1
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Lee N, Vélez A, Bee M. Behind the mask(ing): how frogs cope with noise. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2023; 209:47-66. [PMID: 36310303 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-022-01586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Albert Feng was a pioneer in the field of auditory neuroethology who used frogs to investigate the neural basis of spectral and temporal processing and directional hearing. Among his many contributions was connecting neural mechanisms for sound pattern recognition and localization to the problems of auditory masking that frogs encounter when communicating in noisy, real-world environments. Feng's neurophysiological studies of auditory processing foreshadowed and inspired subsequent behavioral investigations of auditory masking in frogs. For frogs, vocal communication frequently occurs in breeding choruses, where males form dense aggregations and produce loud species-specific advertisement calls to attract potential mates and repel competitive rivals. In this review, we aim to highlight how Feng's research advanced our understanding of how frogs cope with noise. We structure our narrative around three themes woven throughout Feng's research-spectral, temporal, and directional processing-to illustrate how frogs can mitigate problems of auditory masking by exploiting frequency separation between signals and noise, temporal fluctuations in noise amplitude, and spatial separation between signals and noise. We conclude by proposing future research that would build on Feng's considerable legacy to advance our understanding of hearing and sound communication in frogs and other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Lee
- Department of Biology, St. Olaf College, 1520 St. Olaf Ave, Northfield, MN, 55057, USA.
| | - Alejandro Vélez
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
| | - Mark Bee
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 1479 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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2
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James LS, Taylor RC, Hunter KL, Ryan MJ. Evolutionary and Allometric Insights into Anuran Auditory Sensitivity and Morphology. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 97:140-150. [PMID: 34864726 DOI: 10.1159/000521309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As species change through evolutionary time, the neurological and morphological structures that underlie behavioral systems typically remain coordinated. This is especially important for communication systems, in which these structures must remain coordinated both within and between senders and receivers for successful information transfer. The acoustic communication of anurans ("frogs") offers an excellent system to ask when and how such coordination is maintained, and to allow researchers to dissociate allometric effects from independent correlated evolution. Anurans constitute one of the most speciose groups of vocalizing vertebrates, and females typically rely on vocalizations to localize males for reproduction. Here, we compile and compare data on various aspects of auditory morphology, hearing sensitivity, and call-dominant frequency across 81 species of anurans. We find robust, phylogenetically independent scaling effects of body size for all features measured. Furthermore, after accounting for body size, we find preliminary evidence that morphological evolution beyond allometry can correlate with hearing sensitivity and dominant frequency. These data provide foundational results regarding constraints imposed by body size on communication systems and motivate further data collection and analysis using comparative approaches across the numerous anuran species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan S James
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Ryan C Taylor
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly L Hunter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA,
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama,
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3
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Gall MD, Baugh AT, Lucas JR, Bee MA. Social Communication across Reproductive Boundaries: Hormones and the Auditory Periphery of Songbirds and Frogs. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:292-301. [PMID: 33988694 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most animals experience reproductive transitions in their lives; for example, reaching reproductive maturity or cycling in and out of breeding condition. Some reproductive transitions are abrupt, while others are more gradual. In most cases, changes in communication between the sexes follow the time course of these reproductive transitions and are typically thought to be coordinated by steroid hormones. We know a great deal about hormonal control of communication behaviors in birds and frogs, as well as the central neural control of these behaviors. There has also been significant interest in the effects of steroid hormones on central nervous system structures that control both the production and reception of communication signals associated with reproductive behaviors. However, peripheral sensory structures have typically received less attention, although there has been growing interest in recent years. It is becoming clear that peripheral sensory systems play an important role in reproductive communication, are plastic across reproductive conditions, and, in some cases, this plasticity may be mediated by steroid hormones. In this article, we discuss recent evidence for the role of peripheral auditory structures in reproductive communication in birds and frogs, the plasticity of the peripheral auditory system, and the role of steroid hormones in mediating the effects of the peripheral auditory system on reproductive communication. We focus on both seasonal and acute reproductive transitions, introduce new data on the role of hormones in modulating seasonal patterns, and make recommendations for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Gall
