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Song M, Dodson J, Lu F, Yan H. Central China as LGM plant refugia: Insights from biome reconstruction for palaeoclimate information. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 942:173783. [PMID: 38851335 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The demonstration of survival of forest stands in relatively stable refugia during cold glacial stages has offered an increased understanding of the response of vegetation to climate change, but also provides insight into considerations for the conversation of biodiversity hotspots. However, refugia studies in China remain in question due to the lack of plant macrofossils, especially those of endemic and relict species. Palynology, while more broad brush, provides a method for exploring whether refugia occur, and can provide some details of palaeovegetation composition and temporal dynamics. Here, three pollen records derived from subalpine wetlands in central China, spanning the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), have been coupled with biome and mean annual precipitation (MAP) reconstructions to identify the presence of trees that endured cold climate. The results indicated that some forest, including temperate deciduous broadleaf forest and cool mixed forest, survived the LGM at the three locations, and was thus at odds with the hypothesis that forests were replaced by herbs and grasses in central China at that time. Refugia favored by protection from cold air drainage and the availability of adequate water can explain the survival of the trees during otherwise harsh episodes. Our findings are consistent with other records from central China that argue for tree dominated refugia during the LGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - John Dodson
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Fengyan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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2
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Barros FDV, Bittencourt PL, Eller CB, Signori‐Müller C, Meireles LD, Oliveira RS. Phytogeographic origin determines Tropical Montane Cloud Forest hydraulic trait composition. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de V. Barros
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia Institute of Biology University of Campinas Brazil
- Department of Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter EX4 4RJ Exeter UK
| | - Paulo L. Bittencourt
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia Institute of Biology University of Campinas Brazil
- Department of Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter EX4 4RJ Exeter UK
| | - Cleiton B. Eller
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia Institute of Biology University of Campinas Brazil
| | - Caroline Signori‐Müller
- Department of Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter EX4 4RJ Exeter UK
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Institute of Biology University of Campinas Brazil
| | - Leonardo D. Meireles
- Environmental Management Course School of Art, Science, and Humanities University of São Paulo – USP 03828‐000 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Rafael S. Oliveira
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brazil
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Climate-Driven Holocene Migration of Forest-Steppe Ecotone in the Tien Mountains. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11111139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate change poses a considerable threat to the forest-steppe ecotone in arid mountain areas. However, it remains unclear how the forest-steppe ecotone responds to climate change due to the limitation of the traditional pollen assemblages, which greatly limits the understanding of the history of the forest-steppe ecotone. Here, we examined the Tien Mountains, the largest mountain system in the world’s arid regions, as a case study to explore the migration of the forest-steppe ecotone using the pollen taxa diversity, by combining modern vegetation surveys, surface pollen and two fossil pollen sequences—in the mid-elevation forest belt (Sayram Lake) and in the low-elevation desert belt (Aibi Lake). We found that the forest-steppe migration followed Holocene climate change. Specifically, the forest belt where Picea schrenkiana Fisch. & C.A.Mey. dominates has a very low pollen taxa diversity, characterized by high richness and low evenness, which plays a key role in mountainous diversity. By detecting the diversity change of the deposition sites, we found that in coping with the warm and wet middle Holocene, the forest belt expanded and widened as the observed diversities around the two lakes were very low, thus the forest-steppe ecotone moved downward accordingly. During the early and late Holocene, the forest belt and the forest-steppe ecotone moved upward under a warm and dry climate, and downward under a cold and wet climate, as there was a reduced forest belt effect on, or contribution to, the sites, and the observed diversities were high. Moisture loss may pose the greatest threat to the narrow forest-steppe ecotone, considering the climatic niche space and the limited living space for humidity-sensitive taxa. This study highlights that temperature and moisture co-influence the forest belt change, which further determines the position migration of the forest-steppe ecotone.
