1
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Harter TS, Smith EA, Salmerón C, Thies AB, Delgado B, Wilson RW, Tresguerres M. Soluble adenylyl cyclase is an acid-base sensor in rainbow trout red blood cells that regulates intracellular pH and haemoglobin-oxygen binding. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024:e14205. [PMID: 39031444 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
AIM To identify the physiological role of the acid-base sensing enzyme, soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), in red blood cells (RBC) of the model teleost fish, rainbow trout. METHODS We used: (i) super-resolution microscopy to determine the subcellular location of sAC protein; (ii) live-cell imaging of RBC intracellular pH (pHi) with specific sAC inhibition (KH7 or LRE1) to determine its role in cellular acid-base regulation; (iii) spectrophotometric measurements of haemoglobin-oxygen (Hb-O2) binding in steady-state conditions; and (iv) during simulated arterial-venous transit, to determine the role of sAC in systemic O2 transport. RESULTS Distinct pools of sAC protein were detected in the RBC cytoplasm, at the plasma membrane and within the nucleus. Inhibition of sAC decreased the setpoint for RBC pHi regulation by ~0.25 pH units compared to controls, and slowed the rates of RBC pHi recovery after an acid-base disturbance. RBC pHi recovery was entirely through the anion exchanger (AE) that was in part regulated by HCO3 --dependent sAC signaling. Inhibition of sAC decreased Hb-O2 affinity during a respiratory acidosis compared to controls and reduced the cooperativity of O2 binding. During in vitro simulations of arterial-venous transit, sAC inhibition decreased the amount of O2 that is unloaded by ~11%. CONCLUSION sAC represents a novel acid-base sensor in the RBCs of rainbow trout, where it participates in the modulation of RBC pHi and blood O2 transport though the regulation of AE activity. If substantiated in other species, these findings may have broad implications for our understanding of cardiovascular physiology in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till S Harter
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Emma A Smith
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cristina Salmerón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Angus B Thies
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Bryan Delgado
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rod W Wilson
- Biosciences Department, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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2
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Helgoe J, Davy SK, Weis VM, Rodriguez-Lanetty M. Triggers, cascades, and endpoints: connecting the dots of coral bleaching mechanisms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:715-752. [PMID: 38217089 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The intracellular coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis is the engine that underpins the success of coral reefs, one of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. However, the breakdown of the symbiosis and the loss of the microalgal symbiont (i.e. coral bleaching) due to environmental changes are resulting in the rapid degradation of coral reefs globally. There is an urgent need to understand the cellular physiology of coral bleaching at the mechanistic level to help develop solutions to mitigate the coral reef crisis. Here, at an unprecedented scope, we present novel models that integrate putative mechanisms of coral bleaching within a common framework according to the triggers (initiators of bleaching, e.g. heat, cold, light stress, hypoxia, hyposalinity), cascades (cellular pathways, e.g. photoinhibition, unfolded protein response, nitric oxide), and endpoints (mechanisms of symbiont loss, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis, exocytosis/vomocytosis). The models are supported by direct evidence from cnidarian systems, and indirectly through comparative evolutionary analyses from non-cnidarian systems. With this approach, new putative mechanisms have been established within and between cascades initiated by different bleaching triggers. In particular, the models provide new insights into the poorly understood connections between bleaching cascades and endpoints and highlight the role of a new mechanism of symbiont loss, i.e. 'symbiolysosomal digestion', which is different from symbiophagy. This review also increases the approachability of bleaching physiology for specialists and non-specialists by mapping the vast landscape of bleaching mechanisms in an atlas of comprehensible and detailed mechanistic models. We then discuss major knowledge gaps and how future research may improve the understanding of the connections between the diverse cascade of cellular pathways and the mechanisms of symbiont loss (endpoints).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Helgoe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 167, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Virginia M Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 2701 SW Campus Way, 2403 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Mauricio Rodriguez-Lanetty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 167, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, USA
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3
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Morgan MB, Williams J, Breeze B, English N, Higdon N, Onthank K, Qualley DF. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of oxybenzone and ocean acidification: new insight into vulnerable cellular processes in non-calcifying anthozoans. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1332446. [PMID: 38274044 PMCID: PMC10808722 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1332446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians face significant threats from ocean acidification (OA) and anthropogenic pollutants such as oxybenzone (BP-3). The convergence of threats from multiple stressors is an important area to investigate because of potential significant synergistic or antagonistic interactions. