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US–soviet fisheries research during the cold war: data legacies. ARCHIVAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10502-022-09398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
Human health and livelihoods are threatened by declining marine fisheries catches, causing substantial interest in the sources and dynamics of fishing. Catch analyses in individual exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and the high seas are abundant, and research across multiple EEZs is growing. However, no previous studies have systematically compared catches, intranational versus international fish flows, and fishing nations within all of the world’s EEZs and across adjacent and distant EEZs and the high seas to inform “metacoupled” fisheries management. We use the metacoupling framework—a new approach for evaluating human–nature interactions within and across adjacent and distant systems (metacouplings)—to illustrate how fisheries catches were locally, regionally, and globally interconnected in 1950–2014, totaling 5.8 billion metric tons and increasing by 298% (tonnage) and 431% (monetary value) over this time period. Catches by nations in their own EEZs (largest in Peru) and adjacent EEZs (largest in Indonesia) constituted 86% of worldwide catches, growing in 1950–1996 but declining in 1997–2014. In contrast, catches in distant EEZs and the high seas—largest in Morocco, Mauritania, and Canada—peaked in 1973 and have since represented 9–21% of annual catches. Our 65-year, local–regional–global analysis illustrates how metacoupled fisheries governance—holistic management of multiscalar catches, flows, and tradeoffs within and among fisheries—can improve food and nutrition security, livelihood resilience, and biodiversity conservation across the world.
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Toward Rigorous Telecoupling Causal Attribution: A Systematic Review and Typology. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10124426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Telecoupled flows of people, organisms, goods, information, and energy are expanding across the globe. Causes are integral components of the telecoupling framework, yet the rigor with which they have been identified and evaluated to date is unknown. We address this knowledge gap by systematically reviewing causal attribution in the telecoupling literature (n = 89 studies) and developing a standardized causal terminology and typology for consistent use in telecoupling research. Causes are defined based on six criteria: sector (e.g., environmental, economic), system of origin (i.e., sending, receiving, spillover), agent, distance, response time (i.e., time lapse between cause and effect), and direction (i.e., producing positive or negative effects). Using case studies from the telecoupling literature, we demonstrate the need to enhance the rigor of telecoupling causal attribution by combining qualitative and quantitative methods via process-tracing, counterfactual analysis, and related approaches. Rigorous qualitative-quantitative causal attribution is critical for accurately assessing the social-ecological causes and consequences of telecouplings and thereby identifying leverage points for informed management and governance of telecoupled systems.
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Tickler D, Meeuwig JJ, Palomares ML, Pauly D, Zeller D. Far from home: Distance patterns of global fishing fleets. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar3279. [PMID: 30083601 PMCID: PMC6070319 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar3279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Postwar growth of industrial fisheries catch to its peak in 1996 was driven by increasing fleet capacity and geographical expansion. An investigation of the latter, using spatially allocated reconstructed catch data to quantify "mean distance to fishing grounds," found global trends to be dominated by the expansion histories of a small number of distant-water fishing countries. While most countries fished largely in local waters, Taiwan, South Korea, Spain, and China rapidly increased their mean distance to fishing grounds by 2000 to 4000 km between 1950 and 2014. Others, including Japan and the former USSR, expanded in the postwar decades but then retrenched from the mid-1970s, as access to other countries' waters became increasingly restricted with the advent of exclusive economic zones formalized in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Since 1950, heavily subsidized fleets have increased the total fished area from 60% to more than 90% of the world's oceans, doubling the average distance traveled from home ports but catching only one-third of the historical amount per kilometer traveled. Catch per unit area has declined by 22% since the mid-1990s, as fleets approach the limits of geographical expansion. Allowing these trends to continue threatens the bioeconomic sustainability of fisheries globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tickler
- Marine Futures Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jessica J. Meeuwig
- Marine Futures Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Maria-Lourdes Palomares
- Sea Around Us, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel Pauly
- Sea Around Us, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dirk Zeller
- Sea Around Us–Indian Ocean, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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The Social Context of the Chinese Food System: An Ethnographic Study of the Beijing Seafood Market. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Edgar GJ, Bates AE, Bird TJ, Jones AH, Kininmonth S, Stuart-Smith RD, Webb TJ. New Approaches to Marine Conservation Through the Scaling Up of Ecological Data. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2016; 8:435-61. [PMID: 26253270 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-033921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In an era of rapid global change, conservation managers urgently need improved tools to track and counter declining ecosystem conditions. This need is particularly acute in the marine realm, where threats are out of sight, inadequately mapped, cumulative, and often poorly understood, thereby generating impacts that are inefficiently managed. Recent advances in macroecology, statistical analysis, and the compilation of global data will play a central role in improving conservation outcomes, provided that global, regional, and local data streams can be integrated to produce locally relevant and interpretable outputs. Progress will be assisted by (a) expanded rollout of systematic surveys that quantify species patterns, including some carried out with help from citizen scientists; (b) coordinated experimental research networks that utilize large-scale manipulations to identify mechanisms underlying these patterns;
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7004, Tasmania, Australia; ,
