1
|
Davis CV, Sibert EC, Jacobs PH, Burls N, Hull PM. Intermediate water circulation drives distribution of Pliocene Oxygen Minimum Zones. Nat Commun 2023; 14:40. [PMID: 36599835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) play a critical role in global biogeochemical cycling and act as barriers to dispersal for marine organisms. OMZs are currently expanding and intensifying with climate change, however past distributions of OMZs are relatively unknown. Here we present evidence for widespread pelagic OMZs during the Pliocene (5.3-2.6 Ma), the most recent epoch with atmospheric CO2 analogous to modern (~400-450 ppm). The global distribution of OMZ-affiliated planktic foraminifer, Globorotaloides hexagonus, and Earth System and Species Distribution Models show that the Indian Ocean, Eastern Equatorial Pacific, eastern South Pacific, and eastern North Atlantic all supported OMZs in the Pliocene, as today. By contrast, low-oxygen waters were reduced in the North Pacific and expanded in the North Atlantic in the Pliocene. This spatially explicit perspective reveals that a warmer world can support both regionally expanded and contracted OMZs, with intermediate water circulation as a key driver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine V Davis
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Elizabeth C Sibert
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter H Jacobs
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.,Earth Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Natalie Burls
- Department of Atmospheric, Ocean & Earth Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Pincelli M Hull
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
David A, Gautam A. Cenozoic Era. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANIMAL COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2022:1133-1147. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
|
3
|
The Interplay between Tectonic Activity, Climate and Sea-Level Change in the Suriname River Valley, Tropical South America. QUATERNARY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/quat4020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Suriname is part of the Guiana Shield, a cratonic area in northern South America. It is drained by several major rivers that are characterized by river terraces. The formation of terraces along the Suriname river is closely related to climatic changes during the Quaternary, due to the effects of climate on vegetation and precipitation changes. The terraces along the Suriname River valley show levels of 5, 15, and 20 m above the current mean water level. The reason behind the scarce terrace differentiation is the limited amount of long-term vertical incision. Therefore, each level along the Suriname River valley encompasses multiple climate cycles, which cannot be separated on morphological grounds. The limited incision reflects tectonic stability, which is typical for cratonic areas. Fieldwork along the river combined with topographic maps were used to determine and correlate the various terrace levels. While in the upper part of the river, climatically induced changes in vegetation cover and sediment delivery is dominant. In the lowermost reach, sea level change is especially important.
Collapse
|
4
|
Oshida T, Than W, Oo T, Swe KYY, Saito H, Motokawa M, Kimura J, Nguyen ST, Bui HT, Dang PH. Phylogenetic relationships among Callosciurus squirrels in the Indochina Peninsula: phylogenetic position of C. pygerythrus from Myanmar. ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H 2021. [DOI: 10.17109/azh.67.1.87.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships among seven Callosciurus species from the Indochina Peninsula, including the C. honkhoaiensis which is endemic to Hon Khoai Island, were studied using complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences (1140 bases). We primarily focused on the phylogenetic position of C. pygerythrus, which is distributed in the western part of the peninsula. We identified two main lineages: 1) C. caniceps, C. honkhoaiensis, C. inornatus, C. phayrei and C. pygerythrus, and 2) C. erythraeus and C. finlaysonii. Estimated divergence time between the two lineages was at the junction of the Zanclean and Piacenzian in the Pliocene. Within the first linage, the divergence time of sub-lineages corresponded to the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, although phylogenetic relationships were unclear. These two divergence times estimated in the present study correspond to episodes of global cooling, suggesting that climate may have contributed to the divergence of these Callosciurus squirrels.
