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Farias L, Beszteri B, Burfeid Castellanos AM, Doliwa A, Enss J, Feld CK, Grabner D, Lampert KP, Mayombo NAS, Prati S, Schürings C, Smollich E, Schäfer RB, Sures B, Le TTY. Influence of salinity on the thermal tolerance of aquatic organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 953:176120. [PMID: 39260473 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are challenged by changes in their external environment, such as temperature and salinity fluctuations. If these variables interacted with each other, the response of organisms to temperature changes would be modified by salinity and vice versa. We tested for potential interaction between temperature and salinity effects on freshwater, brackish, and marine organisms, including algae, macrophytes, heterotrophic protists, parasites, invertebrates, and fish. We performed a meta-analysis that compared the thermal tolerance (characterised by the temperature optimum, lower and upper temperature limits, and thermal breadth) at various salinities. The meta-analysis was based on 90 articles (algae: 15; heterotrophic protists: 1; invertebrates: 43; and fish: 31). Studies on macrophytes and parasites were lacking. We found that decreasing salinity significantly increased and decreased the lower and upper temperature limits, respectively, in all groups. Thus, a lowered salinity increased the thermal sensitivity of organisms. These findings mainly reflect the response of brackish and marine organisms to salinity changes, which dominated our database. The few studies on freshwater species showed that their lower thermal limits increased and the upper thermal limits decreased with increasing salinity, albeit statistically nonsignificant. Although non-significant, the response of thermal tolerance to salinity changes differed between various organism groups. It generally decreased in the order of: algae > invertebrates > fish. Overall, our findings indicate adverse effects of salinity changes on the temperature tolerance of aquatic organisms. For freshwater species, studies are comparatively scarce and further studies on their thermal performance at various salinity gradients are required to obtain more robust evidence for interactions between salinity and temperature tolerance. Considering test conditions such as acclimation temperature and potential infection with parasites in future studies may decrease the variability in the relationship between salinity and thermal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Farias
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Bánk Beszteri
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Phycology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | | | - Annemie Doliwa
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Julian Enss
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Christian K Feld
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Grabner
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Sebastian Prati
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Schürings
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Esther Smollich
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Ralf B Schäfer
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Ecotoxicology, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - T T Yen Le
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
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Abbas ASA, Collins M, Ellis R, Spicer JI, Truebano M. Heat hardening improves thermal tolerance in abalone, without the trade-offs associated with chronic heat exposure. J Therm Biol 2024; 124:103963. [PMID: 39216191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Marine animals are challenged by chronically raised temperatures alongside an increased frequency of discrete, severe warming events. Exposure to repeated heat shocks could result in heat hardening, where sub-lethal exposure to thermal stress temporarily enhances thermotolerance, and may be an important mechanism by which marine species will cope with future thermal challenges. However, we have relatively little understanding of the effects of heat hardening in comparison to chronic exposure to elevated temperatures. Therefore, we compared the effects of heat hardening from repeated exposure to acute heat shocks and chronic exposure to elevated temperatures on thermal tolerance in the European abalone, Haliotis tuberculata. Adult abalones were exposed to either control temperature (15 °C), chronic warming (20 °C) or a regime of two events of repeated acute heat shock cycles (23-25 °C) during six months, and their thermal tolerance and performance, based upon cardiac activity, compared using a dynamic ramping assay. The cost associated with each treatment was also estimated via measurements of condition index (CI). Abalone exposed to both temperature treatments had higher upper thermal limits than the control, but heat-hardened individuals had significantly higher CI values, indicating an enhancement in condition status. Differences in the shape of the thermal performance curve suggest different mechanisms may be at play under different temperature exposure treatments. We conclude that heat hardening can boost thermal tolerance in this species, without performance trade-offs associated with chronic warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S A Abbas
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA, UK; National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Michael Collins
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Robert Ellis
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - John I Spicer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Manuela Truebano
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA, UK
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Stahlschmidt ZR. Warm and thermally variable incubation conditions reduce embryonic performance and carry over to influence hatchling tradeoffs. J Therm Biol 2024; 124:103946. [PMID: 39265502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Animals' thermal sensitivities have long been characterized by thermal performance curves (TPCs) or reaction norms, and TPCs may predict animals' responses to climate change. Typically, TPCs are parameterized by measuring performance at a range of constant temperatures. Yet, animals encounter a range of thermal environments, and temperature variability is an aspect of climate change that may affect animals more than gradual warming. Daily temperature variability is particularly important for eggs in most taxa because they are highly sensitive to temperature and cannot behaviorally avoid stressful temperatures. Thus, the legacy of thermal conditions experienced during incubation may carryover to subsequent life stages. Here, I factorially manipulated mean temperature (20, 25, or 30 °C) and daily temperature range (DTR; ±0, 5, or 10 °C) during incubation for eggs of the variable field cricket (Gryllus lineaticeps) to integrate the role of DTR into the established paradigm of TPCs. Low DTR (±5 °C) was not generally costly, and it even improved hatchling starvation resistance (sensu hormesis). However, high DTR (±10 °C) reduced and delayed hatching at a warm mean temperature (30 °C). The effects of high DTR carried over to accelerate hatchling development at an expense to hatchling starvation resistance-therefore, thermal conditions during incubation can shape tradeoffs among important traits related to life history and stress tolerance later in life. In sum, animals may exhibit complex responses to their increasingly warmer, more thermally variable environments.
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Lyberger K, Farner J, Couper L, Mordecai EA. A Mosquito Parasite Is Locally Adapted to Its Host but Not Temperature. Am Nat 2024; 204:121-132. [PMID: 39008840 DOI: 10.1086/730522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
AbstractClimate change will alter interactions between parasites and their hosts. Warming may affect patterns of local adaptation, shifting the environment to favor the parasite or host and thus changing the prevalence of disease. We assessed local adaptation to hosts and temperature in the facultative ciliate parasite Lambornella clarki, which infects the western tree hole mosquito Aedes sierrensis. We conducted laboratory infection experiments with mosquito larvae and parasites collected from across a climate gradient, pairing sympatric or allopatric populations across three temperatures that were either matched or mismatched to the source environment. Lambornella clarki parasites were locally adapted to their hosts, with 2.6 times higher infection rates on sympatric populations compared with allopatric populations, but they were not locally adapted to temperature. Infection peaked at the intermediate temperature of 12.5°C, notably lower than the optimum temperature for free-living L. clarki growth, suggesting that the host's immune response can play a significant role in mediating the outcome of infection. Our results highlight the importance of host selective pressure on parasites, despite the impact of temperature on infection success.
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Benson DM, DeNardo DF. Effects of thermophily-relevant temperature variation and sex on digestive performance in pythons. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 293:111636. [PMID: 38574988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Different physiological performances are often optimized at slightly varying temperatures, which can lead to ectotherms selecting higher body temperatures during certain physiological efforts (e.g., digestion, reproduction). Such thermophilic responses can lead to temperature-based tradeoffs between two physiological activities with differing optimal temperatures or between optimizing a physiological activity and water balance, as water loss is elevated at higher temperatures. For example, ectotherms will often select a higher body temperature after consuming a meal, but the extent to which body temperature is elevated after eating is affected by its hydric state. Despite this known hydration state-based suppression of thermophily associated with digestion, the impact of this reduced body temperature on digestion performance is unknown. Accordingly, we determined whether small, thermophily-relevant changes in body temperature impact digestive efficiency or passage time and whether sex influenced the extent of the effect. Eighteen (9 female and 9 male) Children's pythons (Antaresia childreni) each consumed a meal at three temperatures (29 °C, 30 °C, and 31 °C), and gut passage time and digestive efficiency were determined. We found that neither metric was affected by temperature over the range tested. However, digestive efficiency was significantly impacted by the interaction between sex and temperature with males having significantly lower digestive efficiency than females at 31 °C, but not 29 °C or 30 °C. Our results provide insight into the effects of temperature on digestive physiology across narrow temperature ranges as well as demonstrate a sex-based difference in digestive physiology.