| | - Amanda E Bates
- National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom;
| | - Tomas J Bird
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;
| | - Alun H Jones
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Stuart Kininmonth
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Rick D Stuart-Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7004, Tasmania, Australia; ,
| | - Thomas J Webb
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; ,
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Österblom H, Jouffray JB, Folke C, Crona B, Troell M, Merrie A, Rockström J. Transnational corporations as 'keystone actors' in marine ecosystems. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127533. [PMID: 26017777 PMCID: PMC4446349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Keystone species have a disproportionate influence on the structure and function of ecosystems. Here we analyze whether a keystone-like pattern can be observed in the relationship between transnational corporations and marine ecosystems globally. We show how thirteen corporations control 11-16% of the global marine catch (9-13 million tons) and 19-40% of the largest and most valuable stocks, including species that play important roles in their respective ecosystem. They dominate all segments of seafood production, operate through an extensive global network of subsidiaries and are profoundly involved in fisheries and aquaculture decision-making. Based on our findings, we define these companies as keystone actors of the Anthropocene. The phenomenon of keystone actors represents an increasingly important feature of the human-dominated world. Sustainable leadership by keystone actors could result in cascading effects throughout the entire seafood industry and enable a critical transition towards improved management of marine living resources and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Österblom
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-Baptiste Jouffray
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Folke
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Crona
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Max Troell
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Merrie
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Rockström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Möllmann C, Folke C, Edwards M, Conversi A. Marine regime shifts around the globe: theory, drivers and impacts. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20130260. [PMCID: PMC4247398 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Möllmann
- Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, University of Hamburg, Grosse Elbstrasse 133, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carl Folke
- Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Edwards
- SAHFOS, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Alessandra Conversi
- SAHFOS, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
- Institute of Marine Sciences ISMAR, National Research Council of Italy CNR, Forte Santa Teresa, Loc Pozzuolo, Lerici, 19032 La Spezia, Italy
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Policy Research, Marine Institute, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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Conversi A, Dakos V, Gårdmark A, Ling S, Folke C, Mumby PJ, Greene C, Edwards M, Blenckner T, Casini M, Pershing A, Möllmann C. A holistic view of marine regime shifts. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20130279. [PMCID: PMC4247413 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding marine regime shifts is important not only for ecology but also for developing marine management that assures the provision of ecosystem services to humanity. While regime shift theory is well developed, there is still no common understanding on drivers, mechanisms and characteristic of abrupt changes in real marine ecosystems. Based on contributions to the present theme issue, we highlight some general issues that need to be overcome for developing a more comprehensive understanding of marine ecosystem regime shifts. We find a great divide between benthic reef and pelagic ocean systems in how regime shift theory is linked to observed abrupt changes. Furthermore, we suggest that the long-lasting discussion on the prevalence of top-down trophic or bottom-up physical drivers in inducing regime shifts may be overcome by taking into consideration the synergistic interactions of multiple stressors, and the special characteristics of different ecosystem types. We present a framework for the holistic investigation of marine regime shifts that considers multiple exogenous drivers that interact with endogenous mechanisms to cause abrupt, catastrophic change. This framework takes into account the time-delayed synergies of these stressors, which erode the resilience of the ecosystem and eventually enable the crossing of ecological thresholds. Finally, considering that increased pressures in the marine environment are predicted by the current climate change assessments, in order to avoid major losses of ecosystem services, we suggest that marine management approaches should incorporate knowledge on environmental thresholds and develop tools that consider regime shift dynamics and characteristics. This grand challenge can only be achieved through a holistic view of marine ecosystem dynamics as evidenced by this theme issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Conversi
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council of Italy, Forte Santa Teresa, Loc Pozzuolo, Lerici, La Spezia 19032, Italy
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Policy, Marine Institute, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
- SAHFOS, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Vasilis Dakos
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Américo Vespucio s/n, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Anna Gårdmark
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Coastal Research, Skolgatan 6, Öregrund 742 42, Sweden
| | - Scott Ling
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, HOBART TAS 7001, Tasmania
| | - Carl Folke
- Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, Stockholm 104 05, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Peter J. Mumby
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Charles Greene
- Ocean Resources and Ecosystems Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Edwards
- SAHFOS, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Thorsten Blenckner
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Michele Casini
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Turistgatan 5, Lysekil 45330, Sweden
| | - Andrew Pershing
- Gulf of Maine Research Institute, 350 Commercial Street, Portland, ME 04101, USA
| | - Christian Möllmann
- Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, University of Hamburg, Grosse Elbstrasse 133, Hamburg 22767, Germany
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