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Marie Manceau
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS 7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Matthew Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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10
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Kohri M. Progress in polydopamine-based melanin mimetic materials for structural color generation. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2021; 21:833-848. [PMID: 33536837 PMCID: PMC7832497 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2020.1852057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural color is a color derived from optical interaction between light and a microstructure and is often seen in nature. Natural melanin plays an important role in bright structural coloration. For example, the vivid colors of peacock feathers are due to structural colors. The periodic arrangement of melanin granules inside the feathers leads to light interference, and the black granules absorb scattered light well, resulting in bright structural color. In recent years, polydopamine (PDA) has attracted attention as a melanin mimetic material. This review article summarizes recent research on structural coloration using PDA-based artificial melanin materials. It also outlines possible applications using bright structural colors realized by artificial melanin materials and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michinari Kohri
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Shu Y, Tan H, Zhao Y. Bioinspired structural color particles with multi-layer graphene oxide encapsulated nanoparticle components. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:917-923. [PMID: 32637754 PMCID: PMC7330439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the unique features of spherical symmetry, angle-independency, good monodispersity, controllable components and morphologies, structural color particles (SCPs) have found great significances in various fields such as sensing, monitoring, biological assays, etc. Here, inspired by the melanosome-derived bright structural colors and the self-adhesivity of mussels, we present a kind of bioinspired SCPs assembled from polydopamine (PDA)-adhered multi-layer graphene oxide (GO) encapsulated silica nanoparticles (SNs). It is demonstrated that compared with traditional SCPs, the designed particles possess brighter and more vibrant structural colors, and no complicated modification is required during the functionalization process due to the abundant inherent functional groups of GO. The resultant SCPs are verified to be capable for direct hybridization chain reaction and multiplexed nucleic acid assays. These properties indicate the promising prospects of our designed SCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuetong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yilai Shu
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hui Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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12
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Arenas-Hernandez A, Zúñiga-Islas C, Torres-Jacome A, Mendoza-Cervantes JC. Self-organized and self-assembled TiO2 nanosheets and nanobowls on TiO2 nanocavities by electrochemical anodization and their properties. NANO EXPRESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/ab970c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this research work, we prepared for the first time TiO2 nanosheets and nanobowls assembled on an arrangement of TiO2 nanocavities, and studied their morphological, optical, and structural properties. The assembled nanostructures were synthesized by a fast two-step electrochemical anodization using fluorides and ethylene glycol. By Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, we showed that these nanostructures have a morphology well organized and ordered with a homogeneous distribution. Also, other characteristics such as photoluminescence, reflectance spectra, band gap energy, and Raman spectra were studied and compared with the optical and structural properties of TiO2 nanotubes. We found that the time of anodization is a key parameter to control the final shape of the individual elements in the nanostructure. Our results show that when nanobowls or nanosheets are self-assembled on nanocavities the morphological, optical, and structural properties change significantly in comparison to TiO2 nanotubes. Furthermore, the emission was improved considerably and the band gap energy was modified to higher energy values. Likewise, the interference fringes are generated in the reflectance spectra by the length of the nanocavities and by the thickness of the nanobowls and the nanosheets. Finally, a reduction on the displaced the Eg(1) Raman mode was observed with decreasing of the length of the nanocavities.
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13
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Urquia GM, Inchaussandague ME, Skigin DC, Lester M, Barreira A, Tubaro P. Theoretical approaches to study the optical response of the red-legged honeycreeper's plumage (Cyanerpes cyaneus). APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:3901-3909. [PMID: 32400659 DOI: 10.1364/ao.380307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the unusual color effect exhibited by the plumage of the heads of Cyanerpes cyaneus males, whose color turns from green to turquoise as the angle between the illumination and observation directions is increased. This singular color effect is characteristic of species that have quasi-ordered nanostructures of short-range order within the feather barbs. However, among species of the same family and even within feather patches of the same individual, one can find barbs with different characteristics, both macroscopic (curvature, shape, cross-sectional area) and in their internal microstructure. We apply the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method with the averaging technique to model the reflectance spectra for different angles of incidence and explain the dependence of the observed color with the incidence-collection angle. To investigate the influence of the disorder in the optical response of the spongy matrix, we apply the integral method for a two-dimensional cylinder system that simulates the distribution of air cavities within the $ \beta $β-keratin medium. The experimental reflectance was interpreted as the result of multiple reflections in the internal interfaces generated by large air voids present within the spongy matrix. The application of rigorous methods to the study of natural photonic structures is of fundamental relevance for the design of efficient bioinspired artificial materials.