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to characterize the expression profiles of twenty-two genes of interest (GOI) in sea anemones (Exaiptasia diaphana) exposed to one of four treatments: 1) 96 h of OA conditions followed by a 4 h exposure to 20 ppb BP-3; 2) Exposure to 4 h 20 ppb BP-3 without 96 h of OA; 3) Exposure to 96 h of OA alone; or 4) laboratory conditions with no exposure to BP-3 and/or OA. These 22 GOIs represent cellular processes associated with proton-dependent transport, sodium-dependent transport, metal cation binding/transport, extracellular matrix, amino acid metabolism/transport, immunity, and/or steroidogenesis. These 22 GOIs provide new insight into vulnerable cellular processes in non-calcifying anthozoans exposed to OA and BP-3. Expression profiles were categorized as synergistic, antagonistic, or additive of BP-3 in the presence of OA. Two GOIs were synergistic. Fifteen GOIs were antagonistic and the remaining five GOIs were additive in response to BP-3 in acidified seawater. A subset of these GOIs appear to be candidate biomarkers for future in situ investigations. In human health, proton-dependent monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are promising pharmacological targets and recognized as potential biomarkers. By comparison, these same MCTs appear to be targets of xenobiotic chemical pollutants in cnidarian physiology. In the presence of BP-3, a network of collagen synthesis genes are upregulated and antagonistic in their expression profiles. Cytochrome b561 is a critical protein required for collagen synthesis and in silico modeling demonstrates BP-3 binds in the pocket of cytochrome b561. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of "drug-like" compounds such as BP-3 may lead to a more comprehensive interpretation of transcriptional expression profiles. The collective antagonistic responses of GOIs associated with collagen synthesis strongly suggests these GOIs should be considered candidate biomarkers of effect. GOIs with synergistic and additive responses represent candidate biomarkers of exposure. Results show the effects of OA and BP-3 are interactive with respect to their impact on cnidarians. This investigation offers mechanistic data that supports the expression profiles and underpins higher order physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Morgan
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Jacob Williams
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Barrett Breeze
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Nicholas English
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Nathaniel Higdon
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Kirt Onthank
- Department of Biology, Walla Walla University, College Place, WA, United States
| | - Dominic F. Qualley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
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4
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Glass BH, Ashey J, Okongwu AR, Putnam HM, Barott KL. Characterization of a sperm motility signalling pathway in a gonochoric coral suggests conservation across cnidarian sexual systems. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230085. [PMID: 37528706 PMCID: PMC10394420 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most stony corals liberate their gametes into the water column via broadcast spawning, where fertilization hinges upon the activation of directional sperm motility. Sperm from gonochoric and hermaphroditic corals display distinct morphological and molecular phenotypes, yet it is unknown whether the signalling pathways controlling sperm motility are also distinct between these sexual systems. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap using the gonochoric, broadcast spawning coral Astrangia poculata. We found that cytosolic alkalinization of sperm activates the pH-sensing enzyme soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), which is required for motility. Additionally, we demonstrate for the first time in any cnidarian that sAC activity leads to protein kinase A (PKA) activation, and that PKA activity contributes to sperm motility activation. Ultrastructures of A. poculata sperm displayed morphological homology with other gonochoric cnidarians, and sAC exhibited broad structural and functional conservation across this phylum. These results indicate a conserved role for pH-dependent sAC-cAMP-PKA signalling in sperm motility across coral sexual systems, and suggest that the role of this pathway in sperm motility may be ancestral in metazoans. Finally, the dynamics of this pH-sensitive pathway may play a critical role in determining the sensitivity of marine invertebrate reproduction to anthropogenic ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H. Glass
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jill Ashey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | | | - Hollie M. Putnam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Katie L. Barott
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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5
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Chang WW, Thies AB, Tresguerres M, Hu MY. Soluble adenylyl cyclase coordinates intracellular pH homeostasis and biomineralization in calcifying cells of a marine animal. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C777-C786. [PMID: 36779665 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00524.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralizing cells concentrate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and remove protons from the site of mineral precipitation. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms that orchestrate pH homeostasis and biomineralization of calcifying cells are poorly understood. Here, we report that the acid-base sensing enzyme soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) coordinates intracellular pH (pHi) regulation in the calcifying primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) of sea urchin larvae. Single-cell transcriptomics, in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemistry elucidated the spatiotemporal expression of sAC during skeletogenesis. Live pHi imaging of PMCs revealed that the downregulation of sAC activity with two structurally unrelated small molecules inhibited pHi regulation of PMCs, an effect that was rescued by the addition of cell-permeable cAMP. Pharmacological sAC inhibition also significantly reduced normal spicule growth and spicule regeneration, establishing a link between PMC pHi regulation and biomineralization. Finally, increased expression of sAC mRNA was detected during skeleton remineralization and exposure to CO2-induced acidification. These findings suggest that transcriptional regulation of sAC is required to promote remineralization and to compensate for acidic stress. This work highlights the central role of sAC in coordinating acid-base regulation and biomineralization in calcifying cells of a marine animal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angus B Thies
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, California, United States
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, California, United States
| | - Marian Y Hu