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Alexander T Baugh
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Lucas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 65203, USA
| | - Mark A Bee
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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4
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Leslie CE, Walkowski W, Rosencrans RF, Gordon WC, Bazan NG, Ryan MJ, Farris HE. Estrogenic Modulation of Retinal Sensitivity in Reproductive Female Túngara Frogs. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:231-239. [PMID: 33901287 PMCID: PMC8300951 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mate searching behavior in female túngara frogs (Physalaemus pustulosus) is nocturnal and largely mediated by acoustic cues, male signaling includes visual cues produced by the vocal sac. To compensate for these low light conditions, visual sensitivity in females is modulated when they are in a reproductive state, as retinal thresholds are decreased. This study tested whether estradiol (E2) plays a role in this modulation. Female túngara frogs were injected with either human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or a combination of hCG and fadrozole. hCG induces a reproductive state and increases retinal sensitivity, while fadrozole is an aromatase inhibitor that blocks hCG-induced E2 synthesis. In an analysis of scotopic electroretinograms (ERGs), hCG treatment lowered the threshold for eliciting a b-wave response, whereas the addition of fadrozole abolished this effect, matching thresholds in non-reproductive saline-injected controls. This suggests that blocking E2 synthesis blocked the hCG-mediated reproductive modulation of retinal sensitivity. By implicating E2 in control of retinal sensitivity, our data add to growing evidence that the targets of gonadal steroid feedback loops include sensory receptor organs, where stimulus sensitivity may be modulated, rather than more central brain nuclei, where modulation may affect mechanisms involved in motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Leslie
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Whitney Walkowski
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Robert F Rosencrans
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - William C Gordon
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hamilton E Farris
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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5
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Proverbio AM, Benedetto F, Guazzone M. Shared neural mechanisms for processing emotions in music and vocalizations. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:1987-2007. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mado Proverbio
- Department of Psychology University of Milano‐Bicocca Milan Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience Milan Italy
| | - Francesco Benedetto
- Department of Psychology University of Milano‐Bicocca Milan Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience Milan Italy
| | - Martina Guazzone
- Department of Psychology University of Milano‐Bicocca Milan Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience Milan Italy
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6
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Walkowski WG, Crother BI, Valverde RA. Testosterone and Corticosterone Profiles and Body Condition of Calling and Non-calling Lithobates grylio. COPEIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1643/cp-18-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney G. Walkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402; (WGW) . Send reprint requests to WGW
| | - Brian I. Crother
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402; (WGW) . Send reprint requests to WGW
| | - Roldán A. Valverde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402; (WGW) . Send reprint requests to WGW
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7
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The paradox of hearing at the lek: auditory sensitivity increases after breeding in female gray treefrogs (Hyla chrysoscelis). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:629-639. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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8
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Taylor RC, Akre K, Wilczynski W, Ryan MJ. Behavioral and neural auditory thresholds in a frog. Curr Zool 2019; 65:333-341. [PMID: 31263492 PMCID: PMC6595421 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vocalizations play a critical role in mate recognition and mate choice in a number of taxa, especially, but not limited to, orthopterans, frogs, and birds. But receivers can only recognize and prefer sounds that they can hear. Thus a fundamental question linking neurobiology and sexual selection asks-what is the threshold for detecting acoustic sexual displays? In this study, we use 3 methods to assess such thresholds in túngara frogs: behavioral responses, auditory brainstem responses, and multiunit electrophysiological recordings from the midbrain. We show that thresholds are lowest for multiunit recordings (ca. 45 dB SPL), and then for behavioral responses (ca. 61 dB SPL), with auditory brainstem responses exhibiting the highest thresholds (ca. 71 dB SPL). We discuss why these estimates differ and why, as with other studies, it is unlikely that they should be the same. Although all of these studies estimate thresholds they are not measuring the same thresholds; behavioral thresholds are based on signal salience whereas the 2 neural assays estimate physiological thresholds. All 3 estimates, however, make it clear that to have an appreciation for detection and salience of acoustic signals we must listen to those signals through the ears of the receivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Taylor