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14
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Hong W, Yuan Z, Chen X. Structural Color Materials for Optical Anticounterfeiting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907626. [PMID: 32187853 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The counterfeiting of goods is growing worldwide, affecting practically any marketable item ranging from consumer goods to human health. Anticounterfeiting is essential for authentication, currency, and security. Anticounterfeiting tags based on structural color materials have enjoyed worldwide and long-term commercial success due to their inexpensive production and exceptional ease of percept. However, conventional anticounterfeiting tags of holographic gratings can be readily copied or imitated. Much progress has been made recently to overcome this limitation by employing sufficient complexity and stimuli-responsive ability into the structural color materials. Moreover, traditional processing methods of structural color tags are mainly based on photolithography and nanoimprinting, while new processing methods such as the inkless printing and additive manufacturing have been developed, enabling massive scale up fabrication of novel structural color security engineering. This review presents recent breakthroughs in structural color materials, and their applications in optical encryption and anticounterfeiting are discussed in detail. Special attention is given to the unique structures for optical anticounterfeiting techniques and their optical aspects for encryption. Finally, emerging research directions and current challenges in optical encryption technologies using structural color materials is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hong
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhongke Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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15
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16
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Eliason CM, Maia R, Parra JL, Shawkey MD. Signal evolution and morphological complexity in hummingbirds (Aves:
Trochilidae
). Evolution 2020; 74:447-458. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M. Eliason
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center Field Museum of Natural History Chicago
| | - Rafael Maia
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center Field Museum of Natural History Chicago
| | - Juan L. Parra
- Grupo de Ecología y Evolución de Vertebrados, Instituto de Biología Universidad de Antioquia Medellín Colombia
| | - Matthew D. Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology University of Ghent 9000 Ghent Belgium
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17
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Xue Y, Wang F, Luo H, Zhu J. Preparation of Noniridescent Structurally Colored PS@TiO 2 and Air@C@TiO 2 Core-Shell Nanoparticles with Enhanced Color Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:34355-34363. [PMID: 31432662 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural amorphous photonic crystals benefit from reflectance at selective wavelengths in some specific existing natural systems. Noniridescence from natural organisms has also attracted great interest for various examples in bionic colors, pigments, and paintings. Here, Air@C@TiO2 sphere was obtained by the first calcination of PS@TiO2 core-shell nanoparticles in nitrogen to ensure the integrity of the shell structure followed by low-temperature calcination to obtain the appropriate color saturation. We demonstrate that, compared with the prepared colored PS@TiO2/carbon black (CB) pigments, angle-independent hollow Air@C@TiO2 nanoparticles have enhanced color stability under the action of in situ synthesized carbon black (CB). Our results suggest that it is easy to change the color of these Air@C@TiO2 spheres by adjusting the sphere structure sizes, which have the potential to show visual signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongjie Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , P. R. China
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18
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Javůrková VG, Enbody ED, Kreisinger J, Chmel K, Mrázek J, Karubian J. Plumage iridescence is associated with distinct feather microbiota in a tropical passerine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12921. [PMID: 31501471 PMCID: PMC6733896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds present a stunning diversity of plumage colors that have long fascinated evolutionary ecologists. Although plumage coloration is often linked to sexual selection, it may impact a number of physiological processes, including microbial resistance. At present, the degree to which differences between pigment-based vs. structural plumage coloration may affect the feather microbiota remains unanswered. Using quantitative PCR and DGGE profiling, we investigated feather microbial load, diversity and community structure among two allopatric subspecies of White-shouldered Fairywren, Malurus alboscapulatus that vary in expression of melanin-based vs. structural plumage coloration. We found that microbial load tended to be lower and feather microbial diversity was significantly higher in the plumage of black iridescent males, compared to black matte females and brown individuals. Moreover, black iridescent males had distinct feather microbial communities compared to black matte females and brown individuals. We suggest that distinctive nanostructure properties of iridescent male feathers or different investment in preening influence feather microbiota community composition and load. This study is the first to point to structural plumage coloration as a factor that may significantly regulate feather microbiota. Future work might explore fitness consequences and the role of microorganisms in the evolution of avian sexual dichromatism, with particular reference to iridescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Gvoždíková Javůrková
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Animal Science, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Erik D Enbody
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jakub Kreisinger
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kryštof Chmel
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Mrázek
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 160 00, Prague-Krč, Czech Republic
| | - Jordan Karubian
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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19
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D'Alba L, Shawkey MD. Melanosomes: Biogenesis, Properties, and Evolution of an Ancient Organelle. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1-19. [PMID: 30255724 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00059.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanosomes are organelles that produce and store melanin, a widespread biological pigment with a unique suite of properties including high refractive index, semiconducting capabilities, material stiffness, and high fossilization potential. They are involved in numerous critical biological functions in organisms across the tree of life. Individual components such as melanin chemistry and melanosome development have recently been addressed, but a broad synthesis is needed. Here, we review the hierarchical structure, development, functions, and evolution of melanosomes. We highlight variation in melanin chemistry and melanosome morphology and how these may relate to function. For example, we review what is known of the chemical differences between different melanin types (eumelanin, pheomelanin, allomelanin) and whether/how melanosome morphology relates to chemistry and color. We integrate the distribution of melanin across living organisms with what is known from the fossil record and produce hypotheses on its evolution. We suggest that melanin was present in life forms early in evolutionary history and that melanosomes evolved at the origin of organelles. Throughout, we discuss the (sometimes gaping) holes in our knowledge and suggest areas that need particular attention as we move forward in our understanding of these still-mysterious organelles and the materials that they contain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana D'Alba
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
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20
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Airoldi CA, Ferria J, Glover BJ. The cellular and genetic basis of structural colour in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 47:81-87. [PMID: 30399605 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
While the pathways that produce plant pigments have been well studied for decades, the use by plants of nanoscale structures to produce colour effects has only recently begun to be studied. A variety of plants from across the plant kingdom have been shown to use different mechanism to generate structural colours in tissues as diverse as leaves, flowers and fruits. In this review we explore the cellular mechanisms by which these nanoscale structures are built and discuss the first insights that have been published into the genetic pathways underpinning these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara A Airoldi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Jordan Ferria