Collapse
|
5
|
Villafaña JA, Hernandez S, Alvarado A, Shimada K, Pimiento C, Rivadeneira MM, Kriwet J. First evidence of a palaeo-nursery area of the great white shark. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8502. [PMID: 32444686 PMCID: PMC7244757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Shark nurseries are essential habitats for shark survival. Notwithstanding the rich fossil record of the modern great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias, GWS), its use of nursery areas in the fossil record has never been assessed before. Here, we analysed the fossil record of the GWS from three South American Pliocene localities, assessed body size distributions and applied previously established criteria to identify palaeo-nurseries. We found that juveniles dominate the Coquimbo locality (Chile), whereas subadults and adults characterize Pisco (Peru) and Caldera (Chile), respectively. These results, summed to the paleontological and paleoenvironmental record of the region, suggest that Coquimbo represents the first nursery area for the GWS in the fossil record. Our findings demonstrate that one of the top predators in today's oceans has used nursery areas for millions of years, highlighting their importance as essential habitats for shark survival in deep time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Villafaña
- University of Vienna, Department of Palaeontology, Althanstraße 14, Geocenter, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sebastian Hernandez
- Biomolecular Laboratory, Center for International Programs, Universidad VERITAS, 10105, San José, Costa Rica.,Sala de Colecciones Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Alonso Alvarado
- Biomolecular Laboratory, Center for International Programs, Universidad VERITAS, 10105, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Kenshu Shimada
- Department of Environmental Science and Studies and Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, USA.,Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Hays, Kansas, 67601, USA
| | - Catalina Pimiento
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA28PP, United Kingdom.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Marcelo M Rivadeneira
- Laboratorio de Paleobiología, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile.,Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo, 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.,Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Av. Raul Bitrán, 1305, La Serena, Chile
| | - Jürgen Kriwet
- University of Vienna, Department of Palaeontology, Althanstraße 14, Geocenter, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gamisch A. Oscillayers: A dataset for the study of climatic oscillations over Plio-Pleistocene time-scales at high spatial-temporal resolution. GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY : A JOURNAL OF MACROECOLOGY 2019; 28:1552-1560. [PMID: 31762691 PMCID: PMC6853231 DOI: 10.1111/geb.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
MOTIVATION In order to understand how species evolutionarily responded to Plio-Pleistocene climate oscillations (e.g. in terms of speciation, extinction, migration and adaptation), it is first important to have a good understanding of those past climate changes per se. This, however, is currently limited due to the lack of global-scale climatic datasets with high temporal resolution spanning the Plio-Pleistocene. To fill this gap, I here present Oscillayers, a global-scale and region-specific bioclim dataset, facilitating the study of climatic oscillations during the last 5.4 million years at high spatial (2.5 arc-minutes) and temporal (10 kyr time periods) resolution. This dataset builds upon interpolated anomalies (Δ layers) between bioclim layers of the present and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) that are scaled relative to the Plio-Pleistocene global mean temperature curve, derived from benthic stable oxygen isotope ratios, to generate bioclim variables for 539 time periods. Evaluation of the scaled, interpolated estimates of palaeo-climates generated for the Holocene, Last Interglacial and Pliocene showed good agreement with independent general circulation models (GCMs) for respective time periods in terms of pattern correlation and absolute differences. Oscillayers thus provides a new tool for studying spatial-temporal patterns of evolutionary and ecological processes at high temporal and spatial resolution. MAIN TYPES OF VARIABLE CONTAINED Nineteen bioclim variables for time periods throughout the Plio-Pleistocene. Input data and R script to recreate all 19 bioclim variables. SPATIAL LOCATION AND GRAIN Global at 2.5 arc-minutes (4.65 x 4.65 = 21.62 km2 at the equator). TIME PERIOD AND GRAIN The last 5.4 million years. The grain is 10 kyr (= 539 time periods). LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT Data are for terrestrial climates (excluding Antarctica) taking sea level changes into account. SOFTWARE FORMAT All data are available as ASCII grid files.