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Karin Akre
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Walter Wilczynski
- Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
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9
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Ringler E, Coates M, Cobo-Cuan A, Harris NG, Narins PM. MEMRI for visualizing brain activity after auditory stimulation in frogs. Behav Neurosci 2019; 133:329-340. [PMID: 31045394 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Anuran amphibians are common model organisms in bioacoustics and neurobiology. To date, however, most available methods for studying auditory processing in frogs are highly invasive and thus do not allow for longitudinal study designs, nor do they provide a global view of the brain, which substantially limits the questions that can be addressed. The goal of this study was to identify areas in the frog brain that are responsible for auditory processing using in vivo manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI). We were interested in determining if the neural processing of socially relevant acoustic stimuli (e.g., species-specific calls) engages a specific pattern of brain activation that differs from patterns elicited by less- or nonrelevant acoustic signals. We thus designed an experiment, in which we presented three different types of acoustic stimuli (species-specific calls, band-limited noise, or silence) to fully awake northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and then conducted MEMRI T1-weighted imaging to investigate differences in signal intensity due to manganese uptake as an indication of brain activity across all three conditions. We found the greatest change in signal intensity within the torus semicircularis (the principal central auditory region), the habenula, and the paraphysis of frogs that had been exposed to conspecific calls compared with noise or silence conditions. Stimulation with noise did not result in the same activation patterns, indicating that signals with contrasting social relevance are differentially processed in these areas of the amphibian brain. MEMRI provides a powerful approach to studying brain activity with high spatial resolution in frogs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ringler
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology
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10
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A broad filter between call frequency and peripheral auditory sensitivity in northern grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:481-489. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Gall MD, Bee MA, Baugh AT. The difference a day makes: Breeding remodels hearing, hormones and behavior in female Cope's gray treefrogs (Hyla chrysoscelis). Horm Behav 2019; 108:62-72. [PMID: 30653979 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In seasonal breeders, there are behavioral, endocrine, and neural adaptations that promote the sexual receptivity of females and tune their sensory systems to detect and discriminate among advertising males and to successfully copulate. What happens immediately after this key life history event is unclear, but this transitional moment offers a window into the mechanisms that remodel sexual phenotypes. In this study of wild female Cope's gray treefrogs (Hyla chrysoscelis), we tested the hypothesis that oviposition results in a suite of coordinated changes in the sexual phenotype. Specifically, we predicted that sexual receptivity and discrimination behaviors would decline along with circulating concentrations of steroid hormones (corticosterone, estradiol, testosterone) and auditory sensitivity to the acoustic frequencies emphasized in male advertisement calls. We conducted these trait measurements before and after oviposition (ca. 24-h period). There was a 100% decrease in behavioral responsiveness after oviposition, and the concentrations of all three steroids plummeted during this brief window of time, especially testosterone. Moreover, higher concentrations of corticosterone-an important component of the endocrine stress response-were associated with longer response latencies, suggesting that adrenal hormones should be considered in future studies on the hormonal basis of mate choice. Counter to our prediction, auditory sensitivity increased following oviposition, and the amplitude of the auditory brainstem response was influenced by concentrations of estradiol. In pre-oviposition females auditory sensitivity diminished with increasing estradiol concentrations, while sensitivity increased with increasing estradiol concentrations in post-oviposition females, suggesting non-linear estrogenic modulation of peripheral auditory neural recruitment. Overall, our results indicate that there is considerable remodeling of behavioral output following oviposition that co-occurs with changes in both endocrine and sensory physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Gall
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Ave., Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Mark A Bee
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, 1479 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alexander T Baugh
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA.
