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Marshall LR, Makhlynets OV. Stopped-flow measurement of CO 2 hydration activity by catalytic amyloids. Methods Enzymol 2024; 697:35-49. [PMID: 38816130 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing rates of catalysis shown by catalytic amyloids, the use of faster characterization techniques is required for proper kinetic studies. The same is true for inherently fast chemical reactions. Carbon dioxide hydration is of significant interest to the field of enzyme design, given both carbonic anhydrases' status as a "perfect enzyme" and the central role carbonic anhydrase plays in the respiration and existence of all carbon-based life. Carbon dioxide is an underexplored hydrolysis substrate within the literature, and a lack of a direct spectroscopic marker for reaction monitoring can make studies more complex and require specialist equipment. Within this article we present a method for measuring the carbon dioxide hydration activity of amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam R Marshall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Olga V Makhlynets
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States.
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Wu C, Sun Y, Yang G, Li L, Sun W, Wang Z, Zhang H, Li Y. Natural variation in stress response induced by low CO 2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Open Life Sci 2021; 15:923-938. [PMID: 33817279 PMCID: PMC7874586 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2020-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration can dictate plant growth and development and shape plant evolution. For paired populations of 31 Arabidopsis accessions, respectively, grown under 100 or 380 ppm CO2, we compared phenotypic traits related to vegetative growth and flowering time. Four accessions showed the least variation in measured growth traits between 100 ppm CO2 and 380 ppm CO2 conditions, though all accessions exhibited a dwarf stature with reduced biomass under low CO2. Our comparison of accessions also incorporated the altitude (indicated in meters) above sea level at which they were originally collected. Notably, An-1 (50 m), Est (50 m), Ws-0 (150 m), and Ler-0 (600 m) showed the least differences (lower decrease or increase) between treatments in flowering time, rosette leaf number, specific leaf weight, stomatal density, and less negative δ13C values. When variations for all traits and seedset were considered together, Ws-0 exhibited the least change between treatments. Our results showed that physiological and phenotypic responses to low CO2 varied among these accessions and did not correlate linearly with altitude, thus suggesting that slower growth or smaller stature under ambient CO2 may potentially belie a fitness advantage for sustainable growth under low CO2 availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulou Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zenglan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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Sage RF, Stata M. Photosynthetic diversity meets biodiversity: the C4 plant example. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 172:104-19. [PMID: 25264020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Physiological diversification reflects adaptation for specific environmental challenges. As the major physiological process that provides plants with carbon and energy, photosynthesis is under strong evolutionary selection that gives rise to variability in nearly all parts of the photosynthetic apparatus. Here, we discuss how plants, notably those using C4 photosynthesis, diversified in response to environmental challenges imposed by declining atmospheric CO2 content in recent geological time. This reduction in atmospheric CO2 increases the rate of photorespiration and reduces photosynthetic efficiency. While plants have evolved numerous mechanisms to compensate for low CO2, the most effective are the carbon concentration mechanisms of C4, C2, and CAM photosynthesis; and the pumping of dissolved inorganic carbon, mainly by algae. C4 photosynthesis enables plants to dominate warm, dry and often salinized habitats, and to colonize areas that are too stressful for most plant groups. Because C4 lineages generally lack arborescence, they cannot form forests. Hence, where they predominate, C4 plants create a different landscape than would occur if C3 plants were to predominate. These landscapes (mostly grasslands and savannahs) present unique selection environments that promoted the diversification of animal guilds able to graze upon the C4 vegetation. Thus, the rise of C4 photosynthesis has made a significant contribution to the origin of numerous biomes in the modern biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S3B2.
| | - Matt Stata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S3B2
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Encarnação T, Pais AA, Campos MG, Burrows HD. Cyanobacteria and microalgae: a renewable source of bioactive compounds and other chemicals. Sci Prog 2015; 98:145-68. [PMID: 26288917 PMCID: PMC10365369 DOI: 10.3184/003685015x14298590596266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae and cyanobacteria are rich sources of many valuable compounds, including important bioactive and biotechnologically relevant chemicals. Their enormous biodiversity, and the consequent variability in the respective biochemical composition, make microalgae cultivations a promising resource for many novel chemically and biologically active molecules and compounds of high commercial value such as lipids and dyes. The nature of the chemicals produced can be manipulated by changing the cultivation media and conditions. Algae are extremely versatile because they can be adapted to a variety of cell culture conditions. They do not require arable land, can be cultivated on saline water and wastewaters, and require much less water than plants. They possess an extremely high growth rate making these microorganisms very attractive for use in biofuel production--some species of algae can achieve around 100 times more oil than oil seeds. In addition, microalgae and cyanobacteria can accumulate various biotoxins and can contribute to mitigate greenhouse gases since they produce biomass through carbon dioxide fixation. In this review, we provide an overview of the application of microalgae in the production of bioactive and other chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Encarnação
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Kenrick P, Strullu-Derrien C. The origin and early evolution of roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:570-80. [PMID: 25187527 PMCID: PMC4213089 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.244517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Geological sites of exceptional fossil preservation are becoming a focus of research on root evolution because they retain edaphic and ecological context, and the remains of plant soft tissues are preserved in some. New information is emerging on the origins of rooting systems, their interactions with fungi, and their nature and diversity in the earliest forest ecosystems. Remarkably well-preserved fossils prove that mycorrhizal symbionts were diverse in simple rhizoid-based systems. Roots evolved in a piecemeal fashion and independently in several major clades through the Devonian Period (416 to 360 million years ago), rapidly extending functionality and complexity. Evidence from extinct arborescent clades indicates that polar auxin transport was recruited independently in several to regulate wood and root development. The broader impact of root evolution on the geochemical carbon cycle is a developing area and one in which the interests of the plant physiologist intersect with those of the geochemist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kenrick
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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Temme AA, Cornwell WK, Cornelissen JHC, Aerts R. Meta-analysis reveals profound responses of plant traits to glacial CO2 levels. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4525-35. [PMID: 24340192 PMCID: PMC3856751 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A general understanding of the links between atmospheric CO2 concentration and the functioning of the terrestrial biosphere requires not only an understanding of plant trait responses to the ongoing transition to higher CO2 but also the legacy effects of past low CO2. An interesting question is whether the transition from current to higher CO2 can be thought of as a continuation of the past trajectory of low to current CO2 levels. Determining this trajectory requires quantifying the effect sizes of plant response to low CO2. We performed a meta-analysis of low CO2 growth experiments on 34 studies with 54 species. We quantified how plant traits vary at reduced CO2 levels and whether C3 versus C4 and woody versus herbaceous plant species respond differently. At low CO2, plant functioning changed drastically: on average across all species, a 50% reduction in current atmospheric CO2 reduced net photosynthesis by 38%; increased stomatal conductance by 60% and decreased intrinsic water use efficiency by 48%. Total plant dry biomass decreased by 47%, while specific leaf area increased by 17%. Plant types responded similarly: the only significant differences being no increase in SLA for C4 species and a 16% smaller decrease in biomass for woody C3 species at glacial CO2. Quantitative comparison of low CO2 effect sizes to those from high CO2 studies showed that the magnitude of response of stomatal conductance, water use efficiency and SLA to increased CO2 can be thought of as continued shifts along the same line. However, net photosynthesis and dry weight responses to low CO2 were greater in magnitude than to high CO2. Understanding the causes for this discrepancy can lead to a general understanding of the links between atmospheric CO2 and plant responses with relevance for both the past and the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Temme
- Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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