Collapse
|
7
|
Harms D, Roberts JD, Harvey MS. Climate variability impacts on diversification processes in a biodiversity hotspot: a phylogeography of ancient pseudoscorpions in south-western Australia. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The south-western division of Australia is the only biodiversity hotspot in Australia and is well-known for extreme levels of local endemism. Climate change has been identified as a key threat for flora and fauna, but very few data are presently available to evaluate its impact on invertebrate fauna. Here, we derive a molecular phylogeography for pseudoscorpions of the genus Pseudotyrannochthonius that in the south-west are restricted to regions with the highest rainfall. A dated molecular phylogeny derived from six gene fragments is used for biogeographic reconstruction analyses, spatial mapping, environmental niche-modelling, and to infer putative species. Phylogenetic analyses uncover nine clades with mostly allopatric distributions and often small linear ranges between 0.5 and 130 km. Molecular dating suggests that the origins of contemporary diversity fall into a period of warm/humid Palaeogene climates, but splits in the phylogeny coincide with major environmental shifts, such as significant global cooling during the Middle Miocene. By testing several models of historical biogeography available for the south-west, we determine that Pseudotyrannochthonius is an ancient relict lineage that principally follows a model of allopatric speciation in mesic zone refugia, although there are derivations from this model in that some species are older and distribution patterns more complex than expected. Ecological niche models indicate that drier and warmer future climates will lead to range contraction towards refugia of highest rainfall, probably mimicking past variations that have generated high diversity in these areas. Their conservation management will be crucial for preserving the unique biodiversity heritage of the south-west.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Harms
- Zoological Museum, Center of Natural History, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Dale Roberts
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology and School of Biological Sciences, UWA, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Mark S Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool DC, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Global Temperature and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration. GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE RECYCLING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8584-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
9
|
Nascimento AC, Chaves AV, Leite FSF, Eterovick PC, dos Santos FR. Past vicariance promoting deep genetic divergence in an endemic frog species of the Espinhaço Range in Brazil: The historical biogeography of Bokermannohyla saxicola (Hylidae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206732. [PMID: 30395633 PMCID: PMC6218059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The highland endemic frog Bokermannohyla saxicola occurs within the Espinhaço Range, the most extensive and continuous orogenic belt of the Brazilian territory, located in southeastern Brazil. We used mitochondrial DNA markers to test for spatial structure, to investigate the likely influence of past vicariant events, to evaluate demographic dynamics along the species range, and to understand the role of habitat discontinuities in promoting connectivity and diversity along the range. We found four major monophyletic lineages, each one associated with distinct mountain tops. The divergence time found between the four main clades clearly pre-dated the Pleistocene, except for the most recent separation. We observed no signs of population expansion for most of the sampling sites along the range, and a higher genetic diversity in the most continuous and central highland plateau, compared to smaller marginal regions. The Espinhaço Range harbors four deeply divergent lineages of B. saxicola within areas restricted by barriers for millions of years. These relatively isolated populations were kept apart by discontinuities represented by lowland habitats between mountain tops. Most of the lineage divergences occurred earlier than the Pleistocene, thus they cannot be solely explained by climatic oscillations of this epoch. However, within-lineage divergence times were all dated from the Pleistocene, suggesting an important effect in population dynamics. We also suggest that some marginal populations like those from Serra Negra and Serra de Itacambira can be the result of recent colonization events. Finally, in the southern Espinhaço region, the most continuous central highland area shows greater genetic diversity than the marginal discontinuous areas, where we have also observed a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances. Bokermannohyla saxicola is a good model to study the biogeography of the Espinhaço Range because its high genetic structure reflects ancient as well as recent geological/climatic events, with important implications for conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anderson Vieira Chaves
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Manejo e Conservação de Ecossistemas Naturais e Agrários, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, campus Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AVC); (FRS)
