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Acharya K, Shaw S, Bhattacharya SP, Biswas S, Bhandary S, Bhattacharya A. Pigments from pathogenic bacteria: a comprehensive update on recent advances. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:270. [PMID: 39030429 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial pigments stand out as exceptional natural bioactive compounds with versatile functionalities. The pigments represent molecules from distinct chemical categories including terpenes, terpenoids, carotenoids, pyridine, pyrrole, indole, and phenazines, which are synthesized by diverse groups of bacteria. Their spectrum of physiological activities encompasses bioactive potentials that often confer fitness advantages to facilitate the survival of bacteria amid challenging environmental conditions. A large proportion of such pigments are produced by bacterial pathogens mostly as secondary metabolites. Their multifaceted properties augment potential applications in biomedical, food, pharmaceutical, textile, paint industries, bioremediation, and in biosensor development. Apart from possessing a less detrimental impact on health with environmentally beneficial attributes, tractable and scalable production strategies render bacterial pigments a sustainable option for novel biotechnological exploration for untapped discoveries. The review offers a comprehensive account of physiological role of pigments from bacterial pathogens, production strategies, and potential applications in various biomedical and biotechnological fields. Alongside, the prospect of combining bacterial pigment research with cutting-edge approaches like nanotechnology has been discussed to highlight future endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusumita Acharya
- AMR-Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | - Swarna Shaw
- AMR-Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | | | - Shatarupa Biswas
- AMR-Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | - Suman Bhandary
- AMR-Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, 700126, India.
| | - Arijit Bhattacharya
- AMR-Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, 700126, India.
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Jones KR, Belden LK, Hughey MC. Priority effects alter microbiome composition and increase abundance of probiotic taxa in treefrog tadpoles. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0061924. [PMID: 38757977 PMCID: PMC11218634 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00619-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Host-associated microbial communities, like other ecological communities, may be impacted by the colonization order of taxa through priority effects. Developing embryos and their associated microbiomes are subject to stochasticity during colonization by bacteria. For amphibian embryos, often developing externally in bacteria-rich environments, this stochasticity may be particularly impactful. For example, the amphibian microbiome can mitigate lethal outcomes from disease for their hosts; however, this may depend on microbiome composition. Here, we examined the assembly of the bacterial community in spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) embryos and tadpoles. First, we reared embryos from identified mating pairs in either lab or field environments to examine the relative impact of environment and parentage on embryo and tadpole bacterial communities. Second, we experimentally inoculated embryos to determine if priority effects (i) could be used to increase the relative abundance of Janthinobacterium lividum, an amphibian-associated bacteria capable of preventing fungal infection, and (ii) would lead to observed differences in the relative abundances of two closely related bacteria from the genus Pseudomonas. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we observed differences in community composition based on rearing location and parentage in embryos and tadpoles. In the inoculation experiment, we found that priority inoculation could increase the relative abundance of J. lividum, but did not find that either Pseudomonas isolate was able to prevent colonization by the other when given priority. These results highlight the importance of environmental source pools and parentage in determining microbiome composition, while also providing novel methods for the administration of a known amphibian probiotic. IMPORTANCE Harnessing the functions of host-associated bacteria is a promising mechanism for managing disease outcomes across different host species. In the case of amphibians, certain frog-associated bacteria can mitigate lethal outcomes of infection by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Successful probiotic applications require knowledge of community assembly and an understanding of the ecological mechanisms that structure these symbiotic bacterial communities. In our study, we show the importance of environment and parentage in determining bacterial community composition and that community composition can be influenced by priority effects. Further, we provide support for the use of bacterial priority effects as a mechanism to increase the relative abundance of target probiotic taxa in a developing host. While our results show that priority effects are not universally effective across all host-associated bacteria, our ability to increase the relative abundance of specific probiotic taxa may enhance conservation strategies that rely on captive rearing of endangered vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korin Rex Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Lisa K. Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Myra C. Hughey
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
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Wax N, Walke JB, Haak DC, Belden LK. Comparative genomics of bacteria from amphibian skin associated with inhibition of an amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15714. [PMID: 37637170 PMCID: PMC10452622 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a skin disease associated with worldwide amphibian declines. Symbiotic microbes living on amphibian skin interact with Bd and may alter infection outcomes. We completed whole genome sequencing of 40 bacterial isolates cultured from the skin of four amphibian species in the Eastern US. Each isolate was tested in vitro for the ability to inhibit Bd growth. The aim of this study was to identify genomic differences among the isolates and generate hypotheses about the genomic underpinnings of Bd growth inhibition. We identified sixty-five gene families that were present in all 40 isolates. Screening for common biosynthetic gene clusters revealed that this set of isolates contained a wide variety of clusters; the two most abundant clusters with potential antifungal activity were siderophores (N=17 isolates) and Type III polyketide synthases (N=22 isolates). We then examined various subsets of the 22 isolates in the phylum Proteobacteria for genes encoding specific compounds that may inhibit fungal growth, including chitinase and violacein. We identified differences in Agrobacterium and Sphingomonas isolates in the chitinase genes that showed some association with anti-Bd activity, as well as variation in the violacein genes in the Janthinobacterium isolates. Using a comparative genomics approach, we generated several testable hypotheses about differences among bacterial isolates from amphibian skin communities that could contribute to variation in the ability to inhibit Bd growth. Further work is necessary to explore and uncover the various mechanisms utilized by amphibian skin bacterial isolates to inhibit Bd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Wax
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Jenifer B. Walke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, United States of America
| | - David C. Haak
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Lisa K. Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
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The Kiss of Death: Serratia marcescens Antibacterial Activities against Staphylococcus aureus Requires Both
de novo
Prodigiosin Synthesis and Direct Contact. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0060722. [PMID: 35435740 PMCID: PMC9241871 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00607-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibacterial activities of prodigiosin are well-established but, as a hydrophobic molecule, the mechanisms used to introduce it to susceptible microbes has never been studied. We found here, in contrast to violacein, another hydrophobic antibiotic that can be transferred using membrane vesicles (MVs), prodigiosin is also carried from
Serratia marcescens
in MVs released but its resulting activities were severely mitigated compared to the freely added compound, suggesting it is more tightly bound to the MVs than violacein.
