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Nandi SK, Roy S, Pal B, Haldar D. Polarization-dependent second harmonic generation in peptide crystals: effects of molecular packing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5849-5856. [PMID: 36745502 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05462k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of chiral peptide luminophores containing the coumarin moiety was synthesized via a simple and efficient solution-based procedure. The peptides, containing either L-Phe, or L-Ala, or L-Leu (designated, respectively, as p1, p2, and p3), self-aggregate to form anti-parallel sheet-like structures. The self-assembly of the peptide luminophores leads to non-centrosymmetric crystals which display significant second harmonic generation (SHG). The dependence of the SHG intensity on the input laser polarization revealed a strong correlation between the SHG and the crystal packing. In the polar plots, the SHG intensity as a function of the linear polarization orientation of the input laser beam gave a four-petal pattern for p1, a predominantly two-petal pattern for p2, and a dumbbell-shaped pattern for p3. This reflects the dependence of the second order optical susceptibility tensor on the crystal symmetry. The polar plots can be fitted very well with the theoretical expressions derived from the second order polarization equation after incorporating crystal symmetry in the second order optical susceptibility tensor. The strong polarization-dependent SHG from organic crystals may be interesting for polarization controlled nonlinear optical switches, sensors, and actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Kumar Nandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - Samrat Roy
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - Bipul Pal
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - Debasish Haldar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Zhao R, Zhu T, Wang S, Jarrett-Wilkins C, Najjarian AM, Lough AJ, Hoogland S, Sargent EH, Seferos DS. Engineering hydrogen bonding to align molecular dipoles in organic solids for efficient second harmonic generation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12144-12148. [PMID: 36349093 PMCID: PMC9601317 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03994j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering nearly infinite design possibilities, organic second harmonic generation (SHG) molecules are believed to have long-term promise. However, because of the tendency to form dipole-antiparallel crystals that lead to zero macroscopic polarization, it is difficult to design a nonlinear optical (NLO) material based on organic molecules. In this manuscript, we report a new molecule motif that can form asymmetric organic solids by controlling the degree of hydrogen bonding through protonation. A conjugated polar organic molecule was prepared with a triple bond connecting an electron-withdrawing pyridine ring and an electron-donating thiophene ring. By controlling the degree of hydrogen bonding through protonation, two different crystal packing motifs are achieved. One crystallizes into the common dipole-antiparallel nonpolar P1̄ space group. The second crystallizes into the uncommon dipole-parallel polar P1 space group, in which the molecular dipoles are aligned along a single axis and thus exhibit a high macroscopic polarization in its solid-state form. Due to the P1 polar packing, the sample can generate second harmonic light efficiently, about three times the intensity of the benchmark potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Our findings show that crystal engineering by hydrogen bonding in a single molecular backbone can be used for controlling the macroscopic NLO properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Tong Zhu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto 10 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G4 Canada
| | - Sasa Wang
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto 10 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G4 Canada
| | - Charlie Jarrett-Wilkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Amin Morteza Najjarian
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto 10 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G4 Canada
| | - Alan J Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Sjoerd Hoogland
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto 10 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G4 Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto 10 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G4 Canada
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto 200 College Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
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3
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Sum-Frequency Generation and Scanning Electron Microscope Studies on Second-Harmonic Generation Active Structures of Sacran Aggregates. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2022-016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Flanagan PJ, Cole JM. Clustering a database of optically-absorbing organic molecules via a hierarchical fingerprint scheme that categorizes similar functional molecular fragments. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:154110. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0087603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A measure of chemical similarity is only useful if it implies similarity in some relevant property space. Typically, similarity calculations operate by assigning each molecule a chemical fingerprint: a fixed-length vector of bits where the on-bits signify the presence of a certain feature. Common fingerprinting schemes, such as extended-connectivity fingerprints, are by definition general and fail to capture much of the domain-specific theory that underpins similarity in a specific domain. We develop a hierarchical fingerprinting scheme that is bespoke to a database of ~4,500 organic molecules and their cognate optical absorption spectral properties. Our fingerprinting scheme incorporates molecular fragmentation and domain-specific chemical intuition into an algorithm that categorizes each fragment as being one of either a core chemical group, a substituent or a bridge. The algorithm is applied to every molecule in the database to generate a pool of chemically relevant fragments that are labeled according to their structural category. The fingerprint of each molecule is then composed of a nested Python dictionary specifying the unique identifiers of its constituent fragment entities, and the structural links between them, to give a hierarchical molecular encoding scheme. Four case studies showcase the application of our fingerprinting scheme, known as ChemCluster, to the subject database. In each case, the clustered molecules display many interesting chemical trends. The enhanced similarity comparisons afforded by our fingerprinting scheme, as well as the large repository of categorized fragments generated during its development, constitute the first step towards using this database in a data-driven materials discovery workflow.