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
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21
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Nordén KK, Faber JW, Babarović F, Stubbs TL, Selly T, Schiffbauer JD, Peharec Štefanić P, Mayr G, Smithwick FM, Vinther J. Melanosome diversity and convergence in the evolution of iridescent avian feathers-Implications for paleocolor reconstruction. Evolution 2019; 73:15-27. [PMID: 30411346 PMCID: PMC6587736 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Some of the most varied colors in the natural world are created by iridescent nanostructures in bird feathers, formed by layers of melanin-containing melanosomes. The morphology of melanosomes in iridescent feathers is known to vary, but the extent of this diversity, and when it evolved, is unknown. We use scanning electron microscopy to quantify the diversity of melanosome morphology in iridescent feathers from 97 extant bird species, covering 11 orders. In addition, we assess melanosome morphology in two Eocene birds, which are the stem lineages of groups that respectively exhibit hollow and flat melanosomes today. We find that iridescent feathers contain the most varied melanosome morphologies of all types of bird coloration sampled to date. Using our extended dataset, we predict iridescence in an early Eocene trogon (cf. Primotrogon) but not in the early Eocene swift Scaniacypselus, and neither exhibit the derived melanosome morphologies seen in their modern relatives. Our findings confirm that iridescence is a labile trait that has evolved convergently in several lineages extending down to paravian theropods. The dataset provides a framework to detect iridescence with more confidence in fossil taxa based on melanosome morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara K. Nordén
- School of Earth SciencesUniversity of Bristol24 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
- Current address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJ08544USA
| | - Jaeike W. Faber
- School of Earth SciencesUniversity of Bristol24 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
- Current address: Department of Medical BiologyAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamMeibergdreef 151105 AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Frane Babarović
- Current address: Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldS10 2TNSheffieldUK
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ZagrebRooseveltov trg 610 000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Thomas L. Stubbs
- School of Earth SciencesUniversity of Bristol24 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | - Tara Selly
- X‐ray Microanalysis Core FacilityUniversity of Missouri101 Geological Sciences BuildingColumbiaMO65211USA
- Department of Geological SciencesUniversity of Missouri101 Geological Sciences BuildingColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - James D. Schiffbauer
- X‐ray Microanalysis Core FacilityUniversity of Missouri101 Geological Sciences BuildingColumbiaMO65211USA
- Department of Geological SciencesUniversity of Missouri101 Geological Sciences BuildingColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - Petra Peharec Štefanić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ZagrebRooseveltov trg 610 000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Gerald Mayr
- Senckenberg Research Institute FrankfurtSenckenberganlage 2560325FrankfurtGermany
| | - Fiann M. Smithwick
- School of Earth SciencesUniversity of Bristol24 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | - Jakob Vinther
- School of Earth SciencesUniversity of Bristol24 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Bristol24 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
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22
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Freyer P, Wilts BD, Stavenga DG. Reflections on iridescent neck and breast feathers of the peacock, Pavo cristatus. Interface Focus 2018; 9:20180043. [PMID: 30603065 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blue neck and breast feathers of the peacock are structurally coloured due to an intricate photonic crystal structure in the barbules consisting of a two-dimensionally ordered rectangular lattice of melanosomes (melanin rodlets) and air channels embedded in a keratin matrix. We here investigate the feather coloration by performing microspectrophotometry, imaging scatterometry and angle-dependent reflectance measurements. Using previously determined wavelength-dependent refractive indices of melanin and keratin, we interpret the spectral and spatial reflection characteristics by comparing the measured spectra to calculated spectra by effective-medium multilayer and full three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain modelling. Both modelling methods yield similar reflectance spectra indicating that simple multilayer modelling is adequate for a direct understanding of the brilliant coloration of peacock feathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Freyer
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Doekele G Stavenga
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Gruson H, Andraud C, Daney de Marcillac W, Berthier S, Elias M, Gomez D. Quantitative characterization of iridescent colours in biological studies: a novel method using optical theory. Interface Focus 2018; 9:20180049. [PMID: 30603069 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridescent colours are colours that change with viewing or illumination geometry. While they are widespread in many living organisms, most evolutionary studies on iridescence do not take into account their full complexity. Few studies try to precisely characterize what makes iridescent colours special: their angular dependency. Yet, it is likely that this angular dependency has biological functions and is therefore submitted to evolutionary pressures. For this reason, evolutionary biologists need a repeatable method to measure iridescent colours as well as variables to precisely quantify the angular dependency. In this study, we use a theoretical approach to propose five variables that allow one to fully describe iridescent colours at every angle combination. Based on the results, we propose a new measurement protocol and statistical method to reliably characterize iridescence while minimizing the required number of time-consuming measurements. We use hummingbird iridescent feathers and butterfly iridescent wings as test cases to demonstrate the strengths of this new method. We show that our method is precise enough to be potentially used at intraspecific level while being also time-efficient enough to encompass large taxonomic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gruson
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Andraud
- CRC, MNHN, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Marianne Elias
- ISYEB, CNRS, MNHN, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Doris Gomez
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.,INSP, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
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24
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Burg SL, Parnell AJ. Self-assembling structural colour in nature. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:413001. [PMID: 30137023 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aadc95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The diversity and vividness of structural colour in the natural world have been recognised as far back as William Hooke in the 17th century. Whilst it is only recently that advances in the field have revealed the elegance and finesse of the physics used to create these effects. In this topical review we will highlight some of the structures and effects responsible for colour in butterfly scales, bird feathers, plants, insects and beetle elytra that have been studied to date. We will discuss the structures responsible and look at similarities and differences in these structures between species. This will be alongside our current understanding of how these are created biologically, how they develop structurally and what control mechanisms nature has at its disposal to control structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Burg
- The Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
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25
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Iwasaki T, Tamai Y, Yamamoto M, Taniguchi T, Kishikawa K, Kohri M. Melanin Precursor Influence on Structural Colors from Artificial Melanin Particles: PolyDOPA, Polydopamine, and Polynorepinephrine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:11814-11821. [PMID: 30183312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polydopamine (PDA) is of interest as a mimetic material of melanin to produce structural color materials. Herein, to investigate the influence of the material composition of the artificial melanin particles on structural color, we demonstrated the preparation of core-shell particles by polymerization of norepinephrine or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, which are melanin precursors similar to dopamine, in the presence of polystyrene particles. It was revealed that the arrays of the prepared particles produce high-visibility structural color because of absorption of scattering light. Although poly(3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) showed the same tendency as PDA which was previous studied, polynorepinephrine can easily produce a smooth and thick shell layer compared with that of PDA, and pellets consisting of the particles showed angle-dependent structural color. Therefore, the artificial melanin particles that produce angle-dependent structural color became stable than ever before. These results indicated that material compositions of artificial melanin particles have influence on structural color, and an important finding for application as a coloring material was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Iwasaki