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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6
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Symbiotic dinoflagellates divert energy away from mutualism during coral bleaching recovery. Symbiosis 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-023-00901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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7
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Mandal M, Banik D, Karak A, Manna SK, Mahapatra AK. Spiropyran-Merocyanine Based Photochromic Fluorescent Probes: Design, Synthesis, and Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36988-37007. [PMID: 36312341 PMCID: PMC9608402 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to ever-increasing insights into their fundamental properties and photochromic behaviors, spiropyran derivatives are still a target of interest for researchers. The interswitching ability of this photochrome between the spiropyran (SP) and merocyanine (MC) isoforms under external stimuli (light, cations, anions, pH etc.) with different spectral properties as well as the protonation-deprotonation of its MC form allows researchers to use it suitably in sensing purposes by developing different colorimetric and fluorometric probes. Selective and sensitive recognition can be achieved by little modification of its SP moiety and functional groups. In this review, we emphasize the recent advancements (from 2019 to 2022) of spiropyran-merocyanine based fluorogenic and chromogenic probes for selective detection of various metal ions, anions, neutral analytes, and pH. We precisely explain their design strategies, sensing mechanisms, and biological and environmental applications. This review may accelerate the improvements in designing more advanced probes with innovative applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumi Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering
Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipanjan Banik
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering
Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Anirban Karak
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering
Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Saikat Kumar Manna
- Department
of Chemistry, Haldia Government College, Debhog, Haldia, Purba Medinipur 721657, West Bengal, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Mahapatra
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering
Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
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8
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Brown KT, Mello-Athayde MA, Sampayo EM, Chai A, Dove S, Barott KL. Environmental memory gained from exposure to extreme pCO 2 variability promotes coral cellular acid-base homeostasis. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220941. [PMID: 36100023 PMCID: PMC9470260 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification is a growing threat to coral growth and the accretion of coral reef ecosystems. Corals inhabiting environments that already endure extreme diel pCO2 fluctuations, however, may represent acidification-resilient populations capable of persisting on future reefs. Here, we examined the impact of pCO2 variability on the reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis originating from reefs with contrasting environmental histories (variable reef flat versus stable reef slope) following reciprocal exposure to stable (218 ± 9) or variable (911 ± 31) diel pCO2 amplitude (μtam) in aquaria over eight weeks. Endosymbiont density, photosynthesis and net calcification rates differed between origins but not treatment, whereas primary calcification (extension) was affected by both origin and acclimatization to novel pCO2 conditions. At the cellular level, corals from the variable reef flat exhibited less intracellular pH (pHi) acidosis and faster pHi recovery rates in response to experimental acidification stress (pH 7.40) than corals originating from the stable reef slope, suggesting environmental memory gained from lifelong exposure to pCO2 variability led to an improved ability to regulate acid–base homeostasis. These results highlight the role of cellular processes in maintaining acidification resilience and suggest that prior exposure to pCO2 variability may promote more acidification-resilient coral populations in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen T Brown
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matheus A Mello-Athayde
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Eugenia M Sampayo
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Aaron Chai
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sophie Dove
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Katie L Barott
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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9
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Thies AB, Quijada-Rodriguez AR, Zhouyao H, Weihrauch D, Tresguerres M. A Rhesus channel in the coral symbiosome membrane suggests a novel mechanism to regulate NH 3 and CO 2 delivery to algal symbionts. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm0303. [PMID: 35275725 PMCID: PMC8916725 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Reef-building corals maintain an intracellular photosymbiotic association with dinoflagellate algae. As the algae are hosted inside the symbiosome, all metabolic exchanges must take place across the symbiosome membrane. Using functional studies in Xenopus oocytes, immunolocalization, and confocal Airyscan microscopy, we established that Acropora yongei Rh (ayRhp1) facilitates transmembrane NH3 and CO2 diffusion and that it is present in the symbiosome membrane. Furthermore, ayRhp1 abundance in the symbiosome membrane was highest around midday and lowest around midnight. We conclude that ayRhp1 mediates a symbiosomal NH4+-trapping mechanism that promotes nitrogen delivery to algae during the day-necessary to sustain photosynthesis-and restricts nitrogen delivery at night-to keep algae under nitrogen limitation. The role of ayRhp1-facilitated CO2 diffusion is less clear, but it may have implications for metabolic dysregulation between symbiotic partners and bleaching. This previously unknown mechanism expands our understanding of symbioses at the immediate animal-microbe interface, the symbiosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus B. Thies
- Marine Biology research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.B.T.); (M.T.)
| | | | - Haonan Zhouyao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Dirk Weihrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.B.T.); (M.T.)