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5
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Dimitriev OP. Dynamics of Excitons in Conjugated Molecules and Organic Semiconductor Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8487-8593. [PMID: 35298145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exciton, an excited electron-hole pair bound by Coulomb attraction, plays a key role in photophysics of organic molecules and drives practically important phenomena such as photoinduced mechanical motions of a molecule, photochemical conversions, energy transfer, generation of free charge carriers, etc. Its behavior in extended π-conjugated molecules and disordered organic films is very different and very rich compared with exciton behavior in inorganic semiconductor crystals. Due to the high degree of variability of organic systems themselves, the exciton not only exerts changes on molecules that carry it but undergoes its own changes during all phases of its lifetime, that is, birth, conversion and transport, and decay. The goal of this review is to give a systematic and comprehensive view on exciton behavior in π-conjugated molecules and molecular assemblies at all phases of exciton evolution with emphasis on rates typical for this dynamic picture and various consequences of the above dynamics. To uncover the rich variety of exciton behavior, details of exciton formation, exciton transport, exciton energy conversion, direct and reverse intersystem crossing, and radiative and nonradiative decay are considered in different systems, where these processes lead to or are influenced by static and dynamic disorder, charge distribution symmetry breaking, photoinduced reactions, electron and proton transfer, structural rearrangements, exciton coupling with vibrations and intermediate particles, and exciton dissociation and annihilation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
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6
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Jothi AI, Paul MWB, Alexander V. A comparative molecular structure – NLO activity study of ortho-bridged dibenzaldehydes: Synthesis, crystal structure, SHG, and DFT studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Irudaya Jothi A, Rajarathinam C, Arun Viveke A, Bosco Paul MW. Substituent effects on the mesogenic benzylidenes of 4-methylaniline: Synthesis, characterization, DFT, NLO, photophysical, molecular docking, and antibacterial studies. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Cole JM. Enumerating Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Conjugated Organic Compounds. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:6095-6108. [PMID: 33073566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Charge transfer across conjugated organic molecules is the functional basis of many optoelectronic and semiconductor devices. The ability to design such molecules to suit a given device application is highly desirable; yet, realizing this prospect is impeded by the lack of an algorithm that quantifies the extent of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) in absolute terms. In turn, an algorithm to describe ICT is held back by a poor definition of one of its key dependent terms: conjugation. Current equations assume that π-bonding operates solely across two bonds, even though conjugation extends beyond these limits, and such equations only yield relative measures of π-conjugation. This work presents a four-step algorithm that enumerates ICT on an absolute scale. The method is applied successfully to four types of optoelectronic materials; results demonstrate the need to reconsider certain fundamental chemical-bonding and ICT concepts for conjugated molecules. These findings have implications for all optoelectronic and semiconducting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Cole
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom.,ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge , West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, United Kingdom.,Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
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9
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Lei Zhang, Lihong Chen. Ab-Initio Investigation on Dye Conformer Structures and the Interplay between Conformation and Multilayer Aggregation on TiO2 toward Solar Cell Application. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024420110345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Influence of orthogonal di- and trimerization leading to meso fused BODIPY on linear and NLO properties - TDDFT study and singlet-triplet energy distribution. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Lokhande PKM, Patil DS, Kadam MM, Sekar N. Theoretical Investigation of Optical and Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Properties of 3‐Azabenzanthrone Analogues : DFT and TD‐DFT Approach. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prerana K M. Lokhande
- Department of Dyestuff TechnologyInstitute of Chemical Technology, Matunga Mumbai- 400 019 India
| | - Dinesh S. Patil
- Department of Dyestuff TechnologyInstitute of Chemical Technology, Matunga Mumbai- 400 019 India
| | - Mayuri M Kadam
- Department of Dyestuff TechnologyInstitute of Chemical Technology, Matunga Mumbai- 400 019 India
| | - Nagaiyan Sekar
- Department of Dyestuff TechnologyInstitute of Chemical Technology, Matunga Mumbai- 400 019 India
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12
