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Rose A, Tschapka M, Knörnschild M. Social information facilitates learning about novel food sources in adult flower-visiting bats. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:1635-1642. [PMID: 37421496 PMCID: PMC10442281 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating novel food sources into their diet is crucial for animals in changing environments. Although the utilization of novel food sources can be learned individually, learning socially from experienced conspecifics may facilitate this task and enable a transmission of foraging-related innovations across a population. In anthropogenically modified habitats, bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) frequently adapt their feeding strategy to novel food sources, and corresponding social learning processes have been experimentally demonstrated in frugivorous and animalivorous species. However, comparable experiments are lacking for nectarivorous flower-visiting bats, even though their utilization of novel food sources in anthropogenically altered habitats is often observed and even discussed as the reason why bats are able to live in some areas. In the present study, we investigated whether adult flower-visiting bats may benefit from social information when learning about a novel food source. We conducted a demonstrator-observer dyad with wild Pallas' long-tongued bats (Glossophaga soricina; Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae) and hypothesized that naïve individuals would learn to exploit a novel food source faster when accompanied by an experienced demonstrator bat. Our results support this hypothesis and demonstrate flower-visiting bats to be capable of using social information to expand their dietary repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rose
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Marco Tschapka
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Building 401 Tupper, Luis Clement Avenue, Balboa Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Mirjam Knörnschild
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Building 401 Tupper, Luis Clement Avenue, Balboa Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
- Museum für Naturkunde-Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Abstract
Long-term memory has clear advantages for animals but also has neurological and behavioral costs1-3. Encoding memories is metabolically expensive1. Older memories can interfere with retrieval of more recent memories3, prolong decision-making and reduce cognitive flexibility2,3. Given these opposing selection pressures, understanding how long memories last can shed light on how memory enhances or constrains animals' abilities to exploit their niches. Although testing memory retention in wild animals is difficult, it is important because captive conditions do not reflect the complex cognitive demands of wild environments, and long-term captivity changes the brain4 (Data S1A). Here, we trained wild-caught frog-eating bats (Trachops cirrhosus) to find prey by flying to a novel acoustic cue. After they learned the rewarded sound, we released them back into the wild, and then re-captured some of them one to four years later. When re-tested, all eight 'experienced' bats that previously learned the novel prey sounds flew to those sounds within seconds, whereas 17 naïve bats tested with the same sounds showed weak responses. Experienced bats also showed behavior indicating generalization of memories between novel sounds and rewards over time. The frog-eating bat's remarkably long memory indicates that an ability to remember rarely encountered prey may be advantageous for this predator and suggests hitherto unknown cognitive abilities in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M May Dixon
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Patricia L Jones
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, 6500 College Station, Brunswick, ME, USA
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Gerald G Carter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rachel A Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gual‐Suárez
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Vertebrados Terrestres Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria04510Mexico City Mexico
| | - Rodrigo A. Medellín
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Vertebrados Terrestres Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria04510Mexico City Mexico
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4
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Knörnschild M, Fernandez AA. Do Bats Have the Necessary Prerequisites for Symbolic Communication? Front Psychol 2020; 11:571678. [PMID: 33262725 PMCID: PMC7688458 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.571678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Training animals such as apes, gray parrots, or dolphins that communicate via arbitrary symbols with humans has revealed astonishing mental capacities that may have otherwise gone unnoticed. Albeit bats have not yet been trained to communicate via symbols with humans, we are convinced that some species, especially captive Pteropodid bats ("flying foxes"), show the potential to master this cognitive task. Here, we briefly review what is known about bats' cognitive skills that constitute relevant prerequisites for symbolic communication with humans. We focus on social learning in general, trainability by humans, associative learning from humans, imitation, vocal production learning and usage learning, and social knowledge. Moreover, we highlight potential training paradigms that could be used to elicit simple "symbolic" bat-human communication, i.e., training bats to select arbitrary symbols on a touchscreen to elicit a desired behavior of the human caregiver. Touchscreen-proficient bats could participate in cognition research, e.g., to study their numerical competence or categorical perception, to further elucidate how nonhuman animals learn and perceive the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Knörnschild
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
- Animal Behavior Lab, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Panama
| | - Ahana A. Fernandez