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Dorey JB, Groom SVC, Freedman EH, Matthews CS, Davies OK, Deans EJ, Rebola C, Stevens MI, Lee MSY, Schwarz MP. Radiation of tropical island bees and the role of phylogenetic niche conservatism as an important driver of biodiversity. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200045. [PMID: 32290802 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Island biogeography explores how biodiversity in island ecosystems arises and is maintained. The topographical complexity of islands can drive speciation by providing a diversity of niches that promote adaptive radiation and speciation. However, recent studies have argued that phylogenetic niche conservatism, combined with topographical complexity and climate change, could also promote speciation if populations are episodically fragmented into climate refugia that enable allopatric speciation. Adaptive radiation and phylogenetic niche conservatism therefore both predict that topographical complexity should encourage speciation, but they differ strongly in their inferred mechanisms. Using genetic (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)) and morphological data, we show high species diversity (22 species) in an endemic clade of Fijian Homalictus bees, with most species restricted to highlands and frequently exhibiting narrow geographical ranges. Our results indicate that elevational niches have been conserved across most speciation events, contradicting expectations from an adaptive radiation model but concordant with phylogenetic niche conservatism. Climate cycles, topographical complexity, and niche conservatism could interact to shape island biodiversity. We argue that phylogenetic niche conservatism is an important driver of tropical island bee biodiversity but that this phylogenetic inertia also leads to major extinction risks for tropical ectotherms under future warming climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Dorey
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Scott V C Groom
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Elisha H Freedman
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Cale S Matthews
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Olivia K Davies
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Ella J Deans
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Celina Rebola
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Mark I Stevens
- Biological and Earth Sciences, South Australian Museum, GPO Box 234, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Michael S Y Lee
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.,Biological and Earth Sciences, South Australian Museum, GPO Box 234, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Michael P Schwarz
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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Gosling WD, Julier ACM, Adu-Bredu S, Djagbletey GD, Fraser WT, Jardine PE, Lomax BH, Malhi Y, Manu EA, Mayle FE, Moore S. Pollen-vegetation richness and diversity relationships in the tropics. VEGETATION HISTORY AND ARCHAEOBOTANY 2017; 27:411-418. [PMID: 31983811 PMCID: PMC6953967 DOI: 10.1007/s00334-017-0642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tracking changes in biodiversity through time requires an understanding of the relationship between modern diversity and how this diversity is preserved in the fossil record. Fossil pollen is one way in which past vegetation diversity can be reconstructed. However, there is limited understanding of modern pollen-vegetation diversity relationships from biodiverse tropical ecosystems. Here, pollen (palynological) richness and diversity (Hill N 1) are compared with vegetation richness and diversity from forest and savannah ecosystems in the New World and Old World tropics (Neotropics and Palaeotropics). Modern pollen data were obtained from artificial pollen traps deployed in 1-ha vegetation study plots from which vegetation inventories had been completed in Bolivia and Ghana. Pollen counts were obtained from 15 to 22 traps per plot, and aggregated pollen sums for each plot were > 2,500. The palynological richness/diversity values from the Neotropics were moist evergreen forest = 86/6.8, semi-deciduous dry forest = 111/21.9, wooded savannah = 138/31.5, and from the Palaeotropics wet evergreen forest = 144/28.3, semi-deciduous moist forest = 104/4.4, forest-savannah transition = 121/14.1; the corresponding vegetation richness/diversity was 100/36.7, 80/38.7 and 71/39.4 (Neotropics), and 101/54.8, 87/45.5 and 71/34.5 (Palaeotropics). No consistent relationship was found between palynological richness/diversity, and plot vegetation richness/diversity, due to the differential influence of other factors such as landscape diversity, pollination strategy, and pollen source area. Palynological richness exceeded vegetation richness, while pollen diversity was lower than vegetation diversity. The relatively high global diversity of tropical vegetation was found to be reflected in the pollen rain.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Gosling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Adele C. M. Julier
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | | | - Wesley T. Fraser
- Geography, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Phillip E. Jardine
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Barry H. Lomax
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Francis E. Mayle
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Sam Moore
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Modeled Shifts in Polylepis Species Ranges in the Andes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Present. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8070232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Commerford JL, McLauchlan KK, Minckley TA. High dissimilarity within a multiyear annual record of pollen assemblages from a North American tallgrass prairie. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5273-89. [PMID: 27551382 PMCID: PMC4984503 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Grassland vegetation varies in composition across North America and has been historically influenced by multiple biotic and abiotic drivers, including fire, herbivory, and topography. Yet, the amount of temporal and spatial variability exhibited among grassland pollen assemblages, and the influence of these biotic and abiotic drivers on pollen assemblage composition and diversity has been relatively understudied. Here, we examine 4 years of modern pollen assemblages collected from a series of 28 traps at the Konza Prairie Long‐Term Ecological Research Area in the Flint Hills of Kansas, with the aim of evaluating the influence of these drivers, as well as quantifying the amount of spatial and temporal variability in the pollen signatures of the tallgrass prairie biome. We include all terrestrial pollen taxa in our analyses while calculating four summative metrics of pollen diversity and composition – beta‐diversity, Shannon index, nonarboreal pollen percentage, and Ambrosia:Artemisia – and find different roles of fire, herbivory, and topography variables in relation to these pollen metrics. In addition, we find significant annual differences in the means of three of these metrics, particularly the year 2013 which experienced high precipitation relative to the other 3 years of data. To quantify spatial and temporal dissimilarity among the samples over the 4‐year study, we calculate pairwise squared‐chord distances (SCD). The SCD values indicate higher compositional dissimilarity across the traps (0.38 mean) among all years than within a single trap from year to year (0.31 mean), suggesting that grassland vegetation can have different pollen signatures across finely sampled space and time, and emphasizing the need for additional long‐term annual monitoring of grassland pollen.
