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Lindner JR, Ebrahimi A, Kochanowicz JF, Szczupak J, Paris T, Abdelsamie A, Parikh SV, McShane R, Costi S. Preliminary Evaluation of a Web-Based International Journal Club for Ketamine in Psychiatric Disorders: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. JMIR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 9:e46158. [PMID: 37910164 PMCID: PMC10652200 DOI: 10.2196/46158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of novel rapid-acting antidepressants for psychiatric disorders is expanding. The web-based Ketamine and Related Compounds International Journal Club (KIJC) was created during the COVID-19 pandemic by UK academic psychiatrists and trainees for interested global professionals to discuss papers related to the topic of ketamine for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The KIJC aimed to facilitate bidirectional discussions, sharing of ideas, and networking among participants. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is a preliminary evaluation of the journal club's format for satisfaction and impact after the first year of running. METHODS A website, email, and word of mouth were used for recruitment. The journal club was held twice per month using videoconferencing software in 3 parts: a 20-minute presentation, a 15-minute chaired question and answer session, and a 25-minute informal discussion with participants' cameras on. The first 2 parts were recorded and uploaded to the website alongside links to the corresponding papers. In total, 24 speakers presented from 8 countries, typically within 2 (SD 2) months of publication. The average attendance was 51 (SD 20) audience members, and there were 63 (SD 50) views of each subsequent recording. Two anonymous web-based cross-sectional surveys were conducted from November 2021 to February 2022, one for speakers and another for audience members, separately. Various survey statements, 14 for speakers and 12 for the audience, were categorized according to satisfaction and impact, alongside obtaining participants' primary career roles and requesting optional written feedback. Responses were compared between both groups and analyzed, including an inductive thematic analysis and a summary of lessons learned. RESULTS A total of 30 survey responses were obtained, demonstrating overall agreement with the statements. In total, 12 (50%) out of 24 speakers and 18 (35%) out of an average of 51 (SD 20) audience members regarded the journal club's format as satisfying and impactful. The majority (26/30, 87%) of respondents identified as clinicians (9/30, 30%), researchers (9/30, 30%), and clinician-researchers (8/30, 27%). Additionally, 11 (37%) of the 30 respondents also provided optional written feedback: 3 (10%) speakers and 8 (27%) audience members. From the written feedback, 5 main themes were derived: engagement with the journal club, desire for active participation, improving the platform, positive learning experiences, and suggestions for future sessions. CONCLUSIONS The journal club successfully reached its intended audience and developed into a web-based community. The majority of the participants were satisfied with the format and found it impactful. Overall, the journal club appears to be a valuable tool for knowledge sharing and community building in the field of ketamine use for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. A larger sample size and additional testing methods are required to support the generalizability of the journal club's format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek R Lindner
- Interventional Psychiatry Service, Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ashkan Ebrahimi
- Medicine Program, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Justyna Szczupak
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Paris
- Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Abdelsamie
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sagar V Parikh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rupert McShane
- Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Costi
- Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Gregor R, Johnston J, Coe LSY, Evans N, Forsythe D, Jones R, Muratore D, de Oliveira BFR, Szabo R, Wan Y, Williams J, Chappell CR, Matsuda SB, Ortiz Alvarez de la Campa M, Weissman JL. Building a queer- and trans-inclusive microbiology conference. mSystems 2023; 8:e0043323. [PMID: 37800938 PMCID: PMC10783533 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00433-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiology conferences can be powerful places to build collaborations and exchange ideas, but for queer and transgender (trans) scientists, they can also become sources of alienation and isolation. Many conference organizers would like to create welcoming and inclusive events but feel ill-equipped to make this vision a reality, and a historical lack of representation of queer and trans folks in microbiology means we rarely occupy these key leadership roles ourselves. Looking more broadly, queer and trans scientists are systematically marginalized across scientific fields, leading to disparities in career outcomes, professional networks, and opportunities, as well as the loss of unique scientific perspectives at all levels. For queer and trans folks with multiple, intersecting, marginalized identities, these barriers often become even more severe. Here, we draw from our experiences as early-career microbiologists to provide concrete, practical advice to help conference organizers across research communities design inclusive, safe, and welcoming conferences, where queer and trans scientists can flourish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Gregor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Juliet Johnston
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lisa Shu Yang Coe
- Division of Science, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Natalya Evans
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Desiree Forsythe
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
| | - Robert Jones
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel Szabo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu Wan
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jelani Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Shayle B. Matsuda
- Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Queer and Trans in Microbiology Consortium