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10
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Banik D, Manna SK, Maiti A, Mahapatra AK. Recent Advancements in Colorimetric and Fluorescent pH Chemosensors: From Design Principles to Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1313-1373. [PMID: 35086371 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2023002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to the immense biological significance of pH in diverse living systems, the design, synthesis, and development of pH chemosensors for pH monitoring has been a very active research field in recent times. In this review, we summarize the designing strategies, sensing mechanisms, biological and environmental applications of fluorogenic and chromogenic pH chemosensors of the last three years (2018-2020). We categorized these pH probes into seven types based on their applications, including 1) Cancer cell discriminating pH probes; 2) Lysosome targetable pH probes; 3) Mitochondria targetable pH probes; 4) Golgi body targetable pH probes; 5) Endoplasmic reticulum targetable pH probes; 6) pH probes used in nonspecific cell imaging; and 7) pH probes without cell imaging. All these different categories exhibit diverse applications of pH probes in biological and environmental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Banik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Saikat Kumar Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Haldia Government College, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Anwesha Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India
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11
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Molecular mechanisms of sperm motility are conserved in an early-branching metazoan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2109993118. [PMID: 34810263 PMCID: PMC8640785 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109993118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reef-building corals are the keystone species of the world’s most biodiverse yet threatened marine ecosystems. Coral reproduction, critical for reef resilience, requires that coral sperm swim through the water column to reach the egg. However, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate coral sperm motility. We found here that coral sperm motility is pH dependent and that activation of motility requires signaling via the pH-sensing enzyme soluble adenylyl cyclase. This study reveals the deep conservation of a sperm activation pathway from humans to corals, presenting the first comprehensive examination of the molecular mechanisms regulating sperm motility in an early-diverging animal. These results are critical for understanding the resilience of this sensitive life stage to a changing marine environment. Efficient and targeted sperm motility is essential for animal reproductive success. Sperm from mammals and echinoderms utilize a highly conserved signaling mechanism in which sperm motility is stimulated by pH-dependent activation of the cAMP-producing enzyme soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). However, the presence of this pathway in early-branching metazoans has remained unexplored. Here, we found that elevating cytoplasmic pH induced a rapid burst of cAMP signaling and triggered the onset of motility in sperm from the reef-building coral Montipora capitata in a sAC-dependent manner. Expression of sAC in the mitochondrial-rich midpiece and flagellum of coral sperm support a dual role for this molecular pH sensor in regulating mitochondrial respiration and flagellar beating and thus motility. In addition, we found that additional members of the homologous signaling pathway described in echinoderms, both upstream and downstream of sAC, are expressed in coral sperm. These include the Na+/H+ exchanger SLC9C1, protein kinase A, and the CatSper Ca2+ channel conserved even in mammalian sperm. Indeed, the onset of motility corresponded with increased protein kinase A activity. Our discovery of this pathway in an early-branching metazoan species highlights the ancient origin of the pH-sAC-cAMP signaling node in sperm physiology and suggests that it may be present in many other marine invertebrate taxa for which sperm motility mechanisms remain unexplored. These results emphasize the need to better understand the role of pH-dependent signaling in the reproductive success of marine animals, particularly as climate change stressors continue to alter the physiology of corals and other marine invertebrates.
