1
|
Bosi A, Peruzzi G, Ciccola A, Serafini I, Vincenti F, Montesano C, Postorino P, Sergi M, Favero G, Curini R. New Advances in Dye Analyses: In Situ Gel-Supported Liquid Extraction from Paint Layers and Textiles for SERS and HPLC-MS/MS Identification. Molecules 2023; 28:5290. [PMID: 37513166 PMCID: PMC10385869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, it is still not possible to obtain exhaustive information about organic materials in cultural heritage without sampling. Nonetheless, when studying unique objects with invaluable artistic or historical significance, preserving their integrity is a priority. In particular, organic dye identification is of significant interest for history and conservation research, but it is still hindered by analytes' low concentration and poor fastness. In this work, a minimally invasive approach for dye identification is presented. The procedure is designed to accompany noninvasive analyses of inorganic substances for comprehensive studies of complex cultural heritage matrices, in compliance with their soundness. Liquid extraction of madder, turmeric, and indigo dyes was performed directly from paint layers and textiles. The extraction was supported by hydrogels, which themselves can undergo multitechnique analyses in the place of samples. After extraction, Ag colloid pastes were applied on the gels for SERS analyses, allowing for the identification of the three dyes. For the HPLC-MS/MS analyses, re-extraction of the dyes was followed by a clean-up step that was successfully applied on madder and turmeric. The colour change perceptivity after extraction was measured with colorimetry. The results showed ΔE values mostly below the upper limit of rigorous colour change, confirming the gentleness of the procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Bosi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Peruzzi
- Institute for Complex System, National Research Council, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ciccola
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Serafini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Vincenti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Montesano
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Postorino
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Clementi C, Romani A, Elisei F, De Angelis F, Daus F, Nunzi F. The dependence of the spectroscopic properties of orcein dyes on solvent proticity: insights from theory and experiments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15329-15337. [PMID: 34254084 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01535d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electronic spectral properties of α-hydroxy-orcein (α-HO), one of the main components of the orcein dye, have been extensively investigated in solvents of different proticity through UV-Vis spectrophotometry combined with DFT and TDDFT calculations. The results highlight the occurrence of an acid-base equilibrium between the neutral (absorption maximum at 475 nm) and the monoanionic (absorption maximum at 578 nm) forms of the molecule. The position of this equilibrium was found to be sensitively dependent on solvent proticity, solution concentration and pH. Quantum mechanical calculations support the rationalization of the experimental data, confirming the key role of the protic solvent in shifting the acid-base equilibrium, through the establishment of hydrogen bond interactions on specific functional groups of the dye. Both deprotonation and dye coordination with protic solvent molecules determine the reduction of the HOMO-LUMO energy gap (0.71 eV), that can be related with the bathochromic effect envisaged both experimentally (0.59 eV) and theoretically (0.50 eV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catia Clementi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Aldo Romani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy. and Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Fausto Elisei
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy. and Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Federica Daus
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Nunzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy. and Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dooley KA, Chieli A, Romani A, Legrand S, Miliani C, Janssens K, Delaney JK. Molecular Fluorescence Imaging Spectroscopy for Mapping Low Concentrations of Red Lake Pigments: Van Gogh's Painting The Olive Orchard. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6046-6053. [PMID: 31961988 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vincent van Gogh used fugitive red lake pigments that have faded in some paintings. Mapping their distribution is key to understanding how his paintings have changed with time. While red lake pigments can be identified from microsamples, in situ identification and mapping remain challenging. This paper explores the ability of molecular fluorescence imaging spectroscopy to identify and, more importantly, map residual non-degraded red lakes. The high sensitivity of this method enabled identification of the emission spectra of eosin (tetrabromine fluorescein) lake mixed with lead or zinc white at lower concentrations than elemental X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy used on account of bromine. The molecular fluorescence mapping of residual eosin and two carmine red lakes in van Gogh's The Olive Orchard is demonstrated and compared with XRF imaging spectroscopy. The red lakes are consistent with the composition of paint tubes known to have been used by van Gogh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Dooley
- Scientific Research Department, National Gallery of Art, 6th and Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20565, USA
| | - Annalisa Chieli
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italia
- Centro di Eccellenza SMAArt, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italia
| | - Aldo Romani
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italia
- Centro di Eccellenza SMAArt, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italia
| | - Stijn Legrand
- AXES Research Group, Department of Physics, Universiteit Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Costanza Miliani
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italia
- Centro di Eccellenza SMAArt, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italia
| | - Koen Janssens
- AXES Research Group, Department of Physics, Universiteit Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - John K Delaney
- Scientific Research Department, National Gallery of Art, 6th and Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20565, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nabais P, Oliveira J, Pina F, Teixeira N, de Freitas V, Brás NF, Clemente A, Rangel M, Silva AMS, Melo MJ. A 1000-year-old mystery solved: Unlocking the molecular structure for the medieval blue from Chrozophora tinctoria, also known as folium. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz7772. [PMID: 32426456 PMCID: PMC7164948 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz7772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The molecular structure of the medieval watercolor known as folium has finally been solved in the 21st century. The interdisciplinary approach taken was the key to producing extracts that had been prepared following medieval instructions, and shows the blue/purple chromophore as the major dye in Chrozophora tinctoria fruits (shell). A multi-analytical characterization of its structure was made using HPLC-DAD-MS, GC-MS, NMR (1H, 13C, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, INADEQUATE), and computational studies. The results demonstrate that the blue compound corresponds to 6'-hydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxy-1,1'-dimethyl-5'-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-[3,3'-bipyridine]-2,2',5,6(1H,1'H)-tetraone, a hermidin derivative, which we named chrozophoridin. Experimental data and computational modeling studies show that this mono-glycosylated dimer is represented by two stable isomers (atropisomers). This is an indispensable piece of knowledge for the characterization of this medieval dye in works of art such as medieval manuscript illuminations and for testing its stability and contributes to the preservation of our cultural heritage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Nabais