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Mirón-Gatón JM, Velasco J, Pallarés S, García-Meseguer AJ, Millán A, Bilton DT. Testing metabolic cold adaptation and the climatic variability hypothesis in two latitudinally distant populations of a supratidal water beetle. J Therm Biol 2024; 123:103934. [PMID: 39111060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Temperature significantly impacts ectotherm physiology, with thermal tolerance and metabolic traits typically varying with latitude across species ranges. The drivers of this variation remain unclear, however, despite obvious consequences for population persistence and conservation in the face of ongoing global change. This study explored local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity of metabolic rates and thermal limits in the supratidal rockpool beetle Ochthebius lejolisii. Using populations from localities at different ends of the species range that experience contrasting thermal variability, we simultaneously tested two of the major paradigms of spatial physiological ecology: metabolic cold adaptation (MCA) and the climatic variability hypothesis (CVH). Reciprocal acclimation was conducted under spring temperature regimes of both localities, incorporating local diurnal variation. Metabolic rates were measured by closed respirometry, and thermal tolerance limits estimated through thermography. In line with MCA, the higher-latitude population (colder climate) showed higher metabolic rates and temperature coefficients (Q10s) at lower temperatures than the lower-latitude population. As predicted by the CVH, the lower-latitude population (more variable climate) showed higher upper thermal tolerance but only the higher-latitude population was able to acclimate upper thermal limits. This result suggests trade-offs between physiological thermal limits and thermal plasticity in this species. A limited acclimation capacity could make populations on Mediterranean coasts especially vulnerable in the face of projected increases in extreme temperatures under ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Mirón-Gatón
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia, Spain.
| | - J Velasco
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - S Pallarés
- Department of Zoology, University of Seville, Spain
| | | | - A Millán
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - D T Bilton
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
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7
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Deutsch C, Inomura K, Luo YW, Wang YP. Projecting global biological N 2 fixation under climate warming across land and ocean. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:546-553. [PMID: 38262802 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Biological N2 fixation sustains the global inventory of nitrogenous nutrients essential for the productivity of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Like most metabolic processes, rates of biological N2 fixation vary strongly with temperature, making it sensitive to climate change, but a global projection across land and ocean is lacking. Here we use compilations of field and laboratory measurements to reveal a relationship between N2 fixation rates and temperature that is similar in both domains despite large taxonomic and environmental differences. Rates of N2 fixation increase gradually to a thermal optimum around ~25°C, and decline more rapidly toward a thermal maximum, which is lower in the ocean than on land. In both realms, the observed temperature sensitivities imply that climate warming this century could decrease N2 fixation rates by ~50% in the tropics while increasing rates by ~50% in higher latitudes. We propose a conceptual framework for understanding the physiological and ecological mechanisms that underpin and modulate the observed temperature dependence of global N2 fixation rates, facilitating cross-fertilization of marine and terrestrial research to assess its response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Deutsch
- Department of Geosciences and High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Keisuke Inomura
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, South Kingstown, RI, USA
| | - Ya-Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- CSIRO Environment, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
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8
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von Schmalensee L, Ittonen M, Brødsgaard Shoshan A, Roberts KT, Siemers I, Süess P, Wiklund C, Gotthard K. Methodological artefacts cause counter-intuitive evolutionary conclusions in a simulation study. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14439. [PMID: 38863401 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
In their simulation study, Garcia-Costoya et al. (2023) conclude that evolutionary constraints might aid populations facing climate change. However, we are concerned that this conclusion is largely a consequence of the simulated temperature variation being too small, and, most importantly, that uneven limitations to standing variation disadvantage unconstrained populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mats Ittonen
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kevin T Roberts
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Philip Süess
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Artana C, Capitani L, Santos Garcia G, Angelini R, Coll M. Food web trophic control modulates tropical Atlantic reef ecosystems response to marine heat wave intensity and duration. J Anim Ecol 2024. [PMID: 38790092 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are episodes of anomalous warming in the ocean that can last from a few days to years. MHWs have different characteristics in terms of intensity, duration and frequency and generate thermal stress in marine ecosystems. In reef ecosystems, they are one of the main causes of the decreased presence and abundance of corals, invertebrates and fish. The deleterious capacity of thermal stress often depends on biotic factors, such as the trophic control of predators on prey. Despite the evidence of thermal stress and biotic factors affecting individual species, the combined effects of both stressors on entire reef ecosystems are much less studied. Here, using a food web modelling approach, we estimated the rate of change in species' biomass due to different MHW characteristics. Specifically, we modelled the mechanistic link between species' consumption rate and seawater temperature (thermal stressor), simulating species' biomass dynamics for different MHW characteristics under different trophic control assumptions (top-down, mixed trophic control and bottom-up). We find that total reef ecosystem biomass declined by 10% ± 5% under MHWs with severe intensity and a top-down control assumption. The bottom-up control assumption moderates the total ecosystem biomass reduction by 5% ± 5%. Irrespective of the MHW characteristics and the trophic control assumption, the most substantial biomass changes occur among top, mesopredators and corals (5% to 20% ± 10%). We show that reef ecosystems where predators exert top-down control on prey are prone to suffer species abundance declines under strong MHW events. We identify food web trophic control as a crucial driver that modulates the impacts of MHWs. Overall, our results provide a unified understanding of the interplay between abiotic stressors and biotic factors in reef ecosystems under extreme thermal events, offering insights into present baselines and future ecological states for reef ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Artana
- Institute of Marine Science (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratoire LOCEAN-IPSL, Sorbonne Université (UPMC, Université Paris 6), CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Leonardo Capitani
- Post-Graduate Program in Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Santos Garcia
- Post-Graduate Program in Ecology, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Angelini
- Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Marta Coll
- Institute of Marine Science (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Ecopath International Initiative (EII), Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Febvre C, Goldblatt C, El-Sabaawi R. Thermal performance of ecosystems: Modeling how physiological responses to temperature scale up in communities. J Theor Biol 2024; 585:111792. [PMID: 38513968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2024.111792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how ecosystems respond to their environmental temperature is a major challenge. Thermodynamic constraints on species' metabolic rates are expected to affect ecosystem characteristics, but species interactions and interspecific variation in physiological thermal response curves (TRC) may obscure ecosystem-level responses to temperature. As a result, macroecological patterns related to temperature are still poorly understood. We investigate how physiological TRC scale up to ecosystem-level thermal responses by modifying the Tangled Nature (TaNa) model, a stochastic network model of ecology and evolution. We include new parameterizations that make reproduction, death, and mutation temperature-dependent. We find that ecosystem survival probability depends on how the minimum fitness required for species survival varies with temperature. The thermal response of ecosystem survival probability is the only ecosystem property that is sensitive to interspecific variation in TRC. Species richness scales up directly from the TRC of mutation rate, and average species population sizes are inversely related to mutation rate, with Species Abundance Distributions (SADs) exhibiting more rare species in warmer temperatures. Interactions between species are also inversely related to mutation, with positive interactions occurring more frequently in colder temperatures. The abundance of surviving ecosystems is not sensitive to temperature. This work helps clarify the specific relationships between physiological responses to temperature and ecosystem-level repercussions when species are interacting and adapting to their thermal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Febvre
- School of Earth & Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, 3600 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3600 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Colin Goldblatt
- School of Earth & Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, 3600 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Rana El-Sabaawi
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3600 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Quiroga LB, Gordillo LF, Aragon-Traverso JH, Iribas FJ, Sanabria EA. Thermal sensitivity of Rhinella arenarum tadpole at low concentrations of dimethoate pesticides. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 279:109884. [PMID: 38437997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
One of the main causes of contamination of aquatic environments, which affects biotic communities, is the use of pesticides in agricultural regions. Amphibians are considered good bio-indicators of aquatic pollution, because they are one of the most susceptible groups to pollution. Several studies suggest that both pollution and climate change produce synergistic effects in amphibians which amplify the toxicity afecting survival, and malformations with an increase in temperature. We studied the sensitivity of sublethal concentrations of dimethoate in Rhinella arenarum tadpoles on two fitness related thermal traits including locomotor swimming performance and thermal tolerance limits (CTmax = critical thermal maximum and CTmin = critical thermal minimum). The locomotor performance of R. arenarum tadpoles decreased with increasing sublethal dimethoate concentrations up to ∼60 % at intermediates dimethoate concentration. The tadpoles showed a tendency to decrease their tolerance to high temperatures (CTmax) with increasing dimethoate concentration around ∼0.5 °C, however no significant differences were found among treatments. Similarly, tadpoles showed decreases in their cold resistance (CTmin) with dimethoate concentrations, around 1 °C the high concentrations of dimethoate. The increase of atypical climatic events, such as heat waves may put R. arenarum tadpoles at greater risk when exposed to dimethoate. Our results show that the sublethal concentrations of the dimethoate pesticide may affect the fitness and survival of the larvae of R. arenarum in natural, and seminatural enviroments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena B Quiroga
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. José Ignacio de la Roza 230 (O), Capital, CP 5400 San Juan, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, CP C1083ACA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana F Gordillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. José Ignacio de la Roza 230 (O), Capital, CP 5400 San Juan, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, CP C1083ACA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan H Aragon-Traverso
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. José Ignacio de la Roza 230 (O), Capital, CP 5400 San Juan, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, CP C1083ACA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco J Iribas
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. José Ignacio de la Roza 230 (O), Capital, CP 5400 San Juan, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, CP C1083ACA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo A Sanabria
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. José Ignacio de la Roza 230 (O), Capital, CP 5400 San Juan, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, CP C1083ACA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, M5502JMA Mendoza, Argentina.