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12
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Innis T, Allen-Waller L, Brown KT, Sparagon W, Carlson C, Kruse E, Huffmyer AS, Nelson CE, Putnam HM, Barott KL. Marine heatwaves depress metabolic activity and impair cellular acid-base homeostasis in reef-building corals regardless of bleaching susceptibility. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2728-2743. [PMID: 33784420 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming is causing global coral bleaching events to increase in frequency, resulting in widespread coral mortality and disrupting the function of coral reef ecosystems. However, even during mass bleaching events, many corals resist bleaching despite exposure to abnormally high temperatures. While the physiological effects of bleaching have been well documented, the consequences of heat stress for bleaching-resistant individuals are not well understood. In addition, much remains to be learned about how heat stress affects cellular-level processes that may be overlooked at the organismal level, yet are crucial for coral performance in the short term and ecological success over the long term. Here we compared the physiological and cellular responses of bleaching-resistant and bleaching-susceptible corals throughout the 2019 marine heatwave in Hawai'i, a repeat bleaching event that occurred 4 years after the previous regional event. Relative bleaching susceptibility within species was consistent between the two bleaching events, yet corals of both resistant and susceptible phenotypes exhibited pronounced metabolic depression during the heatwave. At the cellular level, bleaching-susceptible corals had lower intracellular pH than bleaching-resistant corals at the peak of bleaching for both symbiont-hosting and symbiont-free cells, indicating greater disruption of acid-base homeostasis in bleaching-susceptible individuals. Notably, cells from both phenotypes were unable to compensate for experimentally induced cellular acidosis, indicating that acid-base regulation was significantly impaired at the cellular level even in bleaching-resistant corals and in cells containing symbionts. Thermal disturbances may thus have substantial ecological consequences, as even small reallocations in energy budgets to maintain homeostasis during stress can negatively affect fitness. These results suggest concern is warranted for corals coping with ocean acidification alongside ocean warming, as the feedback between temperature stress and acid-base regulation may further exacerbate the physiological effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teegan Innis
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Kristen T Brown
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Wesley Sparagon
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, Department of Oceanography and Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Elisa Kruse
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ariana S Huffmyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Craig E Nelson
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, Department of Oceanography and Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Hollie M Putnam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Katie L Barott
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Salmerón C, Harter TS, Kwan GT, Roa JN, Blair SD, Rummer JL, Shiels HA, Goss GG, Wilson RW, Tresguerres M. Molecular and biochemical characterization of the bicarbonate-sensing soluble adenylyl cyclase from a bony fish, the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20200026. [PMID: 33633829 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2020.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a HC O 3 - -stimulated enzyme that produces the ubiquitous signalling molecule cAMP, and deemed an evolutionarily conserved acid-base sensor. However, its presence is not yet confirmed in bony fishes, the most abundant and diverse of vertebrates. Here, we identified sAC genes in various cartilaginous, ray-finned and lobe-finned fish species. Next, we focused on rainbow trout sAC (rtsAC) and identified 20 potential alternative spliced mRNAs coding for protein isoforms ranging in size from 28 to 186 kDa. Biochemical and kinetic analyses on purified recombinant rtsAC protein determined stimulation by HC O 3 - at physiologically relevant levels for fish internal fluids (EC50 ∼ 7 mM). rtsAC activity was sensitive to KH7, LRE1, and DIDS (established inhibitors of sAC from other organisms), and insensitive to forskolin and 2,5-dideoxyadenosine (modulators of transmembrane adenylyl cyclases). Western blot and immunocytochemistry revealed high rtsAC expression in gill ion-transporting cells, hepatocytes, red blood cells, myocytes and cardiomyocytes. Analyses in the cell line RTgill-W1 suggested that some of the longer rtsAC isoforms may be preferentially localized in the nucleus, the Golgi apparatus and podosomes. These results indicate that sAC is poised to mediate multiple acid-base homeostatic responses in bony fishes, and provide cues about potential novel functions in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Salmerón
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Till S Harter
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Garfield T Kwan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jinae N Roa
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Salvatore D Blair
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, USA
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rod W Wilson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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14
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Capasso L, Ganot P, Planas-Bielsa V, Tambutté S, Zoccola D. Intracellular pH regulation: characterization and functional investigation of H + transporters in Stylophora pistillata. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:18. [PMID: 33685406 PMCID: PMC7941709 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reef-building corals regularly experience changes in intra- and extracellular H+ concentrations ([H+]) due to physiological and environmental processes. Stringent control of [H+] is required to maintain the homeostatic acid-base balance in coral cells and is achieved through the regulation of intracellular pH (pHi). This task is especially challenging for reef-building corals that share an endosymbiotic relationship with photosynthetic dinoflagellates (family Symbiodinaceae), which significantly affect the pHi of coral cells. Despite their importance, the pH regulatory proteins involved in the homeostatic acid-base balance have been scarcely investigated in corals. Here, we report in the coral Stylophora pistillata a full characterization of the genomic structure, domain topology and phylogeny of three major H+ transporter families that are known to play a role in the intracellular pH regulation of animal cells; we investigated their tissue-specific expression patterns and assessed the effect of seawater acidification on their expression levels. RESULTS We identified members of the Na+/H+ exchanger (SLC9), vacuolar-type electrogenic H+-ATP hydrolase (V-ATPase) and voltage-gated proton channel (HvCN) families in the genome and transcriptome of S. pistillata. In addition, we identified a novel member of the HvCN gene family in the cnidarian subclass Hexacorallia that has not been previously described in any species. We also identified key residues that contribute to H+ transporter substrate specificity, protein function and regulation. Last, we demonstrated that some of these proteins have different tissue expression patterns, and most are unaffected by exposure to seawater acidification. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we provide the first characterization of H+ transporters that might contribute to the homeostatic acid-base balance in coral cells. This work will enrich the knowledge of the basic aspects of coral biology and has important implications for our understanding of how corals regulate their intracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Capasso
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Monaco.,Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Ganot
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | | | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Didier Zoccola
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Monaco.