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
- Fundamental Technology Division, Research Institute , National Printing Bureau , 6-4-20 Sakawa , Odawara , Kanagawa 256-0816 , Japan
| | - Yuki Tamai
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Mikiya Yamamoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Tatsuo Taniguchi
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Keiki Kishikawa
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Michinari Kohri
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
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26
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Galván I, Cerezo J, Jorge A, Wakamatsu K. Molecular vibration as a novel explanatory mechanism for the expression of animal colouration. Integr Biol (Camb) 2018; 10:464-473. [PMID: 29951656 DOI: 10.1039/c8ib00100f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal colouration is characterized by the concentration of pigments in integumentary structures and by the nanoscale arrangement of constitutive elements. However, the influence of molecular vibration on colour expression has been overlooked in biology. Molecular vibration occurs in the infrared spectral region, but vibrational and electronic properties can influence each other. Thus, the vibration of pigment molecules may also affect their absorption properties and the resulting colours. We calculated for the first time the relative contribution of molecular vibration (by means of Raman spectroscopy) and concentration (by means of HPLC) of melanin polymers, the most common animal pigments, to generate diversity in plumage colour in 47 species of birds. Vibrational characteristics explained >9 times more variance in colour expression than the concentration of melanins. Additionally, we modelled melanin Raman spectra on the basis of the chemical structure of their constituent monomers and calculated the Huang-Rhys factors for each vibrational mode, which indicate the contribution of these modes to the electronic spectra responsible for the resulting colours. High Huang-Rhys factors frequently coincided with the vibrational modes of melanin monomers. Our results can be explained by the influence of molecular vibration on the absorption properties of melanins. The colour of organisms may thus mainly result from the vibrational properties of their molecules and only residually from their concentration. As a given melanin concentration can give rise to different colours because different structural melanin conformations can present different vibrational characteristics, vibrational effects may favour phenotypic plasticity and thus constitute an important evolutionary force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station, CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Javier Cerezo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Jorge
- Laboratory of Non-Destructive Analytical Techniques, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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27
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Lopez-Garcia M, Masters N, O’Brien HE, Lennon J, Atkinson G, Cryan MJ, Oulton R, Whitney HM. Light-induced dynamic structural color by intracellular 3D photonic crystals in brown algae. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaan8917. [PMID: 29651457 PMCID: PMC5895443 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aan8917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural photonic crystals are responsible for strong reflectance at selective wavelengths in different natural systems. We demonstrate that intracellular opal-like photonic crystals formed from lipids within photosynthetic cells produce vivid structural color in the alga Cystoseira tamariscifolia. The reflectance of the opaline vesicles is dynamically responsive to environmental illumination. The structural color is present in low light-adapted samples, whereas higher light levels produce a slow disappearance of the structural color such that it eventually vanishes completely. Once returned to low-light conditions, the color re-emerges. Our results suggest that these complex intracellular natural photonic crystals are responsive to environmental conditions, changing their packing structure reversibly, and have the potential to manipulate light for roles beyond visual signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lopez-Garcia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
- Department of Nanophotonics, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nathan Masters
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Heath E. O’Brien
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Joseph Lennon
- School of Physics, Henry Herbert Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - George Atkinson
- School of Physics, Henry Herbert Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Martin J. Cryan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Ruth Oulton
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
- School of Physics, Henry Herbert Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Heather M. Whitney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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28
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Stavenga DG, Leertouwer HL, Wilts BD. Magnificent magpie colours by feathers with layers of hollow melanosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.174656. [PMID: 29361607 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.174656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The blue secondary and purple-to-green tail feathers of magpies are structurally coloured owing to stacks of hollow, air-containing melanosomes embedded in the keratin matrix of the barbules. We investigated the spectral and spatial reflection characteristics of the feathers by applying (micro)spectrophotometry and imaging scatterometry. To interpret the spectral data, we performed optical modelling, applying the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method as well as an effective media approach, treating the melanosome stacks as multi-layers with effective refractive indices dependent on the component media. The differently coloured magpie feathers are realised by adjusting the melanosome size, with the diameter of the melanosomes as well as their hollowness being the most sensitive parameters that influence the appearance of the feathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doekele G Stavenga
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein L Leertouwer
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Xiao M, Hu Z, Wang Z, Li Y, Tormo AD, Le Thomas N, Wang B, Gianneschi NC, Shawkey MD, Dhinojwala A. Bioinspired bright noniridescent photonic melanin supraballs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701151. [PMID: 28929137 PMCID: PMC5600532 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Structural colors enable the creation of a spectrum of nonfading colors without pigments, potentially replacing toxic metal oxides and conjugated organic pigments. However, significant challenges remain to achieve the contrast needed for a complete gamut of colors and a scalable process for industrial application. We demonstrate a feasible solution for producing structural colors inspired by bird feathers. We have designed core-shell nanoparticles using high-refractive index (RI) (~1.74) melanin cores and low-RI (~1.45) silica shells. The design of these nanoparticles was guided by finite-difference time-domain simulations. These nanoparticles were self-assembled using a one-pot reverse emulsion process, which resulted in bright and noniridescent supraballs. With the combination of only two ingredients, synthetic melanin and silica, we can generate a full spectrum of colors. These supraballs could be directly added to paints, plastics, and coatings and also used as ultraviolet-resistant inks or cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiao
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Ziying Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yiwen Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Alejandro Diaz Tormo
- Photonics Research Group, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University–imec, Center for Nano- and Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Le Thomas
- Photonics Research Group, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University–imec, Center for Nano- and Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Boxiang Wang
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.D.); (M.D.S.); (N.C.G.)
| | - Matthew D. Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, The University of Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.D.); (M.D.S.); (N.C.G.)