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12
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Ndjomatchoua FT, Guimapi RAY, Rossini L, Djouda BS, Pedro SA. A generalized risk assessment index for forecasting insect population under the effect of temperature. J Therm Biol 2024; 122:103886. [PMID: 38878392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Life history traits have been studied under various environmental factors, but the ability to combine them into a simple function to assess pest response to climate is still lacking complete understanding. This study proposed a risk index derived by combining development, mortality, and fertility rates from a stage-structured dynamic mathematical model. The first part presents the theoretical framework behind the risk index. The second part of the study is concerned with the application of the index in two case studies of major economic pest: the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) and the spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii), pests of rice crops and soft fruits, respectively. The mathematical calculations provided a single function composed of the main thermal biodemographic rates. This function has a threshold value that determines the possibility of population increase as a function of temperature. The tests carried out on the two pest species showed the capability of the index to describe the range of favourable conditions. With this approach, we were able to identify areas where pests are tolerant to climatic conditions and to project them on a geospatial risk map. The theoretical background developed here provided a tool for understanding the biogeography of Nilaparvata lugens and Drosophila suzukii. It is flexible enough to deal with mathematically simple (N. lugens) and complex (D. Suzukii) case studies of crop insect pests. It produces biologically sound indices that behave like thermal performance curves. These theoretical results also provide a reasonable basis for addressing the challenge of pest management in the context of seasonal weather variations and climate change. This may help to improve monitoring and design management strategies to limit the spread of pests in invaded areas, as some non-invaded areas may be suitable for the species to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Ndjomatchoua
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of the Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom.
| | - Ritter A Y Guimapi
- Biotechnology and Plant Health Division, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway.
| | - Luca Rossini
- Service d'Automatique et d'Analyse des Systèmes, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), v. F.D. Roosvelt 50, CP 165/55, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Byliole S Djouda
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Ngoa Ekelle, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sansao A Pedro
- Departamento de Matemática e Informatica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 254, Maputo, Mozambique
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13
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Vidal MA, Rezende EL, Bacigalupe LD. Intra and interspecific variation in thermal performance and critical limits in anurans from southern Chile. J Therm Biol 2024; 121:103851. [PMID: 38615494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between temperature and performance can be illustrated through a thermal performance curve (TPC), which has proven useful in describing various aspects of ectotherms' thermal ecology and evolution. The parameters of the TPC can vary geographically due to large-scale variations in environmental conditions. However, only some studies have attempted to quantify how thermal performance varies over relatively small spatial scales, even in the same location or consistently among individuals within a species. Here, we quantified individual and species variation in thermal sensitivity of locomotor performance in five amphibia Eupsophus species found in the temperate rainforests of southern Chile and compared their estimates against co-occurring species that exhibit a substantially more extensive distributional range. We measured critical thermal limits and jumping performance under five different temperatures. Our results suggest that thermal responses are relatively conserved along the phylogeny, as the locomotor performance and thermal windows for activity remained narrow in Eupsophus species when compared against results observed for Batrachyla taeniata and Rhinella spinulosa. Additionally, we found significant individual differences in locomotor performance within most species, with individual consistency in performance observed across varied temperatures. Further analyses explored the influence of body size on locomotor performance and critical thermal limits within and between species. Our results suggest a trade-off scenario between thermal tolerance breadth and locomotor performance, where species exhibiting broader thermal ranges might have compromised performance. Interestingly, these traits seem partly mediated by body size variations, raising questions about potential ecological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A Vidal
- Center of Ñuble Studies, Biodiversity and Global Change Research Group, Departament of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Bío-Bío University, Av. Andrés Bello 720, Chillán, Chile.
| | - Enrico L Rezende
- Department of Ecology, Center od Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, 6513677, Chile
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Institute of Environmental and Evolutionary Sciences, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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14
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Alruiz JM, Peralta-Maraver I, Cavieres G, Bozinovic F, Rezende EL. Fitness surfaces and local thermal adaptation in Drosophila along a latitudinal gradient. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14405. [PMID: 38623056 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Local adaptation is commonly cited to explain species distribution, but how fitness varies along continuous geographical gradients is not well understood. Here, we combine thermal biology and life-history theory to demonstrate that Drosophila populations along a 2500 km latitudinal cline are adapted to local conditions. We measured how heat tolerance and viability rate across eight populations varied with temperature in the laboratory and then simulated their expected cumulative Darwinian fitness employing high-resolution temperature data from their eight collection sites. Simulations indicate a trade-off between annual survival and cumulative viability, as both mortality and the recruitment of new flies are predicted to increase in warmer regions. Importantly, populations are locally adapted and exhibit the optimal combination of both traits to maximize fitness where they live. In conclusion, our method is able to reconstruct fitness surfaces employing empirical life-history estimates and reconstructs peaks representing locally adapted populations, allowing us to study geographic adaptation in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Alruiz
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Peralta-Maraver
- Departamento de Ecología e Instituto del Agua, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Research Unit Modeling Nature (MNat), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Grisel Cavieres
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrico L Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Na SM, Im GI, Lee WS, Kim DG. Assessment of Attractant Combinations for the Management of Red Palm Weevils ( Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) in the United Arab Emirates. INSECTS 2024; 15:218. [PMID: 38667348 PMCID: PMC11049854 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This study examined red palm weevil ecology in the United Arab Emirates to develop effective food baits, pheromone, and eco-friendly trapping methods. Three phases of investigation were conducted (from June to December 2023) on date palm farms in Ras Al Khaimah and Abu Dhabi. The first two phases, each 15 days long, were conducted in Ras Al Khaimah, whereas the third phase, 18 days long, was conducted in Abu Dhabi. Chemical attractants, such as existing pheromones and ethyl acetate, a newly synthesized ferruginol pheromone, and food baits, such as original dates, date paste, coconut water, and date palm syrup, were used to attract the weevils. Multi-funnel traps containing various attractant mixes were tested. The main activity of the red palm weevils was observed from 3:00 to 6:00 a.m., with 85.72 ± 3.39% being captured during this period, coinciding with cooler temperatures. When pheromones were added to the food bait, the capture rate increased by 6.95 ± 1.81 times. Combining food bait, ethyl acetate, and pheromones improved the capture rates by 3.14 ± 0.69 times compared to pheromones alone. The newly synthesized pheromone achieved capture rates 2.69 ± 0.07 times higher than those of the commercially available pheromone, confirming its suitability as a red palm weevil attractant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Mi Na
- Institute of Environmental Ecology, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea;
| | - Gue-Il Im
- IMPROCK Co., Ltd., Bucheon 14452, Republic of Korea; (G.-I.I.); (W.-S.L.)