| | - Felipe Sá Fortes Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Manejo e Conservação de Ecossistemas Naturais e Agrários, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, campus Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula Cabral Eterovick
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reichard UH, Croissier MM. Hylobatid Evolution in Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Context. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-5614-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
|
11
|
Perea S, Doadrio I. Phylogeography, historical demography and habitat suitability modelling of freshwater fishes inhabiting seasonally fluctuating Mediterranean river systems: a case study using the Iberian cyprinid Squalius valentinus. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3706-22. [PMID: 26085305 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean freshwater fish fauna has evolved under constraints imposed by the seasonal weather/hydrological patterns that define the Mediterranean climate. These conditions have influenced the genetic and demographic structure of aquatic communities since their origins in the Mid-Pliocene. Freshwater species in Mediterranean-type climates will likely constitute genetically well-differentiated populations, to varying extents depending on basin size, as a consequence of fragmentation resulting from drought/flood cycles. We developed an integrative framework to study the spatial patterns in genetic diversity, demographic trends, habitat suitability modelling and landscape genetics, to evaluate the evolutionary response of Mediterranean-type freshwater fish to seasonal fluctuations in weather. To test this evolutionary response, the model species used was Squalius valentinus, an endemic cyprinid of the Spanish Levantine area, where seasonal weather fluctuations are extreme, although our findings may be extrapolated to other Mediterranean-type species. Our results underscore the significant role of the Mediterranean climate, along with Pleistocene glaciations, in diversification of S. valentinus. We found higher nuclear diversity in larger drainage basins, but higher mitochondrial diversity correlated to habitat suitability rather than basin size. We also found strong correlation between genetic structure and climatic factors associated with Mediterranean seasonality. Demographic and migration analyses suggested population expansion during glacial periods that also contributed to the current genetic structure of S. valentinus populations. The inferred models support the significant contribution of precipitation and temperature to S. valentinus habitat suitability and allow recognizing areas of habitat stability. We highlight the importance of stable habitat conditions, fostered by typical karstic springs found on the Mediterranean littoral coasts, for the preservation of freshwater species inhabiting seasonally fluctuating river systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Perea
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology Department, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2. 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Doadrio
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology Department, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2. 28006, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Couvreur TL, Niangadouma R, Sonké B, Sauquet H. Sirdavidia, an extraordinary new genus of Annonaceae from Gabon. PHYTOKEYS 2015; 46:1-19. [PMID: 25878546 PMCID: PMC4391954 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.46.8937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A distinctive new monotypic genus from Gabon is described in the tropical plant family Annonaceae: Sirdavidia, in honor to Sir David Attenborough. Molecular phylogenetic analyses confirm that Sirdavidia, which is very distinct from a morphological standpoint, is not nested in any existing genus of Annonaceae and belongs to tribe Piptostigmateae (subfamily Malmeoideae), which now contains a total of six genera. The genus is characterized by long acuminate leaves, fully reflexed red petals, 16-19 bright yellow, loosely arranged stamens forming a cone, and a single carpel topped by a conspicuous stigma. With just three known collections, a preliminary IUCN conservation status assessment is provided as "endangered" as well as a distribution map. The discovery of Sirdavidia is remarkable at several levels. First, it was collected near the road in one of the botanically best-known regions of Gabon: Monts de Cristal National Park. Second, its sister group is the genus Mwasumbia, also monotypic, endemic to a small area in a forest in Tanzania, some 3000 km away. Finally, the floral morphology is highly suggestive of a buzz pollination syndrome. If confirmed, this would be the first documentation of such a pollination syndrome in Magnoliidae and early-diverging angiosperms in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L.P. Couvreur
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR-DIADE, BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
- University of Yaoundé I, Higher Teacher’s Training College, Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Box 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Botany Section, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bonaventure Sonké