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Becker MH, Brophy JAN, Barrett K, Bronikowski E, Evans M, Glassey E, Kaganer AW, Klocke B, Lassiter E, Meyer AJ, Muletz-Wolz CR, Fleischer RC, Voigt CA, Gratwicke B. Genetically modifying skin microbe to produce violacein and augmenting microbiome did not defend Panamanian golden frogs from disease. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:57. [PMID: 37938636 PMCID: PMC9723765 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00044-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
We designed two probiotic treatments to control chytridiomycosis caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) on infected Panamanian golden frogs (Atelopus zeteki), a species that is thought to be extinct in the wild due to Bd. The first approach disrupted the existing skin microbe community with antibiotics then exposed the frogs to a core golden frog skin microbe (Diaphorobacter sp.) that we genetically modified to produce high titers of violacein, a known antifungal compound. One day following probiotic treatment, the engineered Diaphorobacter and the violacein-producing pathway could be detected on the frogs but the treatment failed to improve frog survival when exposed to Bd. The second approach exposed frogs to the genetically modified bacterium mixed into a consortium with six other known anti-Bd bacteria isolated from captive A. zeteki, with no preliminary antibiotic treatment. The consortium treatment increased the frequency and abundance of three probiotic isolates (Janthinobacterium, Chryseobacterium, and Stenotrophomonas) and these persisted on the skin 4 weeks after probiotic treatment. There was a temporary increase in the frequency and abundance of three other probiotics isolates (Masillia, Serratia, and Pseudomonas) and the engineered Diaphorobacter isolate, but they subsequently disappeared from the skin. This treatment also failed to reduce frog mortality upon exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Becker
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, Front Royal, VA, USA
- Liberty University Department of Biology and Chemistry, Lynchburg, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer A N Brophy
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ed Bronikowski
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Reptile Discovery Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew Evans
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Reptile Discovery Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Emerson Glassey
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alyssa W Kaganer
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Blake Klocke
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, Front Royal, VA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Elliot Lassiter
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Reptile Discovery Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Adam J Meyer
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carly R Muletz-Wolz
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation Genetics, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - Robert C Fleischer
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation Genetics, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - Christopher A Voigt
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brian Gratwicke
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, Front Royal, VA, USA.
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Zhu W, Shi X, Qi Y, Wang X, Chang L, Zhao C, Zhu L, Jiang J. Commensal microbiota and host metabolic divergence are associated with the adaptation of Diploderma vela to spatially heterogeneous environments. Integr Zool 2021; 17:346-365. [PMID: 34520122 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous environment adaptation is critical to understand the species evolution and response to climate change. However, how narrow-range species adapt to micro-geographic heterogeneity has been overlooked, and there is a lack of insights from metabolism and commensal microbiota. Here, we studied the environmental adaptation for 3 geographic populations (>40 km apart) of Diploderma vela, a lizard endemic to dry-hot valleys of the Hengduan Mountain Region. The climatic boundary caused a cooler, droughtier, and barren environment for northernmost population (RM) than the middle (QZK) and southernmost populations (FS). Correspondingly, significant divergences in liver and muscle metabolism and commensal microbiota were detected between RM and QZK or FS individuals, but not between QZK and FS individuals. Phospholipid composition, coenzyme level (i.e. pyridoxal and NAD+ ), and cholesterol metabolism (e.g. androgen and estriol synthesis) constituted the major metabolic difference between RM and QZK/FS groups. FS and QZK individuals kept abundant Proteobacteria and antifungal strains, while RM individuals maintained more Firmicutes and Bacteroidota. Strong associations existed between varied host metabolite and gut microbes. How were these interpopulation variations associated to the environment adaptation were discussed. These results provided some novel insights into the environmental adaptation and implicated the consequence of climate change on narrow-range species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiudong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China.,Mangkang Ecological Station, Tibet Ecological Safety Monitor Network, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China
| | - Lifeng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China.,Mangkang Ecological Station, Tibet Ecological Safety Monitor Network, Chengdu, China
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Choi SY, Lim S, Yoon KH, Lee JI, Mitchell RJ. Biotechnological Activities and Applications of Bacterial Pigments Violacein and Prodigiosin. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:10. [PMID: 33706806 PMCID: PMC7948353 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss violacein and prodigiosin, two chromogenic bacterial secondary metabolites that have diverse biological activities. Although both compounds were "discovered" more than seven decades ago, interest into their biological applications has grown in the last two decades, particularly driven by their antimicrobial and anticancer properties. These topics will be discussed in the first half of this review. The latter half delves into the current efforts of groups to produce these two compounds. This includes in both their native bacterial hosts and heterogeneously in other bacterial hosts, including discussing some of the caveats related to the yields reported in the literature, and some of the synthetic biology techniques employed in this pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Yeol Choi
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Sungbin Lim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hye Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do, South Korea.
| | - Jin I Lee
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Mirae Campus, Wonju, Gangwon-do, South Korea.
| | - Robert J Mitchell
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
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