| | - Woon-Seok Lee
- IMPROCK Co., Ltd., Bucheon 14452, Republic of Korea; (G.-I.I.); (W.-S.L.)
| | - Dong-Gun Kim
- Institute of Environmental Ecology, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea;
- Smith College of Liberal Arts, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
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16
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Lobo JM. Hotter-is-not-better: A study on the thermal response of a winter active and nocturnal beetle. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 153:104602. [PMID: 38142956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
While there are numerous examples of thermogenesis processes in poikilothermic insects that maintain a stable temperature for a certain time and in certain parts of the body, there is a lack of information on ectothermic insect species capable of remaining active under "cold" conditions that would be challenging for other species. Such a thermal strategy would imply the existence of a metabolism that can operate at different temperatures without the need to increase body temperature when experiencing cold environmental conditions. This "hotter-is-not-better" thermal strategy is considered ancestral and conjectured to be linked to the origin and evolution of endothermy. In this study, we examined the thermal performance of a large-bodied dung beetle species (Chelotrupes momus) capable of being active during the winter nights in the Iberian Mediterranean region. Field and laboratory results were obtained using thermocamera records, thermocouples, data loggers and spectrometers that measured ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The thermal data clearly indicated that this species can remain active at a body temperature of approximately 6 °C without the need to warm its body above ambient temperature. Comparing the spectrophotometric data of the species under study with that from other previously examined dung beetle species indicated that the exoskeleton of this particular species likely enhances the absorption of infrared radiation, thereby implying a dual role of the exoskeleton in both heat acquisition and heat dissipation. Taken together, these results suggest that this species has morphological and metabolic adaptations that enable life processes at temperatures that are typically unsuitable for most insect species in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Lobo
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Spain.
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17
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Fromm B, Sorger T. Rapid adaptation of cellular metabolic rate to the MicroRNA complements of mammals and its relevance to the evolution of endothermy. iScience 2024; 27:108740. [PMID: 38327773 PMCID: PMC10847693 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The metabolic efficiency of mammalian cells depends on the attenuation of intrinsic translation noise by microRNAs. We devised a metric of cellular metabolic rate (cMR), rMR/Mexp optimally fit to the number of microRNA families (mirFam), that is robust to variation in mass and sensitive to body temperature (Tb), consistent with the heat dissipation limit theory of Speakman and Król (2010). Using mirFam as predictor, an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process of stabilizing selection, with an adaptive shift at the divergence of Boreoeutheria, accounted for 95% of the variation in cMR across mammals. Branchwise rates of evolution of cMR, mirFam and Tb concurrently increased 6- to 7-fold at the divergence of Boreoeutheria, independent of mass. Cellular MR variation across placental mammals was also predicted by the sum of model conserved microRNA-target interactions, revealing an unexpected degree of integration of the microRNA-target apparatus into the energy economy of the mammalian cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Fromm
- The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thomas Sorger
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI 02809, USA
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18
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Quigley KM. Breeding and Selecting Corals Resilient to Global Warming. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2024; 12:209-332. [PMID: 37931139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-093315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Selective breeding of resilient organisms is an emerging topic in marine conservation. It can help us predict how species will adapt in the future and how we can help restore struggling populations effectively in the present. Scleractinian corals represent a potential tractable model system given their widescale phenotypic plasticity across fitness-related traits and a reproductive life history based on mass synchronized spawning. Here, I explore the justification for breeding in corals, identify underutilized pathways of acclimation, and highlight avenues for quantitative targeted breeding from the coral host and symbiont perspective. Specifically, the facilitation of enhanced heat tolerance by targeted breeding of plasticity mechanisms is underutilized. Evidence from theoretical genetics identifies potential pitfalls, including inattention to physical and genetic characteristics of the receiving environment. Three criteria for breeding emerge from this synthesis: selection from warm, variable reefs that have survived disturbance. This information will be essential to protect what we have and restore what we can.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Quigley
- The Minderoo Foundation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia;
- James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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19
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Gordillo L, Quiroga L, Ray M, Sanabria E. Changes in thermal sensitivity of Rhinella arenarum tadpoles (Anura: Bufonidae) exposed to sublethal concentrations of different pesticide fractions (Lorsban® 75WG). J Therm Biol 2024; 120:103816. [PMID: 38428105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The intensive use of agrochemicals and the rapid increase of global temperatures have modified the thermal conditions of aquatic environments, thus increasing amphibians' vulnerability to global warming and positioning them at great risk. Commercial formulations of chlorpyrifos (COM) are the pesticides most widely used in agricultural activities, with a high toxic potential on amphibians. However, little is known about the separate effects of the active ingredient (CPF) and adjuvants (AD). We studied the thermal sensitivity at different concentrations and pesticide fractions in Rhinella arenarum tadpoles, on thermal tolerance limits (CTmax = Critical thermal maximum and CTmin = Critical thermal minimum), swimming speed (Ss), Optimum temperature (Top), and Thermal breadth 50 (B50). Our results demonstrate that the pesticide active ingredient, the adjuvants, and the commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos differentially impair the thermal sensitivity of R. arenarum tadpoles. The pesticide fractions affected the heat and the cold tolerance (CTmax and CTmin), depending on the concentrations they were exposed to. The locomotor performance (Ss, Top, and B50) of tadpoles also varied among fractions, treatments, and environmental temperatures. In the context of climate change, the outcomes presented are particularly relevant, as mean temperatures are increasing at unprecedented rates, which suggests that tadpoles inhabiting warming and polluted ponds are currently experiencing deleterious conditions. Considering that larval stages of amphibians are the most susceptible to changing environmental conditions and the alarming predictions about environmental temperatures in the future, it is likely that the synergism between high temperatures and pesticide exposure raise the threat of population deletions in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Gordillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. Ignacio de la Roza 230 (Oeste), (5400), San Juan, Argentina; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.
| | - Lorena Quiroga
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. Ignacio de la Roza 230 (Oeste), (5400), San Juan, Argentina; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.
| | - Maribel Ray
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. Ignacio de la Roza 230 (Oeste), (5400), San Juan, Argentina.
| | - Eduardo Sanabria
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. Ignacio de la Roza 230 (Oeste), (5400), San Juan, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Padre Jorge Contreras 1300. (M5502JMA), Mendoza, Argentina; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.