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Chlorine (Cl) - Substituted Carbazole Based A-π-D-π-a Push-Pull Chromophores as Aggregation Enhanced Emission (AEE) Active Viscosity Sensors: Synthesis, DFT and NLO Approach. J Fluoresc 2019; 29:779-795. [PMID: 31172327 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-019-02396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Three new carbazole functionalized A-π-D-π-A extended chromophores 4a, 4b and 4c comprising of different chemical functional groups on C=C bond with the assistance of chlorovinylene group in π-conjugation are synthesized and investigated spectroscopically. We have investigated the effect of different electron acceptors - carboxycyanomethylene, dicyanomethylene and 2-(benzothiazol-2-yl) cyanomethylene, the effect of the insertion of chlorine in π-conjugation on photophysical properties and the effect of double acceptors. The chromophores 4a, 4b and 4c exhibited positive solvatochromism with large Stokes shifts and bright orange to red solid-state fluorescence. Amongst all the three compounds 4c exhibited maximum emission wavelength at 615 nm in DMSO. They presented characteristic twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) emission. Observations exhibited that 4c containing long hexyl group in donor unit and 2-(benzothiazol-2-yl) cyanomethylene as an acceptor group formed an aggregate in the mixture of solvents and exhibited better aggregation enhanced emission (AEE) compared to the other two derivatives. Amongst the three styryls, 4c showed the highest emission intensity 299 a.u. at 90% water:DMF fraction (fw). Chromophores 4a-4c also exhibited good fluorescence response towards viscosity. Among the three fluorescent molecular rotors (FMR), 4c exhibited excellent viscosity sensitivity with x value = 0.687. The Non-linear (NLO) characters are estimated with the help of solvatochromic and computational methods using the functionals, B3LYP and CAM-B3LYP. The dyes showed large "linear polarizability (αCT)", "first order hyperpolarizability" (β) and "second order hyperpolarizability" (γ) values which show that synthesized styryls can be used as a "NLO" material. The αCT, β and γ for 4c are found to be the maximum amongst the all three dyes which can be ascribed to the smaller band gap apparent from experimental as well as DFT method.
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13
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Mallah RR, Mohbiya DR, Sreenath MC, Chitrambalam S, Joe IH, Sekar N. NLOphoric benzyl substituted BODIPY and BOPHY: A comprehensive linear and nonlinear optical study by spectroscopic, DFT and Z-scan measurement. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 215:122-129. [PMID: 30825862 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BOPHY (BPY) and BODIPY (BDY) dye bearing benzyl group (Bn) at 4,4' and 2,6 position respectively were synthesized and characterized. The fluorescence decay measurements were performed which reveal that benzyl BOPHY (Bn-BPY) has shorter fluorescence lifetime compared to benzyl BODIPY (Bn-BDY). The difference in transition dipole moment is found to be 6.93 and 11.3 D for Bn-BDY and Bn-BPY respectively in toluene. The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) plot shows Bn-BDY is more polarised compared to Bn-BPY. The nonlinear optical (NLO) property was evaluated using Z-scan measurement. The molecular electronic arrangement of Bn-BPY significantly affects the nonlinear absorption properties resulting into reverse saturable absorption (nonlinear absorption coefficient β = 0.256 × 10-11 m/W). In contrast, the Bn-BDY displays saturable absorption character. The calculated third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) value is 12.23 × 10-13 esu and 2.49 × 10-13 esu for Bn-BDY and Bn-BPY respectively. The power limiting behaviour of Bn-BPY displays limiting threshold energy around 70 Jcm-2 with clamped output at ~35 Jcm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramnath R Mallah
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, (Formerly UDCT), Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Dhanraj R Mohbiya
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, (Formerly UDCT), Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Mavila C Sreenath
- Centre for Molecular and Biophysics Research, Department of Physics, Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695015, India
| | - Subramaniyan Chitrambalam
- Centre for Molecular and Biophysics Research, Department of Physics, Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695015, India
| | - Issac H Joe
- Centre for Molecular and Biophysics Research, Department of Physics, Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695015, India
| | - Nagaiyan Sekar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, (Formerly UDCT), Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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14
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Mallah RR, Mohbiya DR, Sreenath MC, Chitrambalam S, Joe IH, Sekar N. Non-linear optical response of meso hybrid BODIPY: Synthesis, photophysical, DFT and Z scan study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 209:126-140. [PMID: 30384018 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid meso BODIPY dyes are synthesized and their linear and non-linear optical properties are studied. Time-resolved fluorescence lifetime decay is found to be identical for all dyes irrespective of meso substituents. The Z-scan experiment performed to calculate the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) and third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ3). Global hybrid (B3LYP and BHHLYP) and range-separated hybrid (CAM-B3LYP) functional with the basis set 6-311++G(d,p) was employed to determine the theoretical linear and non-linear optical properties. The computed β0 value of all the three dyes was found to be superior to that of urea (βo = 0.371 × 10-30 esu). Introduction of meso substituent directly affects the polarizability and second-order hyperpolarizability of the dyes. Thermal and reorientational effect of the investigated NLOphoric dyes were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramnath R Mallah
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, (Formerly UDCT), Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Dhanraj R Mohbiya
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, (Formerly UDCT), Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Mavila C Sreenath
- Centre for Molecular and Biophysics Research, Department of Physics, Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695015, India
| | - Subramaniyan Chitrambalam
- Centre for Molecular and Biophysics Research, Department of Physics, Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695015, India
| | - Issac H Joe
- Centre for Molecular and Biophysics Research, Department of Physics, Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695015, India
| | - Nagaiyan Sekar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, (Formerly UDCT), Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India..