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.D.); (M.D.S.); (N.C.G.)
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Polidori C, Jorge A, Ornosa C. Eumelanin and pheomelanin are predominant pigments in bumblebee (Apidae: Bombus) pubescence. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3300. [PMID: 28560094 PMCID: PMC5445944 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus) are well known for their important inter- and intra-specific variation in hair (or pubescence) color patterns, but the chemical nature of the pigments associated with these patterns is not fully understood. For example, though melanization is believed to provide darker colors, it still unknown which types of melanin are responsible for each color, and no conclusive data are available for the lighter colors, including white. METHODS By using dispersive Raman spectroscopy analysis on 12 species/subspecies of bumblebees from seven subgenera, we tested the hypothesis that eumelanin and pheomelanin, the two main melanin types occurring in animals, are largely responsible for bumblebee pubescence coloration. RESULTS Eumelanin and pheomelanin occur in bumblebee pubescence. Black pigmentation is due to prevalent eumelanin, with visible signals of additional pheomelanin, while the yellow, orange, red and brown hairs clearly include pheomelanin. On the other hand, white hairs reward very weak Raman signals, suggesting that they are depigmented. Additional non-melanic pigments in yellow hair cannot be excluded but need other techniques to be detected. Raman spectra were more similar across similarly colored hairs, with no apparent effect of phylogeny and both melanin types appeared to be already used at the beginning of bumblebee radiation. DISCUSSION We suggest that the two main melanin forms, at variable amounts and/or vibrational states, are sufficient in giving almost the whole color range of bumblebee pubescence, allowing these insects to use a single precursor instead of synthesizing a variety of chemically different pigments. This would agree with commonly seen color interchanges between body segments across Bombus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Polidori
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alberto Jorge
- Laboratorio de Microscopía, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Ornosa
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Dinneen SR, Osgood RM, Greenslade ME, Deravi LF. Color Richness in Cephalopod Chromatophores Originating from High Refractive Index Biomolecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:313-317. [PMID: 28009511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods are arguably one of the most photonically sophisticated marine animals, as they can rapidly adapt their dermal color and texture to their surroundings using both structural and pigmentary coloration. Their chromatophore organs facilitate this process, but the molecular mechanism potentiating color change is not well understood. We hypothesize that the pigments, which are localized within nanostructured granules in the chromatophore, enhance the scattering of light within the dermal tissue. To test this, we extracted the phenoxazone-based pigments from the chromatophore and extrapolated their complex refractive index (RI) from experimentally determined real and approximated imaginary portions of the RI. Mie theory was used to calculate the absorbance and scattering cross sections (cm2/particle) across a broad diameter range at λ = 589 nm. We observed that the pigments were more likely to scatter attenuated light than absorb it and that these characteristics may contribute to the color richness of cephalopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Dinneen
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Richard M Osgood
- Nanomaterials Team, US Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center , Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Margaret E Greenslade
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Leila F Deravi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Yi B, Shen H. Liquid-immune structural colors with angle-independence inspired from hollow melanosomes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:9234-9237. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04154c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, hollow polydopamine (PDA) amorphous colloidal structures with liquid-immune and angle-independent structural colors have been successfully fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Huifang Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
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Moyer AE, Zheng W, Schweitzer MH. Keratin Durability Has Implications for the Fossil Record: Results from a 10 Year Feather Degradation Experiment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157699. [PMID: 27384819 PMCID: PMC4934732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinous ‘soft tissue’ structures (i.e. epidermally derived and originally non-biomineralized), include feathers, skin, claws, beaks, and hair. Despite their relatively common occurrence in the fossil record (second only to bone and teeth), few studies have addressed natural degradation processes that must occur in all organic material, including those keratinous structures that are incorporated into the rock record as fossils. Because feathers have high preservation potential and strong phylogenetic signal, in the current study we examine feathers subjected to different burial environments for a duration of ~10 years, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and in situ immunofluorescence (IF). We use morphology and persistence of specific immunoreactivity as indicators of preservation at the molecular and microstructural levels. We show that feather keratin is durable, demonstrates structural and microstructural integrity, and retains epitopes suitable for specific antibody recognition in even the harshest conditions. These data support the hypothesis that keratin antibody reactivity can be used to identify the nature and composition of epidermal structures in the rock record, and to address evolutionary questions by distinguishing between alpha- (widely distributed) and beta- (limited to sauropsids) keratin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E. Moyer
- Department of Biological Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Wenxia Zheng
- Department of Biological Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, United States of America
| | - Mary H. Schweitzer
- Department of Biological Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, United States of America
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh NC 27601, United States of America
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34
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Jorge García A, Polidori C, Nieves-Aldrey JL. Pheomelanin in the secondary sexual characters of male parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2016; 45:311-319. [PMID: 27224206 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of eumelanin and pheomelanin, the most prevalent biological pigments, has been rarely investigated in insects. Particularly yellowish to brownish body parts, which in many vertebrates are associated with pheomelanin, are visible in many insects but their chemical nature was rarely examined to a similar detail. Here, by using Dispersive Raman spectroscopy analysis, we found both eumelanin and pheomelanin in different body parts of male parasitoid wasps of three species of the genus Mesopolobus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), which are known to have species-specific spots and coloured stripes on the legs and/or antennae which are displayed to females during courtship. We found a strong eumelanin signal in the antennal clava of all studied Mesopolobus species and in the circular black spot or callosity and the triangular black projection on the outer apical angle of the typically expanded middle tibia of Mesopolobus tibialis and Mesopolobus xanthocerus. Eumelanin was also the predominant pigment in the black thorax of Mesopolobus and other members of the family. Pheomelanin, on the other hand, was detected as predominant only in certain body parts of M. tibialis and M. xanthocerus, precisely in a very narrow, longitudinal brownish stripe on the middle femur and, only in M. tibialis, in a brownish oval-longitudinal stripe on the middle tibia. The two melanin types co-occurred in most pigmented areas, but more often one is clearly predominant relative to the other, according to the variation of Raman signal intensity of their signature peaks. A further tibial yellowish-orange stripe present in both these species did not include melanins of any type. Pheomelanin, could be more widespread than previously known in insects. A convergent evolution of melanin-based male sexual ornaments between vertebrates (e.g. bird feathers) and wasps can be suggested, opening to a new line of comparative evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Jorge García