- University of Yaoundé I, Higher Teacher’s Training College, Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Box 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Africa & Madagascar Department, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, USA
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Herbarium et Bibliothèque de Botanique africaine, CP 169, Av. F. Roosevelt 50, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, CNRS UMR 8079, 91405 Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Couvreur TLP, Kissling WD, Condamine FL, Svenning JC, Rowe NP, Baker WJ. Global diversification of a tropical plant growth form: environmental correlates and historical contingencies in climbing palms. Front Genet 2015; 5:452. [PMID: 25620977 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical rain forests (TRF) are the most diverse terrestrial biome on Earth, but the diversification dynamics of their constituent growth forms remain largely unexplored. Climbing plants contribute significantly to species diversity and ecosystem processes in TRF. We investigate the broad-scale patterns and drivers of species richness as well as the diversification history of climbing and non-climbing palms (Arecaceae). We quantify to what extent macroecological diversity patterns are related to contemporary climate, forest canopy height, and paleoclimatic changes. We test whether diversification rates are higher for climbing than non-climbing palms and estimate the origin of the climbing habit. Climbers account for 22% of global palm species diversity, mostly concentrated in Southeast Asia. Global variation in climbing palm species richness can be partly explained by past and present-day climate and rain forest canopy height, but regional differences in residual species richness after accounting for current and past differences in environment suggest a strong role of historical contingencies in climbing palm diversification. Climbing palms show a higher net diversification rate than non-climbers. Diversification analyses of palms detected a diversification rate increase along the branches leading to the most species-rich clade of climbers. Ancestral character reconstructions revealed that the climbing habit originated between early Eocene and Miocene. These results imply that changes from non-climbing to climbing habits may have played an important role in palm diversification, resulting in the origin of one fifth of all palm species. We suggest that, in addition to current climate and paleoclimatic changes after the late Neogene, present-day diversity of climbing palms can be explained by morpho-anatomical innovations, the biogeographic history of Southeast Asia, and/or ecological opportunities due to the diversification of high-stature dipterocarps in Asian TRFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L P Couvreur
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR-DIADE, Montpellier France ; Laboratoire de Botanique Systématique et d'Ecologie, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université de Yaoundé I - Ecole Normale Supérieure, Yaoundé Cameroon
| | - W Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Fabien L Condamine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus Denmark
| | - Nick P Rowe
- University Montpellier 2, Montpellier France ; CNRS, UMR AMAP, Montpellier France
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Late miocene-pliocene paleoclimatic evolution documented by terrestrial mollusk populations in the western Chinese Loess Plateau. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95754. [PMID: 24752586 PMCID: PMC3994151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neogene eolian deposits in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) are one of the most useful continental deposits for understanding climatic changes. To decipher Late Neogene paleoclimatic changes in the CLP, we present a terrestrial mollusk record spanning the time interval between 7.1 and 3.5 Ma from the western CLP. The results indicate four stages of paleoclimatic evolution: From 7.1 to 6.2 Ma, cold and dry climatic conditions prevailed as evidenced by high values of the total number of cold-aridiphilous (CA) mollusk species and by low values of all of the thermo-humidiphilous (TH) mollusk indices. From 6.2 to 5.4 Ma, the climate remained cold and dry but was not quite as dry as during the preceding phase, as indicated by the dominance of CA mollusks and more TH species and individuals. From 5.4 to 4.4 Ma, a warm and moist climate prevailed, as indicated by high values of the TH species and individuals and by the sparsity of CA species and individuals. From 4.4 to 3.5 Ma, all of the CA indices increased significantly and maintained high values; all of the TH indices exhibit high values from 4.4 to 4.0 Ma, an abrupt decrease from 4.0 Ma and a further increase from 3.7 Ma. The CA species of Cathaica pulveraticula, Cathaica schensiensis, and Pupopsis retrodens are only identified in this stage, indicating that the CA species were diversified and that the climate was becoming drier. Moreover, the CA mollusk group exhibits considerable diversity from 7.1 to 5.4 Ma when a cold, dry climate prevailed; whereas the diversity of the TH group was high during the relatively warm, wet interval from 5.4 to 4.4 Ma. This indicates that variations in the diversity of the CA and TH mollusk groups were closely related to climatic changes during the Late Miocene to Pliocene.