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15
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Cole JM, Ashcroft CM. Generic Classification Scheme for Second-Order Dipolar Nonlinear Optical Organometallic Complexes That Exhibit Second Harmonic Generation. J Phys Chem A 2018; 123:702-714. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Cole
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, U.K
| | - Christopher M. Ashcroft
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
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Octupolar organometallic Pt(II) NCN-pincer complexes; Synthesis, electronic, photophysical, and NLO properties. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Investigation of NLO Properties of Fluorescent BORICO Dyes: a Comprehensive Experimental and Theoretical Approach. J Fluoresc 2017; 27:2253-2262. [PMID: 28831643 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-017-2167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BORICO dyes with N, N-diethyl as a strong donor and BF2 complexed iminocoumarin six member core as strong acceptor are investigated as an efficient non linear optical chromophores. Extended π-conjugation over iminocoumarin moiety is useful to make ICT character of BORICO dyes more significant and is established on the scale of Generalised Mulliken Hush analysis scale. Bond length alternation and bond order alternation values for three BORICO chromophores estimates the cyanine like framework for optimal non linear optical response. The frontier molecular orbital diagrams obtained from density functional theory calculations shows that there is charge transfer from donor to accepter as well as effective overlap between them making the basis for optimal NLO response of BORICO chromophores. The theoretical values of linear and non linear optical responses for three BORICO NLOphores obtained by using three different functionals B3LYP, CAMB3LYP and BHandHLYP with 6-311+g(d,p) basis set are quite consistent for the values of static dipole moment (μ), linear polarizability (α) and first hyperpolarizability (β). However in case of the γ values calculation, compare to the similar values obtained by CAMB3LYP and BHandHLYP functionals, B3LYP overestimates the same. The vibrational motions play decisive role in the overall non linear optical properties of BORICO chromophores.
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Katariya S, Rhyman L, Alswaidan IA, Ramasami P, Sekar N. Triphenylamine-Based Fluorescent Styryl Dyes: DFT, TD-DFT and Non-Linear Optical Property Study. J Fluoresc 2017; 27:993-1007. [PMID: 28144800 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-017-2034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structures and spectroscopic properties of triphenylamine-based monostyryl and bis(styryl) dyes were studied using quantum chemical methods. The ground-state geometries of these dyes were optimized using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The lowest singlet excited state was optimized using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The absorption was also calculated using the ground-state geometries. All the calculations were carried out in the gas phase and in solvent. The results indicate that the absorption maxima calculated using the TD-DFT are in good agreement with those obtained experimentally. These dyes possess a large second-order non-linear property and this is mainly due to the strong donor-π-acceptor conjugation which is attributed to the excited state intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). There is a relationship between the hardness and first hyperpolarizability and second hyperpolarizability of mono- and bis(styryl) dyes. The efficiency of the intersystem crossing process can be improved by reducing the energy gap between the singlet and triplet excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Katariya
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, MH, 400019, India
| | - Lydia Rhyman
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius
| | - Ibrahim A Alswaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius. .,Department of Chemistry, College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa.
| | - Nagaiyan Sekar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, MH, 400019, India.