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15
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Xiao Y, Hu F, Luo X, Zhao M, Sun Z, Qian X, Yang Y. Modulating the pKa Values of Hill-Type pH Probes for Biorelevant Acidic pH Range. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 4:2097-2103. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhenglong Sun
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology (SIBET), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Xuhong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Youjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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16
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Kwan GT, Smith TR, Tresguerres M. Immunological characterization of two types of ionocytes in the inner ear epithelium of Pacific Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus). J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:419-431. [PMID: 32468089 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The inner ear is essential for maintaining balance and hearing predator and prey in the environment. Each inner ear contains three CaCO3 otolith polycrystals, which are calcified within an alkaline, K+-rich endolymph secreted by the surrounding epithelium. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms are poorly understood, especially in marine fish. Here, we investigated the presence and cellular localization of several ion-transporting proteins within the saccular epithelium of the Pacific Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus). Western blotting revealed the presence of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), carbonic anhydrase (CA), Na+-K+-2Cl--co-transporter (NKCC), vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (VHA), plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA), and soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). Immunohistochemistry analysis identified two distinct ionocytes types in the saccular epithelium: Type-I ionocytes were mitochondrion-rich and abundantly expressed NKA and NKCC in their basolateral membrane, indicating a role in secreting K+ into the endolymph. On the other hand, Type-II ionocytes were enriched in cytoplasmic CA and VHA, suggesting they help transport HCO3- into the endolymph and remove H+. In addition, both types of ionocytes expressed cytoplasmic PMCA, which is likely involved in Ca2+ transport and homeostasis, as well as sAC, an evolutionary conserved acid-base sensing enzyme that regulates epithelial ion transport. Furthermore, CA, VHA, and sAC were also expressed within the capillaries that supply blood to the meshwork area, suggesting additional mechanisms that contribute to otolith calcification. This information improves our knowledge about the cellular mechanisms responsible for endolymph ion regulation and otolith formation, and can help understand responses to environmental stressors such as ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garfield T Kwan
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Taylor R Smith
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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17
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Tresguerres M, Clifford AM, Harter TS, Roa JN, Thies AB, Yee DP, Brauner CJ. Evolutionary links between intra- and extracellular acid-base regulation in fish and other aquatic animals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:449-465. [PMID: 32458594 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The acid-base relevant molecules carbon dioxide (CO2 ), protons (H+ ), and bicarbonate (HCO3 - ) are substrates and end products of some of the most essential physiological functions including aerobic and anaerobic respiration, ATP hydrolysis, photosynthesis, and calcification. The structure and function of many enzymes and other macromolecules are highly sensitive to changes in pH, and thus maintaining acid-base homeostasis in the face of metabolic and environmental disturbances is essential for proper cellular function. On the other hand, CO2 , H+ , and HCO3 - have regulatory effects on various proteins and processes, both directly through allosteric modulation and indirectly through signal transduction pathways. Life in aquatic environments presents organisms with distinct acid-base challenges that are not found in terrestrial environments. These include a relatively high CO2 relative to O2 solubility that prevents internal CO2 /HCO3 - accumulation to buffer pH, a lower O2 content that may favor anaerobic metabolism, and variable environmental CO2 , pH and O2 levels that require dynamic adjustments in acid-base homeostatic mechanisms. Additionally, some aquatic animals purposely create acidic or alkaline microenvironments that drive specialized physiological functions. For example, acidifying mechanisms can enhance O2 delivery by red blood cells, lead to ammonia trapping for excretion or buoyancy purposes, or lead to CO2 accumulation to promote photosynthesis by endosymbiotic algae. On the other hand, alkalinizing mechanisms can serve to promote calcium carbonate skeletal formation. This nonexhaustive review summarizes some of the distinct acid-base homeostatic mechanisms that have evolved in aquatic organisms to meet the particular challenges of this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Alexander M Clifford
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Till S Harter
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jinae N Roa
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Angus B Thies
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Daniel P Yee
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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18
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Benitez-Martin C, Guadix JA, Pearson JR, Najera F, Perez-Pomares JM, Perez-Inestrosa E. Indolenine-Based Derivatives as Customizable Two-Photon Fluorescent Probes for pH Bioimaging in Living Cells. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1068-1074. [PMID: 32227860 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel pH probes based on 2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-3H-indole have been synthesized and characterized. These compounds display excellent "off-on" fluorescence responses to acidic pH especially under two-photon (TP) excitation conditions as well as strong selectivity and sensitivity toward H+. These features are supported by fluorescence quantum yields over 35%, TP cross sections ∼60 GM, and good resistance to photodegradation under acidic conditions. The synthetic versatility of this model allows subcellular targets to be tuned through minor scaffold modifications without affecting its optical characteristics. The effectiveness of the probes' innate photophysical properties and the structural modifications for different pH-related applications are demonstrated in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Benitez-Martin