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Zamora‐Gutierrez V, Ortega J, Avila‐Flores R, Aguilar‐Rodríguez PA, Alarcón‐Montano M, Avila‐Torresagatón LG, Ayala‐Berdón J, Bolívar‐Cimé B, Briones‐Salas M, Chan‐Noh M, Chávez‐Cauich M, Chávez C, Cortés‐Calva P, Cruzado J, Cuevas JC, Del Real‐Monroy M, Elizalde‐Arellano C, García‐Luis M, García‐Morales R, Guerrero JA, Guevara‐Carrizales AA, Gutiérrez EG, Hernández‐Mijangos LA, Ibarra‐López MP, Iñiguez‐Dávalos LI, León‐Madrazo R, López‐González C, López‐Téllez MC, López‐Vidal JC, Martínez‐Balvanera S, Montiel‐Reyes F, Murrieta‐Galindo R, Orozco‐Lugo CL, Pech‐Canché JM, Pérez‐Pérez L, Ramírez‐Martínez MM, Rizo‐Aguilar A, Robredo‐Esquivelzeta E, Rodas‐Martínez AZ, Rojo‐Cruz MA, Selem‐Salas CI, Uribe‐Bencomo E, Vargas‐Contreras JA, MacSwiney G. MC. The Sonozotz project: Assembling an echolocation call library for bats in a megadiverse country. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4928-4943. [PMID: 32551071 PMCID: PMC7297765 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bat acoustic libraries are important tools that assemble echolocation calls to allow the comparison and discrimination to confirm species identifications. The Sonozotz project represents the first nation-wide library of bat echolocation calls for a megadiverse country. It was assembled following a standardized recording protocol that aimed to cover different recording habitats, recording techniques, and call variation inherent to individuals. The Sonozotz project included 69 species of echolocating bats, a high species richness that represents 50% of bat species found in the country. We include recommendations on how the database can be used and how the sampling methods can be potentially replicated in countries with similar environmental and geographic conditions. To our knowledge, this represents the most exhaustive effort to date to document and compile the diversity of bat echolocation calls for a megadiverse country. This database will be useful to address a range of ecological questions including the effects of anthropogenic activities on bat communities through the analysis of bat sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Zamora‐Gutierrez
- CONACYT—Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Durango (CIIDIR)Instituto Politécnico NacionalDurangoMéxico
| | - Jorge Ortega
- Departamento de ZoologíaEscuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Rafael Avila‐Flores
- División Académica de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Juárez Autónoma de TabascoVillahermosaMéxico
| | - Pedro Adrián Aguilar‐Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones TropicalesUniversidad VeracruzanaXalapaMéxico
- Universidad Autónoma de TlaxcalaTlaxcala de XicohténcatlMéxico
| | | | | | | | | | - Miguel Briones‐Salas
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral RegionalUnidad Oaxaca (CIIDIR)Instituto Politécnico NacionalOaxacaMéxico
| | - Martha Chan‐Noh
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas‐AgropecuariasUniversidad Autónoma de YucatánMéridaMéxico
| | - Manuel Chávez‐Cauich
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas‐AgropecuariasUniversidad Autónoma de YucatánMéridaMéxico
| | - Cuauhtémoc Chávez
- Departamento de Ciencias AmbientalesUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana‐Unidad LermaLermaMéxico
| | - Patricia Cortés‐Calva
- Programa de Planeación Ambiental y ConservaciónCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C.La PazMéxico
| | | | - Jesús Carlo Cuevas
- Ingeniería en Recursos Naturales y AgropecuariosUniversidad de GuadalajaraAutlánMéxico
| | | | - Cynthia Elizalde‐Arellano
- Departamento de ZoologíaEscuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Margarita García‐Luis
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral RegionalUnidad Oaxaca (CIIDIR)Instituto Politécnico NacionalOaxacaMéxico
- Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de OaxacaXoxocotlánMéxico
| | | | - José Antonio Guerrero
- Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de MorelosCuernavacaMéxico
| | | | - Edgar G. Gutiérrez
- Departamento de ZoologíaEscuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | | | | | | | - Rafael León‐Madrazo
- División Académica de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Juárez Autónoma de TabascoVillahermosaMéxico
| | - Celia López‐González
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Durango (CIIDIR)Instituto Politécnico NacionalDurangoMéxico
| | | | - Juan Carlos López‐Vidal
- Departamento de ZoologíaEscuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | | | - Fernando Montiel‐Reyes
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Durango (CIIDIR)Instituto Politécnico NacionalDurangoMéxico
| | | | - Carmen Lorena Orozco‐Lugo
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y ConservaciónUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de MorelosCuernavacaMéxico
| | - Juan M. Pech‐Canché
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y AgropecuariasUniversidad VeracruzanaTuxpanMéxico
| | - Lucio Pérez‐Pérez
- División Académica de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Juárez Autónoma de TabascoVillahermosaMéxico
| | | | - Areli Rizo‐Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e IngenieríaUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de MorelosCuernavacaMéxico
| | | | - Alba Z. Rodas‐Martínez
- División Académica de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Juárez Autónoma de TabascoVillahermosaMéxico
| | | | | | - Elena Uribe‐Bencomo
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas‐AgropecuariasUniversidad Autónoma de YucatánMéridaMéxico
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6