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Lanke SK, Sekar N. Coumarin Push-Pull NLOphores with Red Emission: Solvatochromic and Theoretical Approach. J Fluoresc 2016; 26:949-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Zhang L, Cole JM. Can nitro groups really anchor onto TiO2? Case study of dye-to-TiO2adsorption using azo dyes with NO2substituents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:19062-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02294d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular rationalization of the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells that employ azo dyes bearing a NO2anchoring group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Physics
- Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology
- Nanjing 210044
- China
- Cavendish Laboratory
| | - Jacqueline M. Cole
- Cavendish Laboratory
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
- Argonne National Laboratory
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Gryl M. Charge density and optical properties of multicomponent crystals containing active pharmaceutical ingredients or their analogues. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2015. [DOI: 10.1107/s2052520615013505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), through their favourable donor/acceptor spatial distribution and synthon formation flexibility, are attractive building blocks in modern materials crystallography. The optical properties of a crystal strongly depend on two factors,i.e.the spatial distribution of molecules in the crystal structure and the electronic properties of molecular building blocks (dipole moments, polarizabilities, hyperpolarizabilities). Although the latter are easy to predict throughab initiocalculations, the former are not. Only a combination of experimental and theoretical charge density studies together with prediction and measurement of optical properties enable full analysis of the obtained functional material in terms of its usefulness in practical applications. This article presents design strategies of optical materials based on selected pharmaceutical molecules. Factors that contribute to molecular recognition in the four selected polar/chiral crystal phases (derived through charge density and Hirshfeld surfaces analysis) have been determined. Theoretically predicted optical properties of the molecular/ionic building blocks as well as bulk effects have been confirmed experimentally. This research is a first step in the design of novel optical materials based on push–pull molecules and APIs.
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Cole JM, Lin TC, Edwards AJ, Piltz RO, Depotter G, Clays K, Lee SC, Kwon OP. Concerted mitigation of O···H and C(π)···H interactions prospects sixfold gain in optical nonlinearity of ionic stilbazolium derivatives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:4693-4698. [PMID: 25654641 DOI: 10.1021/am508213c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
DAST (4-dimethylamino-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium tosylate) is the most commercially successful organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material for frequency-doubling, integrated optics, and THz wave applications. Its success is predicated on its high optical nonlinearity with concurrent sufficient thermal stability. Many chemical derivatives of DAST have therefore been developed to optimize their properties; yet, to date, none have surpassed the overall superiority of DAST for NLO photonic applications. This is perhaps because DAST is an ionic salt wherein its NLO-active cation is influenced by multiple types of subtle intermolecular forces that are hard to quantify, thus, making difficult the molecular engineering of better functioning DAST derivatives. Here, we establish a model parameter, ηinter, that isolates the influence of intermolecular interactions on second-order optical nonlinearity in DAST and its derivatives, using second-harmonic generation (SHG) as a qualifier; by systematically mapping intercorrelations of all possible pairs of intermolecular interactions to ηinter, we uncover a relationship between concerted intermolecular interactions and SHG output. This correlation reveals that a sixfold gain in the intrinsic second-order NLO performance of DAST is possible, by eliminating the identified interactions. This prediction offers the first opportunity to systematically design next-generation DAST-based photonic device nanotechnology to realize such a prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Cole
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
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Deckers S, Vandendriessche S, Cornelis D, Monnaie F, Koeckelberghs G, Asselberghs I, Verbiest T, van der Veen MA. Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s show unexpected second-order nonlinear optical response. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:2741-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48099b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3-hexylthiophene)s show upon oligomerization an unexpectedly significant second-order nonlinear optical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Deckers
- Laboratory for Molecular Electronics and Photonics
- University of Leuven
- 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S. Vandendriessche
- Laboratory for Molecular Electronics and Photonics
- University of Leuven
- 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - D. Cornelis
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
- University of Leuven
- 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - F. Monnaie
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
- University of Leuven
- 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - G. Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
- University of Leuven
- 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - T. Verbiest
- Laboratory for Molecular Electronics and Photonics
- University of Leuven
- 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M. A. van der Veen
- Catalysis Engineering
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Delft University of Technology
- , The Netherlands
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Nair LP, Bijini BR, Prasanna S, Nair CMK, Deepa M, Babu KR. Growth and characterisation of crystals of a new organic complex of thiourea with quinine sulphate dihydrate: an NLO material. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 120:517-523. [PMID: 24216117 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An organic complex of thiourea and quinine sulphate dihydrate (TQS) has been grown for the first time by gel method. The structure determination was done by the single crystal XRD technique. The crystal belongs to monoclinic system, P21 space group with cell dimensions a=6.228 (3) Å, b=20.4051 (4) Å, c=11.0600 (6) Å, β=101.9811(2)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by the hydrogen bonding. The functional groups present in the complex were analysed by the Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic method. The stoichiometry of the complex was confirmed by the elemental analysis. Thermal properties of the complex were determined by TGA and DTA methods and the complex melts at 222.53°C. The optical transparency of the crystal was studied using UV-Visible absorption spectra. The optical band gap is found to be 2.5 eV. The SHG conversion efficiency of TQS was investigated using Kurtz and Perry method and found to be higher than that of the reference material, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmi P Nair
- Department of Physics, M.G. College, Thiruvananthapuram 695004, India
| | - B R Bijini
- Department of Physics, H.H.P.B.N.S.S. College, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - S Prasanna
- Department of Physics, H.H.P.B.N.S.S. College, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - C M K Nair
- Department of Physics, M.G. College, Thiruvananthapuram 695004, India
| | - M Deepa
- Department of Physics, All Saints' College, Thiruvananthapuram 695037, India
| | - K Rajendra Babu
- Department of Physics, M.G. College, Thiruvananthapuram 695004, India.