- Laboratorio de Microscopía, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlo Polidori
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales (ICAM), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - José Luis Nieves-Aldrey
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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35
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Igic B, D'Alba L, Shawkey MD. Manakins can produce iridescent and bright feather colours without melanosomes. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:1851-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.137182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Males of many species often use colourful and conspicuous ornaments to attract females. Among these, male manakins (family: Pipridae) provide classic examples of sexual selection favouring the evolution of bright and colourful plumage coloration. The highly iridescent feather colours of birds are most commonly produced by the periodic arrangement of melanin-containing organelles (melanosomes) within barbules. Melanin increases the saturation of iridescent colours seen from optimal viewing angles by absorbing back-scattered light; however, this may reduce the wide-angle brightness of these signals, contributing to a dark background appearance. We examined the nanostructure of four manakin species (Lepidothrix isidorei, L. iris, L. nattereri and L. coeruleocapilla) to identify how they produce their bright plumage colours. Feather barbs of all four species were characterized by dense and fibrous internal spongy matrices that likely increase scattering of light within the barb. The iridescent, yet pale or whitish colours of L. iris and L. nattereri feathers were produced not by periodically arranged melanosomes within barbules, but by periodic matrices of air and β-keratin within barbs. Lepidothrix iris crown feathers were able to produce a dazzling display of colours with small shifts in viewing geometry, likely because of a periodic nanostructure, a flattened barb morphology and disorder at a microstructural level. We hypothesize that iridescent plumage ornaments of male L. iris and L. nattereri are under selection to increase brightness or luminance across wide viewing angles, which may potentially increase their detectability by females during dynamic and fast-paced courtship displays in dim light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Igic
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Liliana D'Alba
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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Lindgren J, Moyer A, Schweitzer MH, Sjövall P, Uvdal P, Nilsson DE, Heimdal J, Engdahl A, Gren JA, Schultz BP, Kear BP. Interpreting melanin-based coloration through deep time: a critical review. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20150614. [PMID: 26290071 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colour, derived primarily from melanin and/or carotenoid pigments, is integral to many aspects of behaviour in living vertebrates, including social signalling, sexual display and crypsis. Thus, identifying biochromes in extinct animals can shed light on the acquisition and evolution of these biological traits. Both eumelanin and melanin-containing cellular organelles (melanosomes) are preserved in fossils, but recognizing traces of ancient melanin-based coloration is fraught with interpretative ambiguity, especially when observations are based on morphological evidence alone. Assigning microbodies (or, more often reported, their 'mouldic impressions') as melanosome traces without adequately excluding a bacterial origin is also problematic because microbes are pervasive and intimately involved in organismal degradation. Additionally, some forms synthesize melanin. In this review, we survey both vertebrate and microbial melanization, and explore the conflicts influencing assessment of microbodies preserved in association with ancient animal soft tissues. We discuss the types of data used to interpret fossil melanosomes and evaluate whether these are sufficient for definitive diagnosis. Finally, we outline an integrated morphological and geochemical approach for detecting endogenous pigment remains and associated microstructures in multimillion-year-old fossils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lindgren
- Department of Geology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alison Moyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Mary H Schweitzer
- Department of Geology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA
| | - Peter Sjövall
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, 501 15 Borås, Sweden
| | - Per Uvdal
- MAX-IV laboratory, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dan E Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Heimdal
- MAX-IV laboratory, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Johan A Gren
- Department of Geology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Benjamin P Kear
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden Palaeobiology Programme, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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Ornelas JF, González C, Hernández-Baños BE, García-Moreno J. Molecular and iridescent feather reflectance data reveal recent genetic diversification and phenotypic differentiation in a cloud forest hummingbird. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1104-27. [PMID: 26811749 PMCID: PMC4722824 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The present day distribution and spatial genetic diversity of Mesoamerican biota reflects a long history of responses to habitat change. The hummingbird Lampornis amethystinus is distributed in northern Mesoamerica, with geographically disjunct populations. Based on sampling across the species range using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and nuclear microsatellites jointly analysed with phenotypic and climatic data, we (1) test whether the fragmented distribution is correlated with main evolutionary lineages, (2) assess body size and plumage color differentiation of populations in geographic isolation, and (3) evaluate a set of divergence scenarios and demographic patterns of the hummingbird populations. Analysis of genetic variation revealed four main groups: blue‐throated populations (Sierra Madre del Sur); two groups of amethyst‐throated populations (Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre Oriental); and populations east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (IT) with males showing an amethyst throat. The most basal split is estimated to have originated in the Pleistocene, 2.39–0.57 million years ago (MYA), and corresponded to groups of populations separated by the IT. However, the estimated recent divergence time between blue‐ and amethyst‐throated populations does not correspond to the 2‐MY needed to be in isolation for substantial plumage divergence, likely because structurally iridescent colors are more malleable than others. Results of species distribution modeling and Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis fit a model of lineage divergence west of the Isthmus after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and that the species’ suitable habitat was disjunct during past and current conditions. These results challenge the generality of the contraction/expansion glacial model to cloud forest‐interior species and urges management of cloud forest, a highly vulnerable ecosystem to climate change and currently facing destruction, to prevent further loss of genetic diversity or extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Ornelas
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL) Xalapa Veracruz 91070 Mexico
| | - Clementina González