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Hemingway CT, Ryan MJ, Page RA. State-dependent learning influences foraging behaviour in an acoustic predator. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Hernández-Montero JR, Reusch C, Simon R, Schöner CR, Kerth G. Free-ranging bats combine three different cognitive processes for roost localization. Oecologia 2020; 192:979-988. [PMID: 32236689 PMCID: PMC7165157 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04634-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Animals have evolved different cognitive processes to localize crucial resources that are difficult to find. Relevant cognitive processes such as associative learning and spatial memory have commonly been studied in a foraging related context under controlled laboratory conditions. However, in natural environments, animals can use multiple cognitive processes to localize resources. In this field study, we used a pairwise choice experiment and automatic roost monitoring to assess how individually marked, free-ranging Bechstein’s bats belonging to two different colonies use associative learning, spatial memory and social information when localizing suitable day roosts. To our knowledge, this study tests for the first time how associative learning, spatial memory and social information are used in the process of roost localization in bats under the natural conditions. We show that, when searching for new roosts, bats used associative learning to discriminate between suitable and unsuitable roosts. For re-localizing previously occupied roosts, bats used spatial memory rather than associative learning. Moreover, bats significantly improved the localization of suitable unfamiliar roosts and tended to increase their accuracy to re-localize previously occupied day roosts using social information. Our field experiments suggest that Bechstein’s bats make hierarchical use of different cognitive processes when localizing day roosts. More generally, our study underlines that evaluating different cues under natural conditions is fundamental to understanding how natural selection has shaped the cognitive processes used for localizing resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús R Hernández-Montero
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Greifswald University, Loitzerstraße 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Christine Reusch
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Greifswald University, Loitzerstraße 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ralph Simon
- Department of Ecological Science/Animal Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Regina Schöner
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Greifswald University, Loitzerstraße 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerald Kerth
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Greifswald University, Loitzerstraße 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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8
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Reichert MS, Crofts SJ, Davidson GL, Firth JA, Kulahci IG, Quinn JL. Multiple factors affect discrimination learning performance, but not between-individual variation, in wild mixed-species flocks of birds. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:192107. [PMID: 32431886 PMCID: PMC7211855 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.192107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cognition arguably drives most behaviours in animals, but whether and why individuals in the wild vary consistently in their cognitive performance is scarcely known, especially under mixed-species scenarios. One reason for this is that quantifying the relative importance of individual, contextual, ecological and social factors remains a major challenge. We examined how many of these factors, and sources of bias, affected participation and performance, in an initial discrimination learning experiment and two reversal learning experiments during self-administered trials in a population of great tits and blue tits. Individuals were randomly allocated to different rewarding feeders within an array. Participation was high and only weakly affected by age and species. In the initial learning experiment, great tits learned faster than blue tits. Great tits also showed greater consistency in performance across two reversal learning experiments. Individuals assigned to the feeders on the edge of the array learned faster. More errors were made on feeders neighbouring the rewarded feeder and on feeders that had been rewarded in the previous experiment. Our estimates of learning consistency were unaffected by multiple factors, suggesting that, even though there was some influence of these factors on performance, we obtained a robust measure of discrimination learning in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Reichert
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sam J. Crofts
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gabrielle L. Davidson
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Josh A. Firth
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Merton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ipek G. Kulahci
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John L. Quinn
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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9
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Flores V, Carter GG, Halczok TK, Kerth G, Page RA. Social structure and relatedness in the fringe-lipped bat ( Trachops cirrhosus). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:192256. [PMID: 32431896 PMCID: PMC7211832 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.192256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
General insights into the causes and effects of social structure can be gained from comparative analyses across socially and ecologically diverse taxa, such as bats, but long-term data are lacking for most species. In the neotropical fringe-lipped bat, Trachops cirrhosus, social transmission of foraging behaviour is clearly demonstrated in captivity, yet its social structure in the wild remains unclear. Here, we used microsatellite-based estimates of relatedness and records of 157 individually marked adults from 106 roost captures over 6 years, to infer whether male and female T. cirrhosus have preferred co-roosting associations and whether such associations were influenced by relatedness. Using a null model that controlled for year and roosting location, we found that both male and female T. cirrhosus have preferred roosting partners, but that only females demonstrate kin-biased association. Most roosting groups (67%) contained multiple females with one or two reproductive males. Relatedness patterns and recapture records corroborate genetic evidence for female philopatry and male dispersal. Our study adds to growing evidence that many bats demonstrate preferred roosting associations, which has the potential to influence social information transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Flores