FagreAnna C.FreseSteven A.HamiltonMariaLabbateMaurizioMollnerMcKMoroenyaneItumelengPacciani-MoriLeonardoPiedadeGonçalo J.PontrelliSammyYangMica Y.WeissAnna C. B.ZablockiOlivierVyasHeema Kumari Nilesh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Science, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - J. L. Weissman
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Lee KY, Chen CY, Chen JK, Liu CC, Chang KC, Fung XCC, Chen JS, Kao YC, Potenza MN, Pakpour AH, Lin CY. Exploring mediational roles for self-stigma in associations between types of problematic use of internet and psychological distress in youth with ADHD. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 133:104410. [PMID: 36603311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have linked the problematic use of the Internet (PUI) to psychological distress. Youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are considered a particular disadvantaged population with a high risk of developing PUI, psychological distress, and self-stigma. Nonetheless, the interrelationships of PUI, self-stigma, and psychological distress in adolescents with ADHD are not well understood. AIMS This study investigated whether self-stigma mediates relationships between different forms of PUI, such as problematic gaming (PG), problematic social media use (PSMU), problematic smartphone use (PSPU), and psychological distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress), in children with ADHD. METHODS AND PROCEDURES We recruited 100 youth with ADHD (mean age=10.80 [SD=3.07] years; 84 boys) from psychiatric outpatient clinics in Taiwan. All participants were assessed for PUI (via Internet Gaming Disorder-Short Form for PG, Bergan Social Medica Addiction Scale for PSMU, and Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale for PSPU), self-stigma (via Self-Stigma Short-Scale), and psychological distress (via Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale). OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The results of path and bootstrapping analyses indicated that self-stigma mediated the associations between PSMU and PSPU, but not PG, and depression, anxiety, and stress. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study expands the extant literature by revealing that self-stigma mediates the association between specific forms of PUI and psychological distress in adolescents with ADHD. Interventions aimed at reducing self-stigma and PUI, particularly PSMU and PSPU, may help decrease psychological distress among adolescents with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ying Lee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ying Chen
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; New Taipei City Tucheng Hospital (Chang Gung Medical Foundation), Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Kang Chen
- Department of Social Work, Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Chih-Ching Liu
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Chia Chang
- Department of General Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Xavier C C Fung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Kao
- Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Cornell J, Taj A, Sivinski J, Yin M, Bhatia P, Oula D, Fatschel S, Franklin P, Noel J, Colloca L, Seneviratne C. Integration of virtual platforms for enhanced conference experience: Data-based evidence from the Society of Interdisciplinary Placebo Studies 2021 conference. FRONTIERS IN COMMUNICATION 2022; 7:857661. [PMID: 36081878 PMCID: PMC9451137 DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2022.857661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Society of Interdisciplinary Placebo Studies (SIPS) was one of many organizations that hosted a virtual scientific conference in response to the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Retaining essential benefits of an in-person conference experience was a primary objective for the SIPS conference planning committee and guided the selection of a virtual platform on which to host the 2021 meeting. This article reports on the methods used to design and analyze an engaging, virtual scientific conference, along with the findings and implications for future meetings. METHODS Participant use of and interaction with different features of the conference platform were recorded and exported for analysis. Additionally, all SIPS conference attendees were invited to complete a brief, online post-conference survey that inquired about their perceptions of the SIPS conference specifically as well as their opinions of virtual and hybrid conferences in general. Using these data, we assessed (1) attendance patterns, (2) level of engagement, and (3) attendee satisfaction. RESULTS The platform recorded 438 unique, active conference attendees who used either a mobile app, web browser, or both to participate during the 3-day program. Seventy-four percent (N = 324) of active users attended all 3 days with 30 and 26 new attendees on Days 2 and 3, respectively. The connections feature offered on the platform was the most utilized function within the online forum. Attendance in the parallel workshop sessions remained constant across the 3 days, with an average of 44.6% (SD = 6.77) of people moving between workshops within a single session. The two poster sessions had an average of 47.6 (SD = 17.97) and 27.8 (SD = 10.24) unique views per poster, respectively. Eleven percent (N = 48) of attendees completed the post-conference survey. Thirty-six percent of these responders stated they were only able to attend because the conference was offered virtually. Further, the quality of the conference had an average satisfaction rating of 68.08 out of 100 (SD = 22.94). CONCLUSION Results of data analyses suggest the virtual platform allowed for those who were unable to attend to join virtually, produced moderate engagement throughout the conference, and that the majority of attendees were satisfied with the quality of the fully-virtual conference. Therefore, incorporating virtual aspects in future in-person conferences could enhance conference experience and participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cornell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ariana Taj
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John Sivinski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Margaret Yin
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Parth Bhatia
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Desai Oula
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Office of Research Administration, MPowering the State Initiative University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Sophia Fatschel