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12
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Penna M, Cisternas J, Toloza J. Restricted responsiveness to noise interference in two anurans from the southern temperate forest. Ethology 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Penna
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica; Facultad de Medicina; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Javiera Cisternas
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica; Facultad de Medicina; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Jessica Toloza
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica; Facultad de Medicina; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
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13
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Zhu B, Wang J, Brauth SE, Tang Y, Cui J. The spectral structure of vocalizations match hearing sensitivity but imprecisely in Philautus odontotarsus. BIOACOUSTICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2016.1221778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Zhu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jichao Wang
- Department of Biology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Steven E. Brauth
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yezhong Tang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianguo Cui
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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14
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Gall MD, Wilczynski W. The effects of call-like masking diminish after nightly exposure to conspecific choruses in green treefrogs (Hyla cinerea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:1295-302. [PMID: 26944493 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.135905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the major difficulties encountered by animals that select mates using acoustic signals is discriminating individual calls from the background noise generated by other conspecifics. Reducing the effects of conspecific masking could improve discrimination of individual calls from background noise. We used auditory evoked potentials to investigate the effects of forward masking on the responses to artificial calls in male and female treefrogs (Hyla cinerea), as well as whether hearing advertisement calls over several nights, as happens in natural frog choruses, could modify the effects of masking. We found that response amplitude decreased with decreasing interstimulus interval when the masker was equal in amplitude to the stimulus. We also found evidence of a priming effect, whereby response amplitude at lower masker amplitudes was greater than when the target stimulus was not preceded by a masker. Finally, we found that the effect of masking was diminished by 10 nights of chorus exposure (i.e. responses were stronger to target stimuli), whereas there was no change in response in the control group. Our results show that hearing dynamic social stimuli, such as frog choruses, can alter the responses of the auditory periphery in a way that could enhance the detection of and response to conspecific acoustic communication signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Gall
- Biology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Walter Wilczynski
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30303, GA, USA Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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15
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16
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Hall IC, Woolley SMN, Kwong-Brown U, Kelley DB. Sex differences and endocrine regulation of auditory-evoked, neural responses in African clawed frogs (Xenopus). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2016; 202:17-34. [PMID: 26572136 PMCID: PMC4699871 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-015-1049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mating depends on the accurate detection of signals that convey species identity and reproductive state. In African clawed frogs, Xenopus, this information is conveyed by vocal signals that differ in temporal patterns and spectral features between sexes and across species. We characterized spectral sensitivity using auditory-evoked potentials (AEPs), commonly known as the auditory brainstem response, in males and females of four Xenopus species. In female X. amieti, X. petersii, and X. laevis, peripheral auditory sensitivity to their species own dyad-two, species-specific dominant frequencies in the male advertisement call-is enhanced relative to males. Males were most sensitive to lower frequencies including those in the male-directed release calls. Frequency sensitivity was influenced by endocrine state; ovariectomized females had male-like auditory tuning while dihydrotestosterone-treated, ovariectomized females maintained female-like tuning. Thus, adult, female Xenopus demonstrate an endocrine-dependent sensitivity to the spectral features of conspecific male advertisement calls that could facilitate mating. Xenopus AEPs resemble those of other species in stimulus and level dependence, and in sensitivity to anesthetic (MS222). AEPs were correlated with body size and sex within some species. A frequency following response, probably encoded by the amphibian papilla, might facilitate dyad source localization via interaural time differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Hall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Fairchild Building, MC 2432, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Department of Biology, St. Mary's College of Maryland, Schaeffer Hall 258, St. Mary's City, MD, 20686, USA.
| | - Sarah M N Woolley
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, Schermerhorn Hall, MC 5501, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Ursula Kwong-Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Fairchild Building, MC 2432, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Center for New Music and Audio Technologies, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Darcy B Kelley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Fairchild Building, MC 2432, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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