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, 1025 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
| | - Gerald G. Carter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tanja K. Halczok
- Greifswald University, Zoological Institute and Museum, Soldmannstr. 14, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerald Kerth
- Greifswald University, Zoological Institute and Museum, Soldmannstr. 14, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rachel A. Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
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10
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Decision making in foraging bats. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 60:169-175. [PMID: 31927435 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Foraging is a complex and cognitively demanding behavior. Although it is often regarded as a mundane task, foraging requires the continuous weighting and integration of many sources of information with varying levels of credence. Bats are extremely diverse in their ecology and behavior, and thus demonstrate a wide variety of foraging strategies. In this review, we examine the different factors influencing the decision process of bats during foraging. Technological developments of recent years will soon enable real-time tracking of environmental conditions, of the position and quality of food items, the location of conspecifics, and the bat's movement history. Monitoring these variables alongside the continuous movement of the bat will facilitate the testing of different decision-making theories such as the use of reinforcement learning in wild free ranging bats and other animals.
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11
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Copy when uncertain: lower light levels increase trail pheromone depositing and reliance on pheromone trails in ants. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Page RA, Bernal XE. The challenge of detecting prey: Private and social information use in predatory bats. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ximena E. Bernal
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Panamá
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
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13
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Berrío-Martínez J, Kaiser S, Nowak M, Page RA, Carter GG. The role of past experience in development of feeding behavior in common vampire bats. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7448. [PMID: 31404443 PMCID: PMC6687003 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The life history strategy of common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) suggests that learning might play a role in development of their foraging skills. We took advantage of 12 captive births in a study colony of vampire bats to test the role of past experience in two aspects of feeding. First, we compared preferences for blood temperature in 32 wild-born vampire bats versus 11 captive-born vampire bats that had only previously fed on blood of ambient temperature or colder. We found no evidence for a preference in either group for blood presented at 4 °C versus 37 °C. Second, we tested whether captive-born vampire bats with no previous experience of feeding on live animals could successfully feed on a live chicken. Five of 12 naïve captive-born bats were able to bite the chicken and draw blood, but only one bat gained more than 5% of body mass. We were unable to reasonably compare their feeding performance with that of wild-born bats because only two of three wild-born, short-term captive bats fed on the chicken and none of the seven wild-born, long-term captive mothers attempted to feed. This unexpected lack of feeding might be due to a previously reported age-dependent neophobia. When six of the captive-born bats were released in the wild, they appeared to feed successfully because they survived for more than three consecutive nights. We suggest further tests that would better clarify the role of learning in the development of foraging in vampire bats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Kaiser
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Michelle Nowak
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Rachel A Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Gerald G Carter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.,Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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14
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Dixon MM, Hulgard K, Ratcliffe JM, Page RA. Habituation and ecological salience: insights into the foraging ecology of the fringed-lipped bat, Trachops cirrhosus. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Cambras T, Pardina E, Carmona J, Ricart-Jane D, Minarro A, Ferrer R, Lecube A, Balibrea JM, Caubet E, González O, Vilallonga R, Cuello E, Fort JM, Baena-Fustegueras JA, Díez-Noguera A, Peinado-Onsurbe J. Seasonal variation of body weight loss after bariatric surgery. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:672-680. [PMID: 30843440 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1580716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal variations have been described in humans in several variables such as sleep, mood, appetite, food preferences, or body weight. We hypothesized that these variations could also influence the decrease in body weight rate in patients submitted to body weight loss interventions. Thus, here we tested the variations of weight loss according to the time of the year the surgery took place in a group patients (n = 1322) submitted to bariatric surgery in the Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron in Barcelona (geographical coordinates: 41°25'41″N 2°8'32″E). For the analysis, the percentage of total body weight loss (%TWL), excess body weight loss (%EWL) and percentage of body mass index loss (%BMIL) were calculated at 3 (n = 1255), 6 (n = 1172), 9 (n = 1002), and 12 months (n = 1076) after surgery. For %EWL and %BMIL a statistically significant seasonal variation was detected when the variables were calculated at 3 months, but not at the other times, with more weight loss in summer-fall. However, seasonal variations were not detected for %TWL (p = 0.09). The mean amplitude of the seasonal rhythm for %EWL was of 1.8%, while for the rhythm of %BMIL was 0.7%. Moreover, a second peak was detected in January-February modulating the seasonal rhythm of the two variables. Results confirm seasonal variations in humans and indicate that short term responses to weight loss can be modulated by the time of year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinitat Cambras
