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Yu H, Díaz A, Lu X, Sun B, Ding Y, Koyama M, He J, Zhou X, Oudriss A, Feaugas X, Zhang Z. Hydrogen Embrittlement as a Conspicuous Material Challenge─Comprehensive Review and Future Directions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6271-6392. [PMID: 38773953 PMCID: PMC11117190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen is considered a clean and efficient energy carrier crucial for shaping the net-zero future. Large-scale production, transportation, storage, and use of green hydrogen are expected to be undertaken in the coming decades. As the smallest element in the universe, however, hydrogen can adsorb on, diffuse into, and interact with many metallic materials, degrading their mechanical properties. This multifaceted phenomenon is generically categorized as hydrogen embrittlement (HE). HE is one of the most complex material problems that arises as an outcome of the intricate interplay across specific spatial and temporal scales between the mechanical driving force and the material resistance fingerprinted by the microstructures and subsequently weakened by the presence of hydrogen. Based on recent developments in the field as well as our collective understanding, this Review is devoted to treating HE as a whole and providing a constructive and systematic discussion on hydrogen entry, diffusion, trapping, hydrogen-microstructure interaction mechanisms, and consequences of HE in steels, nickel alloys, and aluminum alloys used for energy transport and storage. HE in emerging material systems, such as high entropy alloys and additively manufactured materials, is also discussed. Priority has been particularly given to these less understood aspects. Combining perspectives of materials chemistry, materials science, mechanics, and artificial intelligence, this Review aspires to present a comprehensive and impartial viewpoint on the existing knowledge and conclude with our forecasts of various paths forward meant to fuel the exploration of future research regarding hydrogen-induced material challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yu
- Division
of Applied Mechanics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrés Díaz
- Department
of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Burgos,
Escuela Politécnica Superior, 09006 Burgos, Spain
| | - Xu Lu
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Binhan Sun
- School of
Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China
University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department
of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University
of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Motomichi Koyama
- Institute
for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jianying He
- Department
of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University
of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Xiao Zhou
- State Key
Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Abdelali Oudriss
- Laboratoire
des Sciences de l’Ingénieur pour l’Environnement, La Rochelle University, CNRS UMR 7356, 17042 La Rochelle, France
| | - Xavier Feaugas
- Laboratoire
des Sciences de l’Ingénieur pour l’Environnement, La Rochelle University, CNRS UMR 7356, 17042 La Rochelle, France
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- Department
of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University
of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
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Hydrogen-Assisted Brittle Fracture Behavior of Low Alloy 30CrMo Steel Based on the Combination of Experimental and Numerical Analyses. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133711. [PMID: 34279281 PMCID: PMC8269893 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compact-tension (CT) specimens made of low alloy 30CrMo steels were hydrogen-charged, and then subjected to the fracture toughness test. The experimental results revealed that the higher crack propagation and the lower crack growth resistance (CTOD-R curve) are significantly noticeable with increasing hydrogen embrittlement (HE) indexes. Moreover, the transition in the microstructural fracture mechanism from ductile (microvoid coalescence (MVC)) without hydrogen to a mixed quasi-cleavage (QC) fracture and QC + intergranular (IG) fracture with hydrogen was observed. The hydrogen-enhanced decohesion (HEDE) mechanism was characterized as the dominant HE mechanism. According to the experimental testing, the coupled problem of stress field and hydrogen diffusion field with cohesive zone stress analysis was employed to simulate hydrogen-assisted brittle fracture behavior by using ABAQUS software. The trapezoidal traction-separation law (TSL) was adopted, and the initial TSL parameters from the best fit to the load-displacement and J-integral experimental curves without hydrogen were calibrated for the critical separation of 0.0393 mm and the cohesive strength of 2100 MPa. The HEDE was implemented through hydrogen influence in the TSL, and to estimate the initial hydrogen concentration based on matching numerical and experimental load-line displacement curves with hydrogen. The simulation results show that the general trend of the computational CTOD-R curves corresponding to initial hydrogen concentration is almost the same as that obtained from the experimental data but in full agreement, the computational CTOD values being slightly higher. Comparative analysis of numerical and experimental results shows that the coupled model can provide design and prediction to calculate hydrogen-assisted fracture behavior prior to extensive laboratory testing, provided that the material properties and properly calibrated TSL parameters are known.
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Metallurgical Aspects in the Welding of Clad Pipelines—A Global Outlook. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9153118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the metallurgical changes in the welding of clad pipelines are studied. Clad pipes consist of a complex multi-material system, with (i) the clad being stainless steel or a nickel-based superalloy, (ii) the pipe being API X60 or X65 high-strength carbon steel, and (iii) the welding wire being a nickel-based superalloy or stainless steel in the root and hot pass, with a nickel or iron buffer layer, followed by filling with carbon steel wire. Alternatively, the corrosion resistant alloy may be used only. During production of the clad pipe, at the diffusion bonding temperature, substantial material changes may occur. These are carbon diffusion from the carbon steel to the clad, followed by the formation of hard martensite at the interface on cooling. The solidification behavior and microstructure evolution in the weld metal and in the heat-affected zone are further discussed for the different material combinations. Solidification behavior was also numerically estimated to show solidification parameters and resulting solidification modes.
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