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL) Xalapa Veracruz 91070 Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Morelia Michoacán Mexico
| | - Blanca E Hernández-Baños
- Museo de Zoología Departamento de Biología Evolutiva Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México DF 04510 Mexico
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Quantitative characterization and comparative study of feather melanosome internal morphology using surface analysis. Micron 2016; 82:17-24. [PMID: 26760226 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A successful feather development implies in a precise orchestration of cells in the follicle, which culminates in one of the most complex epidermal structures in nature. Melanocytes contribute to the final structure by delivering melanosomes to the barb and barbule cells. Disturbance to the tissue during the feather growth can damage the final structure. Here, melanosomes seen in an unusual outgrowth on the barb cortex of a flight feather are reported and compared to commonly observed melanosomes embedded in the cortex. Transmission Electron Microscopy in scanning-transmission mode (STEM) generated images coupled with secondary electron detection. The two classes of melanosomes were registered on images combining transmitted and secondary electron signals. Image processing allowed surface analyses of roughness and texture of the internal morphology of these organelles. Results showed that the two classes of melanosomes are significantly distinct internally, indicating that different physiological processes up to feather maturation could have occurred. Surface analysis methods are not regularly used in cell biology studies, but here it is shown that it has great potential for microscopic image analysis, which could add robust information to studies of cell biology events.
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39
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Galván I, Wakamatsu K. Color measurement of the animal integument predicts the content of specific melanin forms. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The slope of the reflectance spectra of feathers and hairs predicts their content of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA)-eumelanin and benzothiazole-pheomelanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology
- Doñana Biological Station – CSIC
- 41092 Sevilla
- Spain
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry
- Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences
- Toyoake
- Japan
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40
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Tyrosinase Depletion Prevents the Maturation of Melanosomes in the Mouse Hair Follicle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143702. [PMID: 26619124 PMCID: PMC4664286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that lead to variation in human skin and hair color are not fully understood. To better understand the molecular control of skin and hair color variation, we modulated the expression of Tyrosinase (Tyr), which controls the rate-limiting step of melanogenesis, by expressing a single-copy, tetracycline-inducible shRNA against Tyr in mice. Moderate depletion of TYR was sufficient to alter the appearance of the mouse coat in black, agouti, and yellow coat color backgrounds, even though TYR depletion did not significantly inhibit accumulation of melanin within the mouse hair. Ultra-structural studies revealed that the reduction of Tyr inhibited the accumulation of terminal melanosomes, and inhibited the expression of genes that regulate melanogenesis. These results indicate that color in skin and hair is determined not only by the total amount of melanin within the hair, but also by the relative accumulation of mature melanosomes.
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Hsiung BK, Blackledge TA, Shawkey MD. Spiders do have melanin after all. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:3632-5. [PMID: 26449977 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.128801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanin pigments are broadly distributed in nature - from bacteria to fungi to plants and animals. However, many previous attempts to identify melanins in spiders were unsuccessful, suggesting that these otherwise ubiquitous pigments were lost during spider evolution. Yet, spiders exhibit many dark colours similar to those produced by melanins in other organisms, and the low solubility of melanins makes isolation and characterization difficult. Therefore, whether melanins are truly absent or have simply not yet been detected is an open question. Raman spectroscopy provides a reliable way to detect melanins in situ, without the need for isolation. In this study, we document the presence of eumelanin in diverse species of spiders using confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Comparisons of spectra with theoretically calculated data falsify the previous hypothesis that dark colours are produced solely by ommochromes in spiders. Our data indicate that melanins are present in spiders and further supporting that they are present in most living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Kai Hsiung
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA
| | - Todd A Blackledge
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA
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42
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Schweitzer MH, Lindgren J, Moyer AE. Melanosomes and ancient coloration re-examined: A response to Vinther 2015 (DOI 10.1002/bies.201500018). Bioessays 2015; 37:1174-83. [PMID: 26434749 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Round to elongate microbodies associated with fossil vertebrate soft tissues were interpreted as microbial traces until 2008, when they were re-described as remnant melanosomes - intracellular, pigment-containing eukaryotic organelles. Since then, multiple claims for melanosome preservation and inferences of organismal color, behavior, and physiology have been advanced, based upon the shape and size of these microstructures. Here, we re-examine evidence for ancient melanosomes in light of information reviewed in Vinther (2015), and literature regarding the preservation potential of microorganisms and their exopolymeric secretions. We: (i) address statements in Vinther's recent (2015) review that are incorrect or which misrepresent published data; (ii) discuss the need for caution in interpreting "voids" and microbodies associated with degraded fossil soft tissues; (iii) present evidence that microorganisms are in many cases an equally parsimonious source for these "voids" as are remnant melanosomes; and (iv) suggest methods/criteria for differentiating melanosomes from microbial traces in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Schweitzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Geology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Alison E Moyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Photonic crystals cause active colour change in chameleons. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6368. [PMID: 25757068 PMCID: PMC4366488 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many chameleons, and panther chameleons in particular, have the remarkable ability to exhibit complex and rapid colour changes during social interactions such as male contests or courtship. It is generally interpreted that these changes are due to dispersion/aggregation of pigment-containing organelles within dermal chromatophores. Here, combining microscopy, photometric videography and photonic band-gap modelling, we show that chameleons shift colour through active tuning of a lattice of guanine nanocrystals within a superficial thick layer of dermal iridophores. In addition, we show that a deeper population of iridophores with larger crystals reflects a substantial proportion of sunlight especially in the near-infrared range. The organization of iridophores into two superposed layers constitutes an evolutionary novelty for chameleons, which allows some species to combine efficient camouflage with spectacular display, while potentially providing passive thermal protection. Colour change in many vertebrates originates from pigment dispersion or aggregation. Here, Teyssier et al. show that chameleons rapidly shift colour through a physical mechanism involving a lattice of nanocrystals in dermal iridophores, a second and deeper iridophore layer strongly reflects near-infrared light.