- a Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Eva Pardina
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Julia Carmona
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - David Ricart-Jane
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Antonio Minarro
- c Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Roser Ferrer
- d Department of Biochemistry , Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Albert Lecube
- e Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition , Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM) , Lleida , Spain
| | - Jose María Balibrea
- f Endocrinology Surgery Unit , Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Enric Caubet
- f Endocrinology Surgery Unit , Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Oscar González
- f Endocrinology Surgery Unit , Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Ramón Vilallonga
- f Endocrinology Surgery Unit , Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Elena Cuello
- g Endocrinology Surgery Unit , Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital (UdL) , Lleida , Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Fort
- f Endocrinology Surgery Unit , Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Antoni Díez-Noguera
- a Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Julia Peinado-Onsurbe
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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16
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Halczok TK, Brändel SD, Flores V, Puechmaille SJ, Tschapka M, Page RA, Kerth G. Male-biased dispersal and the potential impact of human-induced habitat modifications on the Neotropical bat Trachops cirrhosus. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6065-6080. [PMID: 29988406 PMCID: PMC6024115 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene flow, maintained through natal dispersal and subsequent mating events, is one of the most important processes in both ecology and population genetics. Among mammalian populations, gene flow is strongly affected by a variety of factors, including the species' ability to disperse, and the composition of the environment which can limit dispersal. Information on dispersal patterns is thus crucial both for conservation management and for understanding the social system of a species. We used 16 polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci in addition to mitochondrial DNA sequences (1.61 kbp) to analyse the population structure and the sex-specific pattern of natal dispersal in the frog-eating fringe-lipped bat, Trachops cirrhosus, in Central Panama. Our study revealed that-unlike most of the few other investigated Neotropical bats-gene flow in this species is mostly male-mediated. Nevertheless, distinct genetic clusters occur in both sexes. In particular, the presence of genetic differentiation in the dataset only consisting of the dispersing sex (males) indicates that gene flow is impeded within our study area. Our data are in line with the Panama Canal in connection with the widening of the Río Chagres during the canal construction acting as a recent barrier to gene flow. The sensitivity of T. cirrhosus to human-induced habitat modifications is further indicated by an extremely low capture success in highly fragmented areas. Taken together, our genetic and capture data provide evidence for this species to be classified as less mobile and thus vulnerable to habitat change, information that is important for conservation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja K. Halczok
- Zoological Institute and MuseumGreifswald UniversityGreifswaldGermany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa, AncónRepublic of Panamá
| | - Stefan D. Brändel
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa, AncónRepublic of Panamá
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation GenomicsUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
| | - Victoria Flores
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa, AncónRepublic of Panamá
- Committee on Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | | | - Marco Tschapka
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa, AncónRepublic of Panamá
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation GenomicsUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
| | - Rachel A. Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa, AncónRepublic of Panamá
| | - Gerald Kerth
- Zoological Institute and MuseumGreifswald UniversityGreifswaldGermany
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17
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Kendal RL, Boogert NJ, Rendell L, Laland KN, Webster M, Jones PL. Social Learning Strategies: Bridge-Building between Fields. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:651-665. [PMID: 29759889 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
While social learning is widespread, indiscriminate copying of others is rarely beneficial. Theory suggests that individuals should be selective in what, when, and whom they copy, by following 'social learning strategies' (SLSs). The SLS concept has stimulated extensive experimental work, integrated theory, and empirical findings, and created impetus to the social learning and cultural evolution fields. However, the SLS concept needs updating to accommodate recent findings that individuals switch between strategies flexibly, that multiple strategies are deployed simultaneously, and that there is no one-to-one correspondence between psychological heuristics deployed and resulting population-level patterns. The field would also benefit from the simultaneous study of mechanism and function. SLSs provide a useful vehicle for bridge-building between cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Kendal