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Gryl M, Kozieł M, Stadnicka K, Matulková I, Němec I, Tesařová N, Němec P. Lidocaine barbiturate: a promising material for second harmonic generation. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce00059a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Luo SJ, Yang JT, Du WF, Laref A. Mechanism of Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of the Urea Crystal Family. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5192-200. [DOI: 10.1021/jp200164s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Jun Luo
- School of Science, Hubei Automotive Industries Institute, Hubei 442002, China
| | - Jun Tao Yang
- School of Science, Hubei Automotive Industries Institute, Hubei 442002, China
| | - Wen Feng Du
- School of Science, Hubei Automotive Industries Institute, Hubei 442002, China
| | - Amel Laref
- School of Science, Hubei Automotive Industries Institute, Hubei 442002, China
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Cole JM. A new form of analytical chemistry: distinguishing the molecular structure of photo-induced states from ground-states. Analyst 2011; 136:448-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00584c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Discovery of High-Performance Organic Non-Linear Optical Molecules by Systematic ‘Smart Material’ Design Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the discovery of a range of high-performance organic non-linear optical (NLO) materials, that arises from ‘smart material’ design and systematic search strategies. This systematization circumvents the previous use of iterative discovery methods, which can only ever afford incremental improvements to currently known NLO materials, and they have no capacity to reveal entirely new classes of suitable NLO materials. This new approach employs data-mining, using the world’s repository of all published organic crystal structures as a representative set of chemical space. Two independent search strategies are implemented, each predicting the best organic NLO materials. The first search method relies on the concept of ‘molecular lego’, taking particular types of molecular fragments that are known to be important constituents of an NLO active material (the ‘lego’), and searching for these through chemical space, with the assistance of graph theory algorithms and systematic enumeration and classification. The second search method uses quantum- mechanical calculations to evaluate the molecular hyperpolarizability, β, of every organic molecule in the aforementioned database. Since β affords the intrinsic measure of NLO output, all organic molecules listed in descending order of values reflects a ranked list of their NLO potential. The NLO properties of selected materials that are highly-ranked in these two lists were then tested experimentally, using Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering (HRS). The predictions are shown to be borne out by such experiments: HRS results show β0 (static hyperpolarizability) values that are up to 10 x greater than those for the industrial reference Disperse Red 1. Due to the commercial potential of these results, four new classes of NLO materials identified by this study have recently been patented.