- REQUIMTE–Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus Caparica, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - J. Oliveira
- REQUIMTE–Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - F. Pina
- REQUIMTE–Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus Caparica, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - N. Teixeira
- REQUIMTE–Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - V. de Freitas
- REQUIMTE–Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - N. F. Brás
- REQUIMTE–UCIBIO, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - A. Clemente
- cE3c–Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M. Rangel
- REQUIMTE–Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto
| | - A. M. S. Silva
- REQUIMTE–Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde, Departamento de Química, and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M. J. Melo
- REQUIMTE–Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus Caparica, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dooley KA, Chieli A, Romani A, Legrand S, Miliani C, Janssens K, Delaney JK. Molecular Fluorescence Imaging Spectroscopy for Mapping Low Concentrations of Red Lake Pigments: Van Gogh's Painting
The Olive Orchard. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Dooley
- Scientific Research DepartmentNational Gallery of Art, 6th and Constitution Ave NW Washington DC 20565 USA
| | - Annalisa Chieli
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolaric/o Dipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità di Perugia Via Elce di sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italia
- Centro di Eccellenza SMAArtc/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità di Perugia Via Elce di sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italia
| | - Aldo Romani
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolaric/o Dipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità di Perugia Via Elce di sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italia
- Centro di Eccellenza SMAArtc/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità di Perugia Via Elce di sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italia
| | - Stijn Legrand
- AXES Research GroupDepartment of PhysicsUniversiteit Antwerpen Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerpen Belgium
| | - Costanza Miliani
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolaric/o Dipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità di Perugia Via Elce di sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italia
- Centro di Eccellenza SMAArtc/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità di Perugia Via Elce di sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italia
| | - Koen Janssens
- AXES Research GroupDepartment of PhysicsUniversiteit Antwerpen Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerpen Belgium
| | - John K. Delaney
- Scientific Research DepartmentNational Gallery of Art, 6th and Constitution Ave NW Washington DC 20565 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Shellfish purple, also known as Tyrian purple and royal purple, has a long history, which has been revealed and documented in recent years through valid physicochemical studies using sophisticated techniques. The aim of the work was to summarize the conclusions of these studies and to describe the results of two unpublished investigations regarding the (i) identification of shellfish purple in a textile (4th century BCE) from ancient Macedonia and (ii) dramatic effect of the dyeing conditions on the composition of the purple dye. Moreover, a critical discussion is included about the discovery of the shellfish pigment and dye based on the available scientific evidence. Previously published reports describing the identification of the shellfish colorant in objects of the cultural heritage were carefully summarized. Shellfish purple was not used only as colorant, but it served other purposes as emphasized in this review. In particular, examples for the use of shellfish purple in medicine, grave goods and fillers and plasters in walls, were described. Examples of materials and methods that were used in the past to produce “fake” purple, imitating the aesthetic result of the valuable royal marine material were summarized. Finally, the solubility of indigoids was discussed using modern approaches of physical chemistry.
Collapse
|
7
|
Clementi C, Carlotti B, Burattini C, Pellegrino RM, Romani A, Elisei F. Effect of hydrogen bonding interaction on the photophysics of α-amino-orcein. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 214:522-530. [PMID: 30818151 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports for the first time a detailed spectroscopic investigation into the ground- and excited-state properties of α-amino-orcein (α-AO), one of the main components of the orcein dye, in solvents of different proticity and water at different pHs. In order to gain insight into the nature of the involved transitions and excited state deactivation pathways, the study was carried out by means of UV-Visible steady state and ultrafast spectroscopic techniques with the support of quantum mechanical calculations (DFT and TDDFT). The results highlight that the photophysical and photodynamic behaviour of α-AO are highly sensitive to the solvent proticity and pH. In particular, protic environment induces a red shift (55 nm) of the absorption spectrum together with a relevant decrease of the fluorescence quantum yield (from 0.19 in acetonitrile to 6.6 × 10-3 in methanol) and radiative rate constant (two orders of magnitude). A notable red shift is also caused by increasing the pH leading the molecule from monocationic to neutral and then monoanionic form through two deprotonation steps (pKa = 3.539 ± 0.006 and 11.180 ± 0.006). Following deprotonation, the molecule assumes spectral and photophysical properties very similar to those retrieved in protic media. The observed behaviour has been rationalized through the occurrence of hydrogen bonding, likely involving to a greater extent the carbonyl oxygen of α-AO and the protic solvent, that favours the charge delocalization on the whole chromophore as well as fast non-radiative excited state deactivation. The ultrafast spectroscopic investigation revealed in fact the presence, in protic solvent, of a short living component (tens of picoseconds), assignable to solvent complexed S1 state, alongside the long living component (few nanoseconds) observed in aprotic media and attributed to the solvent free S1 state. The results achieved in this study for α-AO provides an important contribution to the interpretation of absorption and fluorescence features of orcein dye mixture in more complex systems (protein based substrates within the many aspects of the cultural heritage and biomedical field) where hydrogen bonds are expected to play a crucial role in mediating the interaction with the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Clementi
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - B Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - C Burattini
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - R M Pellegrino
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Romani
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy; Center of Excellence on Scientific Methodologies applied to Archaeology and Art (SMAArt), University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - F Elisei
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy; Center of Excellence on the Innovative Nanostructured Materials (CEMIN), University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|