- Centre for Coevolution of Biology & Culture, Durham University, Anthropology Department, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Neeltje J Boogert
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Luke Rendell
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TS, UK
| | - Kevin N Laland
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TS, UK
| | - Mike Webster
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TS, UK
| | - Patricia L Jones
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
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18
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Patriquin KJ, Kohles JE, Page RA, Ratcliffe JM. Bats without borders: Predators learn novel prey cues from other predatory species. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaaq0579. [PMID: 29568801 PMCID: PMC5862503 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaq0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Learning from others allows individuals to adapt rapidly to environmental change. Although conspecifics tend to be reliable models, heterospecifics with similar resource requirements may be suitable surrogates when conspecifics are few or unfamiliar with recent changes in resource availability. We tested whether Trachops cirrhosus, a gleaning bat that localizes prey using their mating calls, can learn about novel prey from conspecifics and the sympatric bat Lophostoma silvicolum. Specifically, we compared the rate for naïve T. cirrhosus to learn an unfamiliar tone from either a trained conspecific or heterospecific alone through trial and error or through social facilitation. T. cirrhosus learned this novel cue from L. silvicolum as quickly as from conspecifics. This is the first demonstration of social learning of a novel acoustic cue in bats and suggests that heterospecific learning may occur in nature. We propose that auditory-based social learning may help bats learn about unfamiliar prey and facilitate their adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista J. Patriquin
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá
| | - Jenna E. Kohles
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Rachel A. Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá
| | - John M. Ratcliffe
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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19
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Brand CO, Brown GR, Cross CP. Sex differences in the use of social information emerge under conditions of risk. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4190. [PMID: 29312821 PMCID: PMC5756449 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Social learning provides an effective route to gaining up-to-date information, particularly when information is costly to obtain asocially. Theoretical work predicts that the willingness to switch between using asocial and social sources of information will vary between individuals according to their risk tolerance. We tested the prediction that, where there are sex differences in risk tolerance, altering the variance of the payoffs of using asocial and social information differentially influences the probability of social information use by sex. In a computer-based task that involved building a virtual spaceship, men and women (N = 88) were given the option of using either asocial or social sources of information to improve their performance. When the asocial option was risky (i.e., the participant’s score could markedly increase or decrease) and the social option was safe (i.e., their score could slightly increase or remain the same), women, but not men, were more likely to use the social option than the asocial option. In all other conditions, both women and men preferentially used the asocial option to a similar degree. We therefore found both a sex difference in risk aversion and a sex difference in the preference for social information when relying on asocial information was risky, consistent with the hypothesis that levels of risk-aversion influence the use of social information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte O Brand
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian R Brown
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine P Cross
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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20
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Jones PL, Hämsch F, Page RA, Kalko EKV, O'Mara MT. Foraging and Roosting Behaviour of the Fringe-Lipped Bat, Trachops cirrhosus, on Barro Colorado Island, Panamá. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2017.19.2.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L. Jones
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, 6500 College Station, Brunswick ME 04011-8465, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá
| | - Frank Hämsch
- Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rachel A Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá
| | - Elisabeth K. V. Kalko
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá
- Institute of Experimental Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - M. Teague O'Mara
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá
- Department of Migration & Immuno-ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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21