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnologı́a-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Juan A. Guadix
- Departamento de Biologı́a Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnologı́a-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - John R. Pearson
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnologı́a-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Francisco Najera
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnologı́a-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Jose M. Perez-Pomares
- Departamento de Biologı́a Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnologı́a-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Perez-Inestrosa
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnologı́a-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga 29071, Spain
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19
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Regulation of coral calcification by the acid-base sensing enzyme soluble adenylyl cyclase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:576-580. [PMID: 32115151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coral calcification is intricately linked to the chemical composition of the fluid in the extracellular calcifying medium (ECM), which is situated between the calcifying cells and the skeleton. Here we demonstrate that the acid-base sensing enzyme soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is expressed in calcifying cells of the coral Stylophora pistillata. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of sAC in coral microcolonies resulted in acidification of the ECM as estimated by the pH-sensitive ratiometric indicator SNARF, and decreased calcification rates, as estimated by calcein labeling of crystal growth. These results indicate that sAC activity modulates some of the molecular machinery involved in producing the coral skeleton, which could include ion-transporting proteins and vesicular transport. To our knowledge this is the first study to directly demonstrate biological regulation of the alkaline pH of the coral ECM and its correlation with calcification.
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20
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Melzner F, Mark FC, Seibel BA, Tomanek L. Ocean Acidification and Coastal Marine Invertebrates: Tracking CO 2 Effects from Seawater to the Cell. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2020; 12:499-523. [PMID: 31451083 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, numerous studies have investigated the impacts of simulated ocean acidification on marine species and communities, particularly those inhabiting dynamic coastal systems. Despite these research efforts, there are many gaps in our understanding, particularly with respect to physiological mechanisms that lead to pathologies. In this review, we trace how carbonate system disturbances propagate from the coastal environment into marine invertebrates and highlight mechanistic links between these disturbances and organism function. We also point toward several processes related to basic invertebrate biology that are severely understudied and prevent an accurate understanding of how carbonate system dynamics influence organismic homeostasis and fitness-related traits. We recommend that significant research effort be directed to studying cellular phenotypes of invertebrates acclimated or adapted to elevated seawater pCO2 using biochemical and physiological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Melzner
- Marine Ecology Research Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Felix C Mark
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
| | - Brad A Seibel
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA;
| | - Lars Tomanek
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA;
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21
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Drake JL, Mass T, Stolarski J, Von Euw S, van de Schootbrugge B, Falkowski PG. How corals made rocks through the ages. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:31-53. [PMID: 31696576 PMCID: PMC6942544 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hard, or stony, corals make rocks that can, on geological time scales, lead to the formation of massive reefs in shallow tropical and subtropical seas. In both historical and contemporary oceans, reef-building corals retain information about the marine environment in their skeletons, which is an organic-inorganic composite material. The elemental and isotopic composition of their skeletons is frequently used to reconstruct the environmental history of Earth's oceans over time, including temperature, pH, and salinity. Interpretation of this information requires knowledge of how the organisms formed their skeletons. The basic mechanism of formation of calcium carbonate skeleton in stony corals has been studied for decades. While some researchers consider coral skeletons as mainly passive recorders of ocean conditions, it has become increasingly clear that biological processes play key roles in the biomineralization mechanism. Understanding the role of the animal in living stony coral biomineralization and how it evolved has profound implications for interpreting environmental signatures in fossil corals to understand past ocean conditions. Here we review historical hypotheses and discuss the present understanding of how corals evolved and how their skeletons changed over geological time. We specifically explain how biological processes, particularly those occurring at the subcellular level, critically control the formation of calcium carbonate structures. We examine the different models that address the current debate including the tissue-skeleton interface, skeletal organic matrix, and biomineralization pathways. Finally, we consider how understanding the biological control of coral biomineralization is critical to informing future models of coral vulnerability to inevitable global change, particularly increasing ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeana L Drake
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tali Mass
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Stanislas Von Euw
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Paul G Falkowski
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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22