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20
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Thomas MK, Ranjan R. Designing More Informative Multiple-Driver Experiments. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2024; 16:513-536. [PMID: 37625127 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-041823-095913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
For decades, multiple-driver/stressor research has examined interactions among drivers that will undergo large changes in the future: temperature, pH, nutrients, oxygen, pathogens, and more. However, the most commonly used experimental designs-present-versus-future and ANOVA-fail to contribute to general understanding or predictive power. Linking experimental design to process-based mathematical models would help us predict how ecosystems will behave in novel environmental conditions. We review a range of experimental designs and assess the best experimental path toward a predictive ecology. Full factorial response surface, fractional factorial, quadratic response surface, custom, space-filling, and especially optimal and sequential/adaptive designs can help us achieve more valuable scientific goals. Experiments using these designs are challenging to perform with long-lived organisms or at the community and ecosystem levels. But they remain our most promising path toward linking experiments and theory in multiple-driver research and making accurate, useful predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridul K Thomas
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences and Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany;
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Institute for Advanced Study, Delmenhorst, Germany
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21
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Sun X, Yu M, Tang Q, Sun Y. Assessing the Ecological Conversion Efficiency of Chub Mackerel, Somber japonicus, in Wild Conditions Based on an In Situ Enriched Simulation Method. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3159. [PMID: 37893883 PMCID: PMC10603723 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ecological conversion efficiency of a fish species can be used to estimate the potential impact of the marine food web and accordingly provides scientific advice to ecosystem-based fishery management. However, only laboratory experiments may limit the accuracy of determining this index. In this study, food ingestion and ecological conversion efficiency of wild chub mackerel (Somber japonicus), a typical marine pelagic fish, were determined with gastric evacuation method in laboratory and in situ enriched simulation conditions. Additionally, the effect of temperature and body weight on ecological conversion efficiency was further estimated based on the 2D interpolation method. The results showed that, at 25.1 °C, the ecological conversion efficiency determined in-lab (35.31%) was significantly higher than in situ (23.85%). Moreover, the interpolation model estimated that with an increase in temperature (10-27 °C), the ecological conversion efficiency initially decreased, followed by an increase when the temperature reached 18 °C, but the ecological conversion efficiency generally decreased against the body weight at each temperature. The findings of this study enhanced the understanding of the energy budget of chub mackerel and also provided an efficient method for the determination of wild fishes that are difficult to sample in situ and domesticate in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources of Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources of Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qisheng Tang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources of Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources of Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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22
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Terlau JF, Brose U, Eisenhauer N, Amyntas A, Boy T, Dyer A, Gebler A, Hof C, Liu T, Scherber C, Schlägel UE, Schmidt A, Hirt MR. Microhabitat conditions remedy heat stress effects on insect activity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3747-3758. [PMID: 37186484 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic global warming has major implications for mobile terrestrial insects, including long-term effects from constant warming, for example, on species distribution patterns, and short-term effects from heat extremes that induce immediate physiological responses. To cope with heat extremes, they either have to reduce their activity or move to preferable microhabitats. The availability of favorable microhabitat conditions is strongly promoted by the spatial heterogeneity of habitats, which is often reduced by anthropogenic land transformation. Thus, it is decisive to understand the combined effects of these global change drivers on insect activity. Here, we assessed the movement activity of six insect species (from three orders) in response to heat stress using a unique tracking approach via radio frequency identification. We tracked 465 individuals at the iDiv Ecotron across a temperature gradient up to 38.7°C. In addition, we varied microhabitat conditions by adding leaf litter from four different tree species to the experimental units, either spatially separated or well mixed. Our results show opposing effects of heat extremes on insect activity depending on the microhabitat conditions. The insect community significantly decreased its activity in the mixed litter scenario, while we found a strong positive effect on activity in the separated litter scenario. We hypothesize that the simultaneous availability of thermal refugia as well as resources provided by the mixed litter scenario allows animals to reduce their activity and save energy in response to heat stress. Contrary, the spatial separation of beneficial microclimatic conditions and resources forces animals to increase their activity to fulfill their energetic needs. Thus, our study highlights the importance of habitat heterogeneity on smaller scales, because it may buffer the consequences of extreme temperatures of insect performance and survival under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jördis F Terlau
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelos Amyntas
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Boy
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Dyer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alban Gebler
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Hof
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Christoph Scherber
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike E Schlägel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anja Schmidt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Myriam R Hirt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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23
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Harding L, Jackson AL, Payne N. Energetic costs increase with faster heating in an aquatic ectotherm. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad042. [PMID: 38026795 PMCID: PMC10660381 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The thermal sensitivity of metabolism is widely studied due to its perceived importance for organismal fitness and resilience to future climate change. Almost all such studies estimate metabolism at a variety of constant temperatures, with very little work exploring how metabolism varies during temperature change. However, temperature in nature is rarely static, so our existing understanding from experiments may not reflect how temperature influences metabolism in natural systems. Using closed-chamber respirometry, we estimated the aerobic metabolic rate of an aquatic ectotherm, the Atlantic ditch shrimp Palaemonetes varians, under varying thermal conditions. We continuously measured oxygen consumption of shrimp during heating, cooling and constant temperatures, starting trials at a range of acclimation temperatures and exposing shrimp to a variety of rates of temperature change. In a broad sense, cumulative oxygen consumption estimated from static temperature exposures corresponded to estimates derived from ramping experiments. However, further analyses showed that oxygen consumption increases for both faster heating and faster cooling, with rapid heating driving higher metabolic rates than if shrimp were warmed slowly. These results suggest a systematic influence of heating rate on the thermal sensitivity of metabolism. With influential concepts such as the metabolic theory of ecology founded in data from constant temperature experiments, our results encourage further exploration of how variable temperature impacts organism energetics, and to test the generality of our findings across species. This is especially important given climate forecasts of heat waves that are characterised by both increased temperatures and faster rates of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Harding
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, D02PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew L Jackson
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, D02PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Payne
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, D02PN40 Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Smalås A, Primicerio R, Kahilainen KK, Terentyev PM, Kashulin NA, Zubova EM, Amundsen P. Increased importance of cool-water fish at high latitudes emerges from individual-level responses to warming. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10185. [PMID: 37293123 PMCID: PMC10244614 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
High latitude ecosystems are experiencing the most rapid warming on earth, expected to trigger a diverse array of ecological responses. Climate warming affects the ecophysiology of fish, and fish close to the cold end of their thermal distribution are expected to increase somatic growth from increased temperatures and a prolonged growth season, which in turn affects maturation schedules, reproduction, and survival, boosting population growth. Accordingly, fish species living in ecosystems close to their northern range edge should increase in relative abundance and importance, and possibly displace cold-water adapted species. We aim to document whether and how population-level effects of warming are mediated by individual-level responses to increased temperatures, shift community structure, and composition in high latitude ecosystems. We studied 11 cool-water adapted perch populations in communities dominated by cold-water adapted species (whitefish, burbot, and charr) to investigate changes in the relative importance of the cool-water perch during the last 30 years of rapid warming in high latitude lakes. In addition, we studied the individual-level responses to warming to clarify the potential mechanisms underlying the population effects. Our long-term series (1991-2020) reveal a marked increase in numerical importance of the cool-water fish species, perch, in ten out of eleven populations, and in most fish communities perch is now dominant. Moreover, we show that climate warming affects population-level processes via direct and indirect temperature effects on individuals. Specifically, the increase in abundance arises from increased recruitment, faster juvenile growth, and ensuing earlier maturation, all boosted by climate warming. The speed and magnitude of the response to warming in these high latitude fish communities strongly suggest that cold-water fish will be displaced by fish adapted to warmer water. Consequently, management should focus on climate adaptation limiting future introductions and invasions of cool-water fish and mitigating harvesting pressure on cold-water fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslak Smalås
- Faculty of Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiTThe Arctic University of NorwayTromsoNorway
- Scandinavian Nature Surveillance (Skandinavisk Naturovervåking)Åkerblå Group ASTromsøNorway
| | - Raul Primicerio
- Faculty of Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiTThe Arctic University of NorwayTromsoNorway
| | | | - Petr M. Terentyev
- Institute of the Industrial Ecology Problems of the North (INEP) KSC RASApatityRussia
| | - Nikolay A. Kashulin
- Institute of the Industrial Ecology Problems of the North (INEP) KSC RASApatityRussia
| | - Elena M. Zubova
- Institute of the Industrial Ecology Problems of the North (INEP) KSC RASApatityRussia
| | - Per‐Arne Amundsen
- Faculty of Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiTThe Arctic University of NorwayTromsoNorway
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25