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Shawkey MD, D'Alba L, Xiao M, Schutte M, Buchholz R. Ontogeny of an iridescent nanostructure composed of hollow melanosomes. J Morphol 2014; 276:378-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Shawkey
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program; The University of Akron; Akron Ohio 44325-3908 USA
| | - Liliana D'Alba
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program; The University of Akron; Akron Ohio 44325-3908 USA
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program; The University of Akron; Akron Ohio 44325-3908 USA
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron Ohio 44325-3909 USA
| | - Matthew Schutte
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program; The University of Akron; Akron Ohio 44325-3908 USA
| | - Richard Buchholz
- Department of Biology; University of Mississippi; University; Mississippi 38677-1848 USA
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Artificial selection for structural color on butterfly wings and comparison with natural evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12109-14. [PMID: 25092295 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402770111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brilliant animal colors often are produced from light interacting with intricate nano-morphologies present in biological materials such as butterfly wing scales. Surveys across widely divergent butterfly species have identified multiple mechanisms of structural color production; however, little is known about how these colors evolved. Here, we examine how closely related species and populations of Bicyclus butterflies have evolved violet structural color from brown-pigmented ancestors with UV structural color. We used artificial selection on a laboratory model butterfly, B. anynana, to evolve violet scales from UV brown scales and compared the mechanism of violet color production with that of two other Bicyclus species, Bicyclus sambulos and Bicyclus medontias, which have evolved violet/blue scales independently via natural selection. The UV reflectance peak of B. anynana brown scales shifted to violet over six generations of artificial selection (i.e., in less than 1 y) as the result of an increase in the thickness of the lower lamina in ground scales. Similar scale structures and the same mechanism for producing violet/blue structural colors were found in the other Bicyclus species. This work shows that populations harbor large amounts of standing genetic variation that can lead to rapid evolution of scales' structural color via slight modifications to the scales' physical dimensions.
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Xiao M, Dhinojwala A, Shawkey M. Nanostructural basis of rainbow-like iridescence in common bronzewing Phaps chalcoptera feathers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:14625-14636. [PMID: 24977558 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.014625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Structural colors are common in nature. Generally single feathers or other integuments contain only one structural color, but those of the common bronzewing display a consistent color gradient from blue to red (462-647 nm) over the proximo-distal length of individual barbs. We used optical microscopy and macro- and micro-spectrophotometry to characterize this color gradient, and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the nanostructure. Combining optical modeling and experimental results, we demonstrate that the rainbow-like iridescence is caused by multilayer interference from organized arrays of melanosome rods in a keratin matrix and that the color gradient results from subtle shifts in both diameter and spacing of melanosome rods. This result illustrates tight developmental control feathers and may provide inspiration for the design of multi-colored coatings or fibers.
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Martinez-Hurtado JL, Akram MS, Yetisen AK. Iridescence in Meat Caused by Surface Gratings. Foods 2013; 2:499-506. [PMID: 28239133 PMCID: PMC5302279 DOI: 10.3390/foods2040499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The photonic structure of cut muscle tissues reveals that the well-ordered gratings diffract light, producing iridescent colours. Cut fibrils protruding from the muscle surface create a two-dimensional periodic array, which diffract light at specific wavelengths upon illumination. However, this photonic effect misleads consumers in a negative way to relate the optical phenomenon with the quality of the product. Here we discuss the fundamentals of this optical phenomenon and demonstrate a methodology for quantitatively measuring iridescence caused by diffraction gratings of muscle tissue surface of pork (Sus scrofa domesticus) using reflection spectrophotometry. Iridescence was discussed theoretically as a light phenomenon and spectral measurements were taken from the gratings and monitored in real time during controlled drying. The findings show that the intensity of diffraction diminishes as the surface grating was dried with an air flow at 50 °C for two minutes while the diffracted light wavelength was at 585 ± 9 nm. Our findings indicate that the diffraction may be caused by a blazed surface grating. The implications of the study include providing guidelines to minimise the iridescence by altering the surface microstructure, and in consequence, removing the optical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Leonardo Martinez-Hurtado
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK.
| | - Muhammad Safwan Akram
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK.
| | - Ali Kemal Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK.
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