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Martinez-Perdiguero J, Zhang Y, Walker C, Etxebarria J, Folcia CL, Ortega J, O'Callaghan MJ, Baumeister U. Second harmonic generation in laterally azo-bridged H-shaped ferroelectric dimesogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00012d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang Y, Martinez-Perdiguero J, Baumeister U, Walker C, Etxebarria J, Prehm M, Ortega J, Tschierske C, O’Callaghan MJ, Harant A, Handschy M. Laterally Azo-Bridged H-Shaped Ferroelectric Dimesogens for Second-Order Nonlinear Optics: Ferroelectricity and Second Harmonic Generation. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:18386-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9069166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Zhang
- Displaytech Inc., 2602 Clover Basin Drive, Longmont, Colorado 80503, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain, and Institute of Chemistry, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Josu Martinez-Perdiguero
- Displaytech Inc., 2602 Clover Basin Drive, Longmont, Colorado 80503, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain, and Institute of Chemistry, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ute Baumeister
- Displaytech Inc., 2602 Clover Basin Drive, Longmont, Colorado 80503, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain, and Institute of Chemistry, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Christopher Walker
- Displaytech Inc., 2602 Clover Basin Drive, Longmont, Colorado 80503, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain, and Institute of Chemistry, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Jesus Etxebarria
- Displaytech Inc., 2602 Clover Basin Drive, Longmont, Colorado 80503, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain, and Institute of Chemistry, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Marko Prehm
- Displaytech Inc., 2602 Clover Basin Drive, Longmont, Colorado 80503, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain, and Institute of Chemistry, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Josu Ortega
- Displaytech Inc., 2602 Clover Basin Drive, Longmont, Colorado 80503, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain, and Institute of Chemistry, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Displaytech Inc., 2602 Clover Basin Drive, Longmont, Colorado 80503, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain, and Institute of Chemistry, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Michael J. O’Callaghan
- Displaytech Inc., 2602 Clover Basin Drive, Longmont, Colorado 80503, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain, and Institute of Chemistry, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Adam Harant
- Displaytech Inc., 2602 Clover Basin Drive, Longmont, Colorado 80503, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain, and Institute of Chemistry, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Mark Handschy
- Displaytech Inc., 2602 Clover Basin Drive, Longmont, Colorado 80503, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain, and Institute of Chemistry, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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Theoretical study in gas phase of linear and nonlinear optical properties of the ortho-, meta- and para-nitrophenol isomers. Theor Chem Acc 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-009-0668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
The applied potential of photocrystallography is discussed herein. In particular, its ability to help realise new generation ‘smart’ materials for the opto-electronics industry, alternative photovoltaic solar cells, and health science, is discussed. Where relevant photocrystallographic studies have already been reported, examples are given and put into the context of potential device applicability. In certain areas of photonics research, there are no current photocrystallographic results specifically pertaining to the perceived application described. Here, the likely type of results is projected since this perspective is designed deliberately to look ahead as to what advances photo-crystallography could bring to the photonics research area that continues to develop so rapidly. Brief reference to global economic, environmental and health considerations are also made in relevant places in order to put the subject onto a world setting.
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Fantoni AC, Pozzi CG, Punte G. On the Electron Density Topology and Electrostatic Properties of Nitroanilines. A Theoretical Investigation on m-Nitroaniline and 2-Methyl-5-nitroaniline Crystals. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9527-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jp904318q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo C. Fantoni
- IFLP (CCT-La Plata), Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP CC 67, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - C. Gustavo Pozzi
- IFLP (CCT-La Plata), Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP CC 67, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Graciela Punte
- IFLP (CCT-La Plata), Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP CC 67, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Charge density analysis of two proton transfer complexes: Understanding hydrogen bonding and determination of in-crystal dipole moments. J CHEM SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-008-0093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Whitten AE, Turner P, Klooster WT, Piltz RO, Spackman MA. Reassessment of large dipole moment enhancements in crystals: a detailed experimental and theoretical charge density analysis of 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline. J Phys Chem A 2007; 110:8763-76. [PMID: 16836439 DOI: 10.1021/jp061830n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The molecular dipole moment of MNA in the crystal has been critically reexamined, to test the conclusion from an earlier experimental charge density analysis that it was substantially enhanced due to a combination of strong intermolecular interactions and crystal field effects. X-ray and neutron diffraction data have been carefully measured at 100 K and supplemented with ab initio crystal Hartree-Fock calculations. Considerable care taken in the measurement and reduction of the experimental data excluded most systematic errors, and sources of error and their effects on the experimental electron density have been carefully investigated. The electron density derived from a fit to theoretical structure factors assisted in the determination of the scale and thermal motion model. The dipole moment enhancement for MNA in the crystal is much less than that reported previously and only on the order of 30-40% (approximately 2.5 D). In addition to the dipole moment, experimental deformation electron density maps, bond critical point data, electric field gradients at hydrogen nuclei, and atomic and group charges all agree well with theoretical results and trends. Anisotropic modeling of the motion of hydrogen atoms, integral use of periodic ab initio calculations, and improved data quality are all aspects of this study that represent a considerable advance over previous work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Whitten
- Chemistry, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia
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