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Alruiz JM, Peralta-Maraver I, Bozinovic F, Santos M, Rezende EL. Temperature adaptation and its impact on the shape of performance curves in Drosophila populations. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230507. [PMID: 37161321 PMCID: PMC10170199 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how species adapt to different temperatures is crucial to predict their response to global warming, and thermal performance curves (TPCs) have been employed recurrently to study this topic. Nevertheless, fundamental questions regarding how thermodynamic constraints and evolution interact to shape TPCs in lineages inhabiting different environments remain unanswered. Here, we study Drosophila simulans along a latitudinal gradient spanning 3000 km to test opposing hypotheses based on thermodynamic constrains (hotter-is-better) versus biochemical adaptation (jack-of-all-temperatures) as primary determinants of TPCs variation across populations. We compare thermal responses in metabolic rate and the egg-to-adult survival as descriptors of organismal performance and fitness, respectively, and show that different descriptors of TPCs vary in tandem with mean environmental temperatures, providing strong support to hotter-is-better. Thermodynamic constraints also resulted in a strong negative association between maximum performance and thermal breadth. Lastly, we show that descriptors of TPCs for metabolism and egg-to-adult survival are highly correlated, providing evidence of co-adaptation, and that curves for egg-to-adult survival are systematically narrower and displaced toward lower temperatures. Taken together, our results support the pervasive role of thermodynamics constraining thermal responses in Drosophila populations along a latitudinal gradient, that are only partly compensated by evolutionary adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Alruiz
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
| | - Ignacio Peralta-Maraver
- Departamento de Ecología e Instituto del Agua, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Research Unit Modeling Nature (MNat), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
| | - Mauro Santos
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Grup de Genòmica, Bioinformàtica i Biología Evolutiva (GBBE), Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Enrico L. Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
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26
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Desforges JE, Birnie-Gauvin K, Jutfelt F, Gilmour KM, Eliason EJ, Dressler TL, McKenzie DJ, Bates AE, Lawrence MJ, Fangue N, Cooke SJ. The ecological relevance of critical thermal maxima methodology for fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:1000-1016. [PMID: 36880500 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Critical thermal maxima methodology (CTM) has been used to infer acute upper thermal tolerance in fishes since the 1950s, yet its ecological relevance remains debated. In this study, the authors synthesize evidence to identify methodological concerns and common misconceptions that have limited the interpretation of critical thermal maximum (CTmax ; value for an individual fish during one trial) in ecological and evolutionary studies of fishes. They identified limitations of, and opportunities for, using CTmax as a metric in experiments, focusing on rates of thermal ramping, acclimation regimes, thermal safety margins, methodological endpoints, links to performance traits and repeatability. Care must be taken when interpreting CTM in ecological contexts, because the protocol was originally designed for ecotoxicological research with standardized methods to facilitate comparisons within study individuals, across species and contexts. CTM can, however, be used in ecological contexts to predict impacts of environmental warming, but only if parameters influencing thermal limits, such as acclimation temperature or rate of thermal ramping, are taken into account. Applications can include mitigating the effects of climate change, informing infrastructure planning or modelling species distribution, adaptation and/or performance in response to climate-related temperature change. The authors' synthesis points to several key directions for future research that will further aid the application and interpretation of CTM data in ecological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Desforges
- Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim Birnie-Gauvin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Jutfelt
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Erika J Eliason
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Terra L Dressler
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | | | - Amanda E Bates
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael J Lawrence
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nann Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Martel SI, Zamora CA, Behrens CA, Rezende EL, Bozinovic F. Phenotypic specialization of the pea aphid in its southern limit of distribution. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 279:111388. [PMID: 36746224 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The success of biological invasions ultimately relies on phenotypic traits of the invasive species. Aphids, which include many important pests worldwide, may have been successful invading new environments partly because they can maximize reproductive output by becoming parthenogenetic and losing the sexual phase of their reproductive cycle. However, invasive populations of aphids invading wide ranges can face contrasting environmental conditions and requiring different phenotypic strategies. Besides transitions in their reproductive cycle, it is only partially known which phenotypic traits might be associated to the invasion success of aphid populations in extended novel ranges. Here, we used four genotypes of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum from two localities in Chile to test for phenotypic specialization that might explain their establishment and spread in habitats exhibiting contrasting environmental conditions. We show that lineages living at a higher latitude with low temperatures show, in addition to facultative sexual reproduction, smaller body sizes, lower metabolic rates and a higher tolerance to the cold than the obligate asexual lineages living in a mild weather, at the expense of fecundity. Conversely, at higher temperatures only asexual lineages were found, which exhibit larger body sizes, higher reproductive outputs and consequently enhanced demographic ability. As a result, in conjunction with the reproductive mode, lineage specialization in physiological and life-history traits could be taken into account as an important strategy for populations of pea aphid to effectively invade extended novel ranges comprising different climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián I Martel
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Cristián A Zamora
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
| | - Camilo A Behrens
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
| | - Enrico L Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
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28
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Carter MJ, Cortes PA, Rezende EL. Temperature variability and metabolic adaptation in terrestrial and aquatic ectotherms. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103565. [PMID: 37393847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamics is a major factor determining rates of energy expenditure, rates of biochemical dynamics, and ultimately the biological and ecological processes linked with resilience to global warming in ectothermic organisms. Nonetheless, whether ectothermic organisms exhibit general adaptive metabolic responses to cope with worldwide variation in thermal conditions has remained as an open question. Here we combine a model comparison approach with a global dataset of standard metabolic rates (SMR), including 1,160 measurements across 788 species of aquatic invertebrates, insects, fishes, amphibians and reptiles, to investigate the association between metabolic rates and environmental temperatures in their respective habitats. Our analyses suggest that variation in SMR after removing allometric and thermodynamic effects is best explained by the temperature range encountered across seasons, which always provided a better fit than the average temperature for the hottest and coldest month and mean annual temperatures. This pattern was consistent across taxonomic groups and robust to sensitivity analyses. Nonetheless, aquatic and terrestrial lineages responded differently to seasonality, with SMR declining - 6.8% °C-1 of thermal range across seasons in aquatic organisms and increasing 2.8% °C-1 in terrestrial organisms. These responses may reflect alternative strategies to mitigate the impact of increments in warmer temperatures on energy expenditure, either by means of metabolic reduction in thermally homogeneous water bodies or effective behavioral thermoregulation to exploit temperature heterogeneity on land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio J Carter
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Pablo A Cortes
- Independent Researcher, Tegualda 2000, 7770547, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Enrico L Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 6513677, Chile.
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29
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Lyberger K, Farner J, Couper L, Mordecai EA. A mosquito parasite is locally adapted to its host but not temperature. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.21.537840. [PMID: 37131754 PMCID: PMC10153241 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.21.537840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will alter interactions between parasites and their hosts. Warming may affect patterns of local adaptation, shifting the environment to favor the parasite or host and thus changing the prevalence of disease. We assessed local adaptation in the facultative ciliate parasite Lambornella clarki, which infects the western tree hole mosquito Aedes sierrensis. We conducted laboratory infection experiments with mosquito larvae and parasites collected from across a climate gradient, pairing sympatric or allopatric populations across three temperatures that were either matched or mismatched to the source environment. L. clarki parasites were locally adapted to their hosts, with 2.6x higher infection rates on sympatric compared to allopatric populations, but were not locally adapted to temperature. Infection peaked at the intermediate temperature of 13°C. Our results highlight the importance of host selective pressure on parasites, despite the impact of temperature on infection success.
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30
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Gabriel JP, Bersier LF. Theoretical investigation of the dependence of population parameters on initial population size. J Theor Biol 2023; 568:111492. [PMID: 37087048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
In a series of experiments with yeast, classical dynamical models were fitted to populations that differed only in their initial population size (Pylvänäinen 2005). The results revealed a surprising dependence between estimated growth rate and initial population size. Perceived as an artefact, this undesired relationship was tentatively removed by an ad-hoc procedure. This strategy reflects the usual approach of population models in which parameters are not considered to depend on initial conditions. However, our analysis reveals that the observed relationship between estimated growth rate and initial population size is unavoidable when the dimension of a system is reduced. For the present case, the two-dimensional food-yeast system was reduced to a model for yeast only. The consequence of system reduction questions our conception of one-dimensional population models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Gabriel
- Department of Mathematics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 23, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Louis-Félix Bersier
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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31
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Meehan ML, Lindo Z. Mismatches in thermal performance between ectothermic predators and prey alter interaction strength and top-down control. Oecologia 2023; 201:1005-1015. [PMID: 37039893 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can alter predator-prey interactions when predators and prey have different thermal preferences as temperature change can exacerbate thermal mismatches (also called thermal asymmetry) with population-level consequences. We tested this using micro-arthropod predators (Stratiolaelaps scimitus) and prey (Folsomia candida) that differ in their temperature optima to examine predator-prey interactions across two temperature ranges, a cool (12 and 20 °C) and warm (20 and 26 °C) range. We predict that the lower thermal preference and optimum in F. candida will alter top-down control (i.e., interaction strength) by predators with interaction strength being strongest at intermediate temperatures, coinciding with F. candida thermal optimum. Predators and prey were placed in mesocosms, whereafter we measured population (predator and prey abundance), trait-based (average predator and prey body mass, and prey body length distribution), and predator-prey indices (predator-prey mass ratio (PPMR), Dynamic Index, and Log Response Ratio) to determine how temperature affected their interactions. Prey populations were the highest at intermediate temperatures (average temperature exposure: 16-23 °C) but declined at warmer temperatures (average temperature exposure: 24.5-26 °C). Predators consistently lowered prey abundances and average prey mass increased when predators were added. Top-down control was the greatest at intermediate temperatures (indicated by Log Response Ratio) when temperatures were near or below the thermal optimum for both species. Temperature-related prey declines negated top-down control under the warmest conditions suggesting that mismatches in thermal performance between predators and their prey will alter the strength and dominance of top-down or bottom-up forces of predator-prey interactions in a warmer world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Meehan
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9BL, UK.