Collapse
|
15
|
Yuan SL, Jiang XL, Li ZJ, He K, Harada M, Oshida T, Lin LK. A mitochondrial phylogeny and biogeographical scenario for Asiatic water shrews of the genus Chimarrogale: implications for taxonomy and low-latitude migration routes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77156. [PMID: 24124605 PMCID: PMC3790732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The six species and three subspecies in the genus Chimarrogale (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) are commonly referred to as Asiatic water shrews. The Chimarrogale are the most widely distributed group of Nectogaline shrews, extending throughout the Oriental region and Japan. Because of the limited numbers of specimens available for study, the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographical history of this genus have not been comprehensively discussed. We used mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences to estimate phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among four Chimarrogale species, including all three subspecies of Chimarrogale himalayica. We also conducted a species delimitation analysis and tested two alternative migration scenarios in Asia through species distribution modeling and a reconstruction of the ancestral distribution. Here, we present the first proposed hypothesis regarding the Asiatic water shrew phylogeny and reveal ten putative species within the four recognized species. Distinct phylogenetic statuses of Chimarrogale phaeura, Chimarrogale platycephala, and Chimarrogale styani were confirmed. Chimarrogale himalayica was strongly supported as paraphyletic. We suggest that three subspecies of Chimarrogale himalayica should be reconsidered as distinct species. However, these suggestions must be considered with caution because only a single locus of a mtDNA gene was used. Four additional putative species, possibly distributed in central southwestern China and Taiwan, are currently undescribed; therefore, comprehensive morphological analyses are warranted to test their taxonomic statuses. The estimated molecular divergence times indicated that rapid speciation occurred during the early Pliocene, and current distribution patterns may have been affected by global cooling during the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary. Reconstruction of the ancestral distribution and species distribution modeling for Asiatic water shrews revealed a low-latitude migration route over which ancestral Chimarrogale migrated from Europe via Central Asia to their current distribution. Our results demonstrated that Asiatic water shrews could have evolved throughout the low-latitude migration route from Europe to East and Southeast Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Li Yuan
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Xue-Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen-Ji Li
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kai He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Biological Sciences department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Masashi Harada
- Laboratory Animal Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Oshida
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Kong Lin
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The role of savannas during the course of early human evolution has been debated for nearly a century, in part because of difficulties in characterizing local ecosystems from fossil and sediment records. Here, we present high-resolution lipid biomarker and isotopic signatures for organic matter preserved in lake sediments at Olduvai Gorge during a key juncture in human evolution about 2.0 Ma--the emergence and dispersal of Homo erectus (sensu lato). Using published data for modern plants and soils, we construct a framework for ecological interpretations of stable carbon-isotope compositions (expressed as δ(13)C values) of lipid biomarkers from ancient plants. Within this framework, δ(13)C values for sedimentary leaf lipids and total organic carbon from Olduvai Gorge indicate recurrent ecosystem variations, where open C(4) grasslands abruptly transitioned to closed C(3) forests within several hundreds to thousands of years. Carbon-isotopic signatures correlate most strongly with Earth's orbital geometry (precession), and tropical sea-surface temperatures are significant secondary predictors in partial regression analyses. The scale and pace of repeated ecosystem variations at Olduvai Gorge contrast with long-held views of directional or stepwise aridification and grassland expansion in eastern Africa during the early Pleistocene and provide a local perspective on environmental hypotheses of human evolution.
Collapse
|
17
|
Halvorsen KAT, Árnason E, Smith PJ, Mork J. Mitochondrial DNA differentiation between the antitropical blue whiting species Micromesistius poutassou and Micromesistius australis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:253-269. [PMID: 22747817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the biogeography and genetic variation in the antitropically distributed Micromesistius genus. A 579 bp fragment of the mitochondrial coI gene was analysed in 279 individuals of Micromesistius poutassou and 163 of Micromesistius australis. The time since divergence was estimated to be c. 2 million years before present (Mb.p.) with an externally derived clock rate by Bayesian methods. Congruent estimates were obtained with an additional data set of cytochrome b sequences derived from GenBank utilizing a different clock rate. The divergence time of 2 Mb.p. was in disagreement with fossil findings in New Zealand and previous hypotheses which suggested the divergence to be much older. It, therefore, appears likely that Micromesistius has penetrated into the southern hemisphere at least two times. Paleoceanographic records indicate that conditions that would increase the likelihood for transequatorial dispersals were evident c. 2-1·6 Mb.p.. Haplotype frequency differences, along with pairwise F(ST) values, indicated that Mediterranean M. poutassou is a genetically isolated population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A T Halvorsen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Trondhjem Biological Station, N-7493 Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Willis K, MacDonald G. Long-Term Ecological Records and Their Relevance to Climate Change Predictions for a Warmer World. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2011. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on biotic responses during intervals of time in the fossil record when the magnitude and rate of climate change exceeded or were comparable with those predicted to occur in the next century ( Solomon et al. 2007 ). These include biotic responses during: (a) the Paleo-Eocene Thermal Maximum and early Eocene Climatic Optimum, (b) the mid-Pliocene warm interval, (c) the Eemian, and (d) the most recent glacial-interglacial transition into the Holocene. We argue that although the mechanisms responsible for these past changes in climate were different (i.e., natural processes rather than anthropogenic), the rate and magnitude of climate change were often similar to those predicted for the next century and therefore highly relevant to understanding future biotic responses. In all intervals we examine the fossil evidence for the three most commonly predicted future biotic scenarios, namely, extirpation, migration (in the form of a permanent range shift), or adaptation. Focusing predominantly on the terrestrial plant fossil record, we find little evidence for extirpation during warmer intervals; rather, range shifts, community turnover, adaptation, and sometimes an increase in diversity are observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K.J. Willis
- Biodiversity Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - G.M. MacDonald
- Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1524
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Haywood AM, Ridgwell A, Lunt DJ, Hill DJ, Pound MJ, Dowsett HJ, Dolan AM, Francis JE, Williams M. Are there pre-Quaternary geological analogues for a future greenhouse warming? PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2011; 369:933-956. [PMID: 21282155 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Given the inherent uncertainties in predicting how climate and environments will respond to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, it would be beneficial to society if science could identify geological analogues to the human race's current grand climate experiment. This has been a focus of the geological and palaeoclimate communities over the last 30 years, with many scientific papers claiming that intervals in Earth history can be used as an analogue for future climate change. Using a coupled ocean-atmosphere modelling approach, we test this assertion for the most probable pre-Quaternary candidates of the last 100 million years: the Mid- and Late Cretaceous, the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), the Early Eocene, as well as warm intervals within the Miocene and Pliocene epochs. These intervals fail as true direct analogues since they either represent equilibrium climate states to a long-term CO(2) forcing--whereas anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases provide a progressive (transient) forcing on climate--or the sensitivity of the climate system itself to CO(2) was different. While no close geological analogue exists, past warm intervals in Earth history provide a unique opportunity to investigate processes that operated during warm (high CO(2)) climate states. Palaeoclimate and environmental reconstruction/modelling are facilitating the assessment and calculation of the response of global temperatures to increasing CO(2) concentrations in the longer term (multiple centuries); this is now referred to as the Earth System Sensitivity, which is critical in identifying CO(2) thresholds in the atmosphere that must not be crossed to avoid dangerous levels of climate change in the long term. Palaeoclimatology also provides a unique and independent way to evaluate the qualities of climate and Earth system models used to predict future climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Haywood
- School of Earth and Environment, Earth and Environment Building, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bonham SG, Haywood AM, Lunt DJ, Collins M, Salzmann U. El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Pliocene climate and equifinality. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2009; 367:127-156. [PMID: 18926968 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2008.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that, during the Pliocene (ca 5-1.8Ma), an El Niño state existed as a permanent rather than an intermittent feature; that is, the tropical Pacific Ocean was characterized by a much weaker east-west gradient than today. One line of inquiry used to investigate this idea relates modern El Niño teleconnections to Pliocene proxy data by comparing regional differences in precipitation and surface temperature with climate patterns associated with present-day El Niño events, assuming that agreement between Pliocene data and observations of modern El Niño events supports this interpretation. Here, we examine this assumption by comparing outputs from a suite of Mid-Pliocene climate simulations carried out with the UK Met Office climate model. Regional patterns of climate change associated with changes in model boundary conditions are compared with observed El Niño-Southern Oscillation teleconnection patterns. Our results indicate that many of the proposed 'permanent El Niño' surface temperature and precipitation patterns are observable in Mid-Pliocene climate simulations even when they display variability in tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) or when forced with a modern east-west SST gradient. Our experiments highlight the possibility that the same outcome may be achieved through different initial conditions (equifinality); an important consideration for reconstructed patterns of regional Mid-Pliocene climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Bonham
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|