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Howald S, Cominassi L, LeBayon N, Claireaux G, Mark FC. Future ocean warming may prove beneficial for the northern population of European seabass, but ocean acidification will not. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.213017. [PMID: 31624098 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.213017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The world's oceans are acidifying and warming as a result of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The thermal tolerance of fish greatly depends on the cardiovascular ability to supply the tissues with oxygen. The highly oxygen-dependent heart mitochondria thus might play a key role in shaping an organism's tolerance to temperature. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of acute and chronic warming on the respiratory capacity of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) heart mitochondria. We hypothesized that acute warming would impair mitochondrial respiratory capacity, but be compensated for by life-time conditioning. Increasing P CO2 may additionally cause shifts in metabolic pathways by inhibiting several enzymes of the cellular energy metabolism. Among other shifts in metabolic pathways, acute warming of heart mitochondria of cold life-conditioned fish increased leak respiration rate, suggesting a lower aerobic capacity to synthesize ATP with acute warming. However, thermal conditioning increased mitochondrial functionality, e.g. higher respiratory control ratios in heart mitochondria of warm life-conditioned compared with cold life-conditioned fish. Exposure to high P CO2 synergistically amplified the effects of acute and long-term warming, but did not result in changes by itself. This high ability to maintain mitochondrial function under ocean acidification can be explained by the fact that seabass are generally able to acclimate to a variety of environmental conditions. Improved mitochondrial energy metabolism after warm conditioning could be due to the origin of this species in the warm waters of the Mediterranean. Our results also indicate that seabass are not yet fully adapted to the colder temperatures in their northern distribution range and might benefit from warmer temperatures in these latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Howald
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany .,Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Louise Cominassi
- Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas LeBayon
- Ifremer, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Laboratory of Adaptation, and Nutrition of Fish, Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Guy Claireaux
- Ifremer, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Laboratory of Adaptation, and Nutrition of Fish, Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, 29280 Plouzané, France.,Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR (UMR 6539), 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Felix C Mark
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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23
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Barron ME, Thies AB, Espinoza JA, Barott KL, Hamdoun A, Tresguerres M. A vesicular Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in coral calcifying cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205367. [PMID: 30379874 PMCID: PMC6209159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium carbonate skeletons of corals provide the underlying structure of coral reefs; however, the cellular mechanisms responsible for coral calcification remain poorly understood. In osteoblasts from vertebrate animals, a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) present in the plasma membrane transports Ca2+ to the site of bone formation. The aims of this study were to establish whether NCX exists in corals and its localization within coral cells, which are essential first steps to investigate its potential involvement in calcification. Data mining identified genes encoding for NCX proteins in multiple coral species, a subset of which were more closely related to NCXs from vertebrates (NCXA). We cloned NCXA from Acropora yongei (AyNCXA), which, unexpectedly, contained a peptide signal that targets proteins to vesicles from the secretory pathway. AyNCXA subcellular localization was confirmed by heterologous expression of fluorescently tagged AyNCXA protein in sea urchin embryos, which localized together with known markers of intracellular vesicles. Finally, immunolabeling of coral tissues with specific antibodies revealed AyNCXA was present throughout coral tissue. AyNCXA was especially abundant in calcifying cells, where it exhibited a subcellular localization pattern consistent with intracellular vesicles. Altogether, our results demonstrate AyNCXA is present in vesicles in coral calcifying cells, where potential functions include intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and Ca2+ transport to the growing skeleton as part of an intracellular calcification mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Barron
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Angus B. Thies
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jose A. Espinoza
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Katie L. Barott
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Amro Hamdoun
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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24
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Molecular, Enzymatic, and Cellular Characterization of Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase From Aquatic Animals. Methods Enzymol 2018; 605:525-549. [PMID: 29909838 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is the most recently identified source of the messenger molecule cyclic adenosine monophosphate. sAC is evolutionarily conserved from cyanobacteria to human, is directly stimulated by [Formula: see text] ions, and can act as a sensor of environmental and metabolic CO2, pH, and [Formula: see text] levels. sAC genes tend to have multiple alternative promoters, undergo extensive alternative splicing, be translated into low mRNA levels, and the numerous sAC protein isoforms may be present in various subcellular localizations. In aquatic organisms, sAC has been shown to mediate various functions including intracellular pH regulation in coral, blood acid/base regulation in shark, heart beat rate in hagfish, and NaCl absorption in fish intestine. Furthermore, sAC is present in multiple other species and tissues, and sAC protein and enzymatic activity have been reported in the cytoplasm, the nucleus, and other subcellular compartments, suggesting even more diverse physiological roles. Although the methods and experimental tools used to study sAC are conventional, the complexity of sAC genes and proteins requires special considerations that are discussed in this chapter.
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