| | - Zoë Lindo
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
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32
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Dwane C, Rezende EL, Tills O, Galindo J, Rolán-Alvarez E, Rundle S, Truebano M. Thermodynamic effects drive countergradient responses in the thermal performance of Littorina saxatilis across latitude. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160877. [PMID: 36521622 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Thermal performance curves (TPCs) provide a powerful framework to assess the evolution of thermal sensitivity in populations exposed to divergent selection regimes across latitude. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding the extent to which physiological adjustments that compensate for latitudinal temperature variation (metabolic cold adaptation; MCA) may alter the shape of TPCs, including potential repercussion on upper thermal limits. To address this, we compared TPCs for cardiac activity in latitudinally-separated populations of the intertidal periwinkle Littorina saxatilis. We applied a non-linear TPC modelling approach to explore how different metrics governing the shape of TPCs varied systematically in response to local adaptation and thermal acclimation. Both critical upper limits, and the temperatures at which cardiac performance was maximised, were higher in the northernmost (cold-adapted) population and displayed a countergradient latitudinal trend which was most pronounced following acclimation to low temperatures. We interpret this response as a knock-on consequence of increased standard metabolic rate in high latitude populations, indicating that physiological compensation associated with MCA may indirectly influence variation in upper thermal limits across latitude. Our study highlights the danger of assuming that variation in any one aspect of the TPC is adaptive without appropriate mechanistic and ecological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dwane
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Enrico L Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
| | - Oliver Tills
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Juan Galindo
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Emilio Rolán-Alvarez
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Simon Rundle
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Manuela Truebano
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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33
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Horne LM, DeVries DR, Wright R, Irwin E, Staton BA, Abdelrahman HA, Stoeckel JA. Thermal performance of the electron transport system Complex III in seven Alabama fishes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:153-162. [PMID: 36285344 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Management of fish populations for conservation in thermally variable systems requires an understanding of the fish's underlying physiology and responses to thermal stress. Physiological research at the organismal level provides information on the overall effects of stressors such as extreme temperature fluctuations. While experiments with whole organisms provide information as to the overall effects of temperature fluctuations, biochemical assays of thermal stress provide direct results of exposure that are both sensitive and specific. Electron transport system (ETS; Complex III) assays quantify a rate-limiting step of respiratory enzymes. Parameters that can be estimated via this approach include optimum thermal temperature (Topt ) and optimal breadth of thermal performance (Tbreadth ), which can both be related to organismal-level temperature thresholds. We exposed enzymes of seven fish species (native fish chosen to represent a typical community in Alabama streams) to temperatures in the range 11-44°C. The resultant enzymatic thermal performance curves showed that Topt , the lower temperature for enzyme optimal thermal performance (Tlow ), the upper temperature for enzyme optimal thermal performance (Tup ), and Tbreadth differed among species. Relationships between enzymatic activity and temperature for all fish followed a pattern of steadily increasing enzyme activity to Topt before gradually decreasing with increasing temperature. A comparison of our enzyme optimum and upper-temperature limit results versus published critical thermal maxima values supports that ETS Complex III assays may be useful for assessing organismal-level thermal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Horne
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.,Department of Biology, School of Mathematics and Sciences, Lincoln Memorial University, Tennessee, Harrogate, USA
| | - Dennis R DeVries
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Russell Wright
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Elise Irwin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Hisham A Abdelrahman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.,Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - James A Stoeckel
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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34
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Eizenga MR, Flewwelling LD, Warrier T, Scott GR. Thermal performance curve of endurance running at high temperatures in deer mice. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:286951. [PMID: 36752138 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of warming temperatures associated with climate change on performance are poorly understood in most mammals. Thermal performance curves are a valuable means of examining the effects of temperature on performance traits, but they have rarely been used in endotherms. Here, we examined the thermal performance curve of endurance running capacity at high temperatures in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). Endurance capacity was measured using an incremental speed test on a treadmill, and subcutaneous temperature in the abdominal region was measured as a proxy for body temperature (Tb). Endurance time at 20°C was repeatable but varied appreciably across individuals, and was unaffected by sex or body mass. Endurance capacity was maintained across a broad range of ambient temperatures (Ta) but was reduced above 35°C. Tb during running varied with Ta, and reductions in endurance were associated with Tb greater than 40°C when Ta was above 35°C. At the high Ta that limited endurance running capacity (but not at lower Ta), Tb tended to rise throughout running trials with increases in running speed. Metabolic and thermoregulatory measurements at rest showed that Tb, evaporative water loss and breathing frequency increased at Ta of 36°C and above. Therefore, the upper threshold temperatures at which endurance capacity is impaired are similar to those inducing heat responses at rest in this species. These findings help discern the mechanisms by which deer mice are impacted by warming temperatures, and provide a general approach for examining thermal breadth of performance in small mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Eizenga
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Luke D Flewwelling
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Tanisha Warrier
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
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35
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Marasco R, Fusi M, Coscolín C, Barozzi A, Almendral D, Bargiela R, Nutschel CGN, Pfleger C, Dittrich J, Gohlke H, Matesanz R, Sanchez-Carrillo S, Mapelli F, Chernikova TN, Golyshin PN, Ferrer M, Daffonchio D. Enzyme adaptation to habitat thermal legacy shapes the thermal plasticity of marine microbiomes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1045. [PMID: 36828822 PMCID: PMC9958047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities respond to temperature with physiological adaptation and compositional turnover. Whether thermal selection of enzymes explains marine microbiome plasticity in response to temperature remains unresolved. By quantifying the thermal behaviour of seven functionally-independent enzyme classes (esterase, extradiol dioxygenase, phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, nuclease, transaminase, and aldo-keto reductase) in native proteomes of marine sediment microbiomes from the Irish Sea to the southern Red Sea, we record a significant effect of the mean annual temperature (MAT) on enzyme response in all cases. Activity and stability profiles of 228 esterases and 5 extradiol dioxygenases from sediment and seawater across 70 locations worldwide validate this thermal pattern. Modelling the esterase phase transition temperature as a measure of structural flexibility confirms the observed relationship with MAT. Furthermore, when considering temperature variability in sites with non-significantly different MATs, the broadest range of enzyme thermal behaviour and the highest growth plasticity of the enriched heterotrophic bacteria occur in samples with the widest annual thermal variability. These results indicate that temperature-driven enzyme selection shapes microbiome thermal plasticity and that thermal variability finely tunes such processes and should be considered alongside MAT in forecasting microbial community thermal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Marasco
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marco Fusi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Conservation and Restoration Science, Edinburgh Napier University Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Alan Barozzi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Almendral
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Bargiela
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Rd, Bangor, UK
| | | | - Christopher Pfleger
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jonas Dittrich
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC) and Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ruth Matesanz
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Sanchez-Carrillo
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Mapelli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tatyana N Chernikova
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Rd, Bangor, UK
| | - Peter N Golyshin
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Rd, Bangor, UK
| | - Manuel Ferrer
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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36
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Slein MA, Bernhardt JR, O'Connor MI, Fey SB. Effects of thermal fluctuations on biological processes: a meta-analysis of experiments manipulating thermal variability. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222225. [PMID: 36750193 PMCID: PMC9904952 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal variability is a key driver of ecological processes, affecting organisms and populations across multiple temporal scales. Despite the ubiquity of variation, biologists lack a quantitative synthesis of the observed ecological consequences of thermal variability across a wide range of taxa, phenotypic traits and experimental designs. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis to investigate how properties of organisms, their experienced thermal regime and whether thermal variability is experienced in either the past (prior to an assay) or present (during the assay) affect performance relative to the performance of organisms experiencing constant thermal environments. Our results-which draw upon 1712 effect sizes from 75 studies-indicate that the effects of thermal variability are not unidirectional and become more negative as mean temperature and fluctuation range increase. Exposure to variation in the past decreases performance to a greater extent than variation experienced in the present and increases the costs to performance more than diminishing benefits across a broad set of empirical studies. Further, we identify life-history attributes that predictably modify the ecological response to variation. Our findings demonstrate that effects of thermal variability on performance are context-dependent, yet negative outcomes may be heightened in warmer, more variable climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Slein