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8
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Crespo-Pérez V, Pinto CM, Carrión JM, Jarrín-E RD, Poveda C, de Vries T. The Shiny Cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789) (Aves: Icteridae), at 2,800 m asl in Quito, Ecuador. Biodivers Data J 2016:e8184. [PMID: 27226760 PMCID: PMC4867694 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.4.e8184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Shiny Cowbird, Molothrusbonariensis Gmelin, 1789, is a brood parasite of hundreds of small-bodied birds that is native to South American lowlands. Within the last 100 years this species has been expanding its range throughout the Caribbean, towards North America, but has rarely been seen above 2,000 m asl. New information Here, we present records of Shiny Cowbirds in Quito, a city located 2,800 m above sea level that harbors a bird community typical of the Andean valleys. We found two juvenile individuals parasitizing two different pairs of Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichiacapensis Müller, 1776). This report constitutes an altitudinal range expansion of reproductive populations of ca. 500m, which may have beenprompted by anthropogenic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Crespo-Pérez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Quito, Ecuador
| | - C Miguel Pinto
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Division of Mammals, 1000 Constitution Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | | | - Rubén D Jarrín-E
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cristian Poveda
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Tjitte de Vries
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Quito, Ecuador
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9
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Winger BM, Bates JM. The tempo of trait divergence in geographic isolation: Avian speciation across the Marañon Valley of Peru. Evolution 2015; 69:772-87. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Winger
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology; The University of Chicago; Culver Hall 402 Chicago Illinois 60637
- Life Sciences Section, Integrative Research Center; The Field Museum of Natural History; 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive Chicago Illinois 60605
| | - John M. Bates
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology; The University of Chicago; Culver Hall 402 Chicago Illinois 60637
- Life Sciences Section, Integrative Research Center; The Field Museum of Natural History; 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive Chicago Illinois 60605
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10
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Impact of climate change on aeroallergens. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 108:294-9. [PMID: 22541397 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Schulte K, Silvestro D, Kiehlmann E, Vesely S, Novoa P, Zizka G. Detection of recent hybridization between sympatric Chilean Puya species (Bromeliaceae) using AFLP markers and reconstruction of complex relationships. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 57:1105-19. [PMID: 20832496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schulte
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, Sir Robert Norman Building (E2), James Cook University, P.O. Box 6811, Cairns, Qld. 4870, Australia.
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12
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Kürschner WM, Herngreen GFW. Triassic palynology of central and northwestern Europe: a review of palynofloral diversity patterns and biostratigraphic subdivisions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1144/sp334.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe document palynofloral trends through the Triassic in the Germanic and Alpine facies with an emphasis on diversity trends and possibly related palaeoenvironmental changes. As a first order approximation of palynofloral diversity, we used the range through method of the software package PAST based on a range chart compiled from several Triassic palynological studies and reviews. Our analysis suggests that during the entire Triassic the diversity of plants producing spores was largely controlled by the availability of water, while diversity among gymnosperms was also affected by other environmental and biotic factors. In general, palynofloral diversity declines by some 50% between the early Carnian and the Norian, mainly as a result of a decrease in the number of pollen species. This is the second most severe loss in pollen species after the Permian–Triassic biotic crisis. In comparison to the marked palynofloral turnover at the Permian–Triassic transition and the end-Carnian decrease in palynofloral diversity, the end-Triassic biotic crisis appears to have little affected palynofloral species diversity in Europe. A study of the palynostratigraphy of NW Europe recognizes nine zones (and nine subzones) that encompass the Triassic, most of which have their boundaries based on the first occurrences of marker species. The palynostratigraphic zones and subzones in Europe are correlated to the marine Triassic stages based on various data, including numerous palynological records in marine Alpine Triassic strata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram M. Kürschner
- Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Palaeoecology, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G. F. Waldemaar Herngreen
- Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Palaeoecology, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Shea KM, Truckner RT, Weber RW, Peden DB. Climate change and allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:443-53; quiz 454-5. [PMID: 18774380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is potentially the largest global threat to human health ever encountered. The earth is warming, the warming is accelerating, and human actions are largely responsible. If current emissions and land use trends continue unchecked, the next generations will face more injury, disease, and death related to natural disasters and heat waves, higher rates of climate-related infections, and wide-spread malnutrition, as well as more allergic and air pollution-related morbidity and mortality. This review highlights links between global climate change and anticipated increases in prevalence and severity of asthma and related allergic disease mediated through worsening ambient air pollution and altered local and regional pollen production. The pattern of change will vary regionally depending on latitude, altitude, rainfall and storms, land-use patterns, urbanization, transportation, and energy production. The magnitude of climate change and related increases in allergic disease will be affected by how aggressively greenhouse gas mitigation strategies are pursued, but at best an average warming of 1 to 2 degrees C is certain this century. Thus, anticipation of a higher allergic disease burden will affect clinical practice as well as public health planning. A number of practical primary and secondary prevention strategies are suggested at the end of the review to assist in meeting this unprecedented public health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Shea
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-1105, USA.