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States
- College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Patricia Franklin
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jason Noel
- Depatment of Pharmacy Practice and Science University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Luana Colloca
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chamindi Seneviratne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Evans K. The impact of COVID-19 on doctoral research: adapting to the challenges and the opportunities of disruption. Nurse Res 2022; 30:8-11. [PMID: 35322944 DOI: 10.7748/nr.2022.e1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The author is a professional doctorate student and full-time nurse in an education role in a UK NHS Trust. COVID-19 caused a major disruption to her research, which focused on nursing workforce development in primary care. She received ethical approval for the research in February 2020 and had just begun to collect data as the country entered its first period of lockdown and all activity not related directly to COVID-19 was sidelined. AIM To share the author's reflections on this experience and make recommendations that may help others whose research is disrupted. DISCUSSION The author had not considered in her plans the disruption that would be caused by COVID-19, but she adapted her study's design to minimise some of its effects and also discovered some new opportunities. CONCLUSION Nurse researchers whose studies are disrupted can adapt to overcome the challenges and try to find new opportunities. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The author hopes that sharing her reflections will encourage other nurse researchers who face unexpected disruptions to their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Evans
- University of Sunderland (London Campus), London, England
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Holder BM, Tolan SE, Heinrich KK, Miller KC, Hudson N, Nehra G, Pizzo ME, Storck SE, Elmquist WF, Engelhardt B, Loryan I, Toborek M, Bauer B, Hartz AMS, Kim BJ. Brain barriers virtual: an interim solution or future opportunity? Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:19. [PMID: 35232464 PMCID: PMC8886561 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientific conferences are vital communication events for scientists in academia, industry, and government agencies. In the brain barriers research field, several international conferences exist that allow researchers to present data, share knowledge, and discuss novel ideas and concepts. These meetings are critical platforms for researchers to connect and exchange breakthrough findings on a regular basis. Due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, all in-person meetings were canceled in 2020. In response, we launched the Brain Barriers Virtual 2020 (BBV2020) seminar series, the first stand-in virtual event for the brain barriers field, to offer scientists a virtual platform to present their work. Here we report the aggregate attendance information on two in-person meetings compared with BBV2020 and comment on the utility of the virtual platform. METHODS The BBV2020 seminar series was hosted on a Zoom webinar platform and was free of cost for participants. Using registration- and Zoom-based data from the BBV2020 virtual seminar series and survey data collected from BBV2020 participants, we analyzed attendance trends, global reach, participation based on career stage, and engagement of BBV2020. We compared these data with those from two previous in-person conferences, a BBB meeting held in 2018 and CVB 2019. RESULTS We found that BBV2020 seminar participation steadily decreased over the course of the series. In contrast, live participation was consistently above 100 attendees and recording views were above 200 views per seminar. We also found that participants valued BBV2020 as a supplement during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Based on one post-BBV2020 survey, the majority of participants indicated that they would prefer in-person meetings but would welcome a virtual component to future in-person meetings. Compared to in-person meetings, BBV2020 enabled participation from a broad range of career stages and was attended by scientists in academic, industry, and government agencies from a wide range of countries worldwide. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a virtual event such as the BBV2020 seminar series provides easy access to science for researchers across all career stages around the globe. However, we recognize that limitations exist. Regardless, such a virtual event could be a valuable tool for the brain barriers community to reach and engage scientists worldwide to further grow the brain barriers research field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M Holder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Complex, The University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, United States
| | - Shaina E Tolan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Complex, The University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, United States
| | - Kaleb K Heinrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Complex, The University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, United States
| | - Kaitlin C Miller
- Department of Journalism and Creative Media, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Natalie Hudson
- Neurovascular Genetics Unit, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Geetika Nehra
- Department of Biology, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michelle E Pizzo
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., CA, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Steffen E Storck
- Washington University of St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Gutenberg Research Fellowship Group of Neuroimmunology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - William F Elmquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Irena Loryan
- Translational PK/PD Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bjoern Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, KY, Lexington, USA
| | - Brandon J Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Complex, The University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, United States. .,Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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