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Trillo PA, Bernal XE, Caldwell MS, Halfwerk WH, Wessel MO, Page RA. Collateral damage or a shadow of safety? The effects of signalling heterospecific neighbours on the risks of parasitism and predation. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0343. [PMID: 27194694 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although males often display from mixed-species aggregations, the influence of nearby heterospecifics on risks associated with sexual signalling has not been previously examined. We tested whether predation and parasitism risks depend on proximity to heterospecific signallers. Using field playback experiments with calls of two species that often display from the same ponds, túngara frogs and hourglass treefrogs, we tested two hypotheses: (1) calling near heterospecific signallers attractive to eavesdroppers results in increased attention from predatory bats and parasitic midges (collateral damage hypothesis) or (2) calling near heterospecific signallers reduces an individual's predation and parasitism risks, as eavesdroppers are drawn to the heterospecifics (shadow of safety hypothesis). Bat visitation was not affected by calling neighbours. The number of frog-biting midges attracted to hourglass treefrog calls, however, rose threefold when played near túngara calls, supporting the collateral damage hypothesis. We thus show that proximity to heterospecific signallers can drastically alter both the absolute risks of signalling and the relative strengths of pressures from predation and parasitism. Through these mechanisms, interactions between heterospecific guild members are likely to influence the evolution of signalling strategies and the distribution of species at both local and larger scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Trillo
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panamá
| | - Ximena E Bernal
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panamá Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael S Caldwell
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panamá
| | - Wouter H Halfwerk
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panamá Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universitait, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mallory O Wessel
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panamá Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rachel A Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panamá
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22
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Ganesh A, Mukilan M, Marimuthu G, Rajan KE. A Novel Food Preference in the Greater Short-Nosed Fruit Bat,Cynopterus sphinx: Mother-Pup Interaction a Strategy for Learning. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2016. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2016.18.1.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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24
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Who Knows? Metacognitive Social Learning Strategies. Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 20:204-213. [PMID: 26778808 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To make good use of learning from others (social learning), we need to learn from the right others; from agents who know better than we do. Research on social learning strategies (SLSs) has identified rules that focus social learning on the right agents, and has shown that the behaviour of many animals conforms to these rules. However, it has not asked what the rules are made of, that is, about the cognitive processes implementing SLSs. Here, I suggest that most SLSs depend on domain-general, sensorimotor processes. However, some SLSs have the characteristics tacitly ascribed to all of them. These metacognitive SLSs represent 'who knows' in a conscious, reportable way, and have the power to promote cultural evolution.
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25
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To Scream or to Listen? Prey Detection and Discrimination in Animal-Eating Bats. BAT BIOACOUSTICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3527-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Fugère V, Teague O’Mara M, Page RA. Perceptual bias does not explain preference for prey call adornment in the frog-eating bat. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1949-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Heyes C, Pearce JM. Not-so-social learning strategies. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20141709. [PMID: 25608880 PMCID: PMC4344138 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social learning strategies (SLSs) are rules specifying the conditions in which it would be adaptive for animals to copy the behaviour of others rather than to persist with a previously established behaviour or to acquire a new behaviour through asocial learning. In behavioural ecology, cultural evolutionary theory and economics, SLSs are studied using a 'phenotypic gambit'-from a purely functional perspective, without reference to their underlying psychological mechanisms. However, SLSs are described in these fields as if they were implemented by complex, domain-specific, genetically inherited mechanisms of decision-making. In this article, we suggest that it is time to begin investigating the psychology of SLSs, and we initiate this process by examining recent experimental work relating to three groups of strategies: copy when alternative unsuccessful, copy when model successful and copy the majority. In each case, we argue that the reported behaviour could have been mediated by domain-general and taxonomically general psychological mechanisms; specifically, by mechanisms, identified through conditioning experiments, that make associative learning selective. We also suggest experimental manipulations that could be used in future research to resolve more fully the question whether, in non-human animals, SLSs are mediated by domain-general or domain-specific psychological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Heyes
- All Souls College and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, High Street, Oxford OX1 4AL, UK
| | - John M Pearce
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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28
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Jones PL, Ryan MJ, Chittka L. The influence of past experience with flower reward quality on social learning in bumblebees. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Bunkley JP, Barber JR. An Observation of Apparent Teaching Behavior in the Pallid Bat,Antrozous pallidus. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2014. [DOI: 10.3398/064.074.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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O'Mara MT, Dechmann DKN, Page RA. Frugivorous bats evaluate the quality of social information when choosing novel foods. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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