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14
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KOSCINSKI DARIA, HANDFORD PAUL, TUBARO PABLOL, SHARP SARAH, LOUGHEED STEPHENC. Pleistocene climatic cycling and diversification of the Andean treefrog,Hypsiboas andinus. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:2012-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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The use of 'altitude' in ecological research. Trends Ecol Evol 2007; 22:569-74. [PMID: 17988759 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1009] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Altitudinal gradients are among the most powerful 'natural experiments' for testing ecological and evolutionary responses of biota to geophysical influences, such as low temperature. However, there are two categories of environmental changes with altitude: those physically tied to meters above sea level, such as atmospheric pressure, temperature and clear-sky turbidity; and those that are not generally altitude specific, such as moisture, hours of sunshine, wind, season length, geology and even human land use. The confounding of the first category by the latter has introduced confusion in the scientific literature on altitude phenomena.
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16
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Ribas CC, Moyle RG, Miyaki CY, Cracraft J. The assembly of montane biotas: linking Andean tectonics and climatic oscillations to independent regimes of diversification in Pionus parrots. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274:2399-408. [PMID: 17686731 PMCID: PMC2274971 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the taxonomic assembly of montane biotas are still poorly understood. Most hypotheses have assumed that the diversification of montane biotas is loosely coupled to Earth history and have emphasized instead the importance of multiple long-distance dispersal events and biotic interactions, particularly competition, for structuring the taxonomic composition and distribution of montane biotic elements. Here we use phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses of species in the parrot genus Pionus to demonstrate that standing diversity within montane lineages is directly attributable to events of Earth history. Phylogenetic relationships confirm three independent biogeographic disjunctions between montane lineages, on one hand, and lowland dry-forest/wet-forest lineages on the other. Temporal estimates of lineage diversification are consistent with the interpretation that the three lineages were transported passively to high elevations by mountain building, and that subsequent diversification within the Andes was driven primarily by Pleistocene climatic oscillations and their large-scale effects on habitat change. These results support a mechanistic link between diversification and Earth history and have general implications for explaining high altitudinal disjuncts and the origin of montane biotas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C Ribas
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA.
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17
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Willis KJ, Kleczkowski A, New M, Whittaker RJ. Testing the impact of climate variability on European plant diversity: 320�000�years of water?energy dynamics and its long-term influence on plant taxonomic richness. Ecol Lett 2007; 10:673-9. [PMID: 17594422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Models examining the present-day relationship between macro-scale patterns in terrestrial species richness and variables of water and energy demonstrate that a combined water-energy model is a good predictor of richness in mid-to-high latitude regions. However, the power of the individual water and energy variables to explain this richness through time has never been explored. Here, we assess how well energy and water can predict long-term variations in plant richness using a 320,000-year fossil pollen data set from Hungary. Results demonstrate that a combined water-energy model best explains the variation in plant diversity through time. However, this long temporal record also demonstrates that amplitude of energy variation appears to be a strong determinant of richness. Decreased richness correlates with increased climate variability and certain species appear to be more susceptible according to their ecological traits. These findings have important implications for predicting richness at times of increasing climate variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Willis
- Biodiversity Research Group, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Oxford, UK.
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18
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Willis KJ, Gillson L, Knapp S. Biodiversity hotspots through time: an introduction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2007; 362:169-74. [PMID: 17255026 PMCID: PMC2042519 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
International targets set for reducing the rate of biodiversity loss--the 2010 target--and ensuring environmental stability (Millennium Development Goals) have helped to focus the efforts of the scientific community on providing the data necessary for their implementation. The urgency of these goals, coupled with the increased rate of habitat alteration worldwide, has meant that actions have largely not taken into account the increasing body of data about the biodiversity change in the past. We know a lot about how our planet has been altered and recovered in the past, both in deep time and through prehistory. Linking this knowledge to conservation action has not been widely practised, by either the palaeoecology or the conservation communities. Long-term data, however, have much to offer current conservation practice, and in the papers for this volume we have tried to bring together a variety of different perspectives as to how this might happen in the most effective way. We also identify areas for productive collaboration and some key synergies for work in the near future to enable our knowledge of the past to be used for conservation action in the here and now. Lateral thinking, across knowledge systems and with open-mindness about bridging data gaps, will be necessary for our accumulating knowledge about our planet's past to be brought to bear on our attempts to conserve it in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Willis
- Long-term Ecology Laboratory, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
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