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, USA,Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Joey R. Bernhardt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA,Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, PO Box 208118, New Haven, CT 06520, USA,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Mary I. O'Connor
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Samuel B. Fey
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, USA
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37
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McPhee D, Watson JR, Harding DJ, Prior A, Fawcett JH, Franklin CE, Cramp RL. Body size dictates physiological and behavioural responses to hypoxia and elevated water temperatures in Murray cod ( Maccullochella peelii). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coac087. [PMID: 36726863 PMCID: PMC9885741 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing drought frequency and duration pose a significant threat to fish species in dryland river systems. As ectotherms, fish thermal and hypoxia tolerances directly determine the capacity of species to persist in these environments during low flow periods when water temperatures are high and waterbodies become highly stratified. Chronic thermal stress can compound the impacts of acute hypoxic events on fish resulting in significant fish mortality; however, it is not known if all size classes are equally susceptible, or if the allometric scaling of physiological processes means some size classes are disproportionately affected. We investigated the physiological responses of Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii) over a four-fold body size range (0.2-3000 g) to acute changes in water temperature and oxygen concentration following 4 weeks of acclimation to representative spring (20°C) and summer (28°C) water temperatures. We recorded maximum thermal tolerance (CT max), oxygen limited thermal tolerance (PCTmax ), lowest tolerable oxygen level (as the oxygen level at which lose equilibrium; O2,LOE), gill ventilation rates and aerial surface respiration threshold, blood oxygen transport capacity and lactate accumulation. Acclimation to elevated water temperatures improved thermal and hypoxia tolerance metrics across all size classes. However, body size significantly affected thermal and hypoxia responses. Small M. peelii were significantly less hypoxia tolerant than larger individuals, while larger fish were significantly less thermal tolerant than smaller fish. Hypoxia constrained thermal tolerance in M. peelii, with both small and large fish disproportionally compromised relative to mid-sized fish. Our findings indicate that both very small/young (larvae, fry, fingerlings) and very large/older M. peelii in dryland rivers are at significant risk from the combined impacts of a warming and drying climate and water extraction. These data will inform policy decisions that serve to balance competing demands on precious freshwater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren McPhee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jabin R Watson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Doug J Harding
- Queensland Department of Regional Development, Manufacturing and Water, 203 Tor St., Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Andrea Prior
- Queensland Department of Regional Development, Manufacturing and Water, 203 Tor St., Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - James H Fawcett
- Queensland Department of Regional Development, Manufacturing and Water, 203 Tor St., Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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38
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Álvarez-Noriega M, Marrable I, Noonan SHC, Barneche DR, Ortiz JC. Highly conserved thermal performance strategies may limit adaptive potential in corals. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20221703. [PMID: 36629109 PMCID: PMC9832572 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing seawater temperatures are expected to have profound consequences for reef-building corals' physiology. Understanding how demography changes in response to chronic exposure to warming will help forecast how coral communities will respond to climate change. Here, we measure growth rates of coral fragments of four common species, while exposing them to temperatures ranging from 19°C to 31°C for one month to calibrate their thermal-performance curves (TPCs). Our results show that, while there are contrasting differences between species, the shape of the TPCs was remarkably consistent among individuals of the same species. The low variation in thermal sensitivity within species may imply a reduced capacity for rapid adaptive responses to future changes in thermal regimes. Additionally, interspecific differences in thermal responses show a negative relationship between maximum growth and thermal optima, contradicting expectations derived from the classic 'warmer-is-better' hypothesis. Among species, there was a trade-off between current and future growth, whereby most species perform well under current thermal regimes but are susceptible to future increases in temperature. Increases in water temperature with climate change are likely to reduce growth rates, further hampering future coral reef recovery rates and potentially altering community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella Marrable
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - Sam H. C. Noonan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - Diego R. Barneche
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Juan C. Ortiz
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia
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39
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Synodinos AD, Karnatak R, Aguilar‐Trigueros CA, Gras P, Heger T, Ionescu D, Maaß S, Musseau CL, Onandia G, Planillo A, Weiss L, Wollrab S, Ryo M. The rate of environmental change as an important driver across scales in ecology. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis D. Synodinos
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS Moulis France
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Univ. of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany
| | - Rajat Karnatak
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany
- Leibniz Inst. of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany
| | - Carlos A. Aguilar‐Trigueros
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Inst. of Biology Berlin Germany
| | - Pierre Gras
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany
- Dept of Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Inst. for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Berlin Germany
| | - Tina Heger
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany
- Leibniz Inst. of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Inst. of Biology Berlin Germany
- Biodiversity Research/Botany, Univ. of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
- Restoration Ecology, Technical Univ. of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Danny Ionescu
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany
- Leibniz Inst. of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) Neuglobsow Germany
| | - Stefanie Maaß
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Univ. of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany
| | - Camille L. Musseau
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany
- Dept of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Inst. of Biology, Freie Univ. Berlin Berlin Germany
- Leibniz Inst.I of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) Berlin Germany
| | - Gabriela Onandia
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany
- Research Platform Data Analysis and Simulation, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Muencheberg Germany
| | - Aimara Planillo
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany
- Dept of Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Inst. for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Berlin Germany
| | - Lina Weiss
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Univ. of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany
| | - Sabine Wollrab
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany
- Leibniz Inst. of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany
| | - Masahiro Ryo
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany
- Research Platform Data Analysis and Simulation, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Muencheberg Germany
- Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg Univ. of Technology Cottbus‐Senftenberg Cottbus Germany
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40
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Blasco FR, Taylor EW, Leite CAC, Monteiro DA, Rantin FT, McKenzie DJ. Tolerance of an acute warming challenge declines with body mass in Nile tilapia: evidence of a link to capacity for oxygen uptake. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276171. [PMID: 35909333 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that larger individuals within fish species may be more sensitive to global warming, due to limitations in their capacity to provide oxygen for aerobic metabolic activities. This could affect size distributions of populations in a warmer world but evidence is lacking. In Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (n=18, mass range 21 - 313g), capacity to provide oxygen for aerobic activities (aerobic scope) was independent of mass at an acclimation temperature of 26 °C. Tolerance of acute warming, however, declined significantly with mass when evaluated as the critical temperature for fatigue from aerobic swimming (CTSmax). The CTSmax protocol challenges a fish to meet the oxygen demands of constant aerobic exercise while their demands for basal metabolism are accelerated by incremental warming, culminating in fatigue. CTSmax elicited pronounced increases in oxygen uptake in the tilapia but the maximum rates achieved prior to fatigue declined very significantly with mass. Mass-related variation in CTSmax and maximum oxygen uptake rates were positively correlated, which may indicate a causal relationship. When fish populations are faced with acute thermal stress, larger individuals may become constrained in their ability to perform aerobic activities at lower temperatures than smaller conspecifics. This could affect survival and fitness of larger fish in a future world with more frequent and extreme heatwaves, with consequences for population productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Blasco
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, 14801-903, Araraquara SP, Brazil
| | - E W Taylor
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - C A C Leite
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - D A Monteiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - F T Rantin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - D J McKenzie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil.,MARBEC, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
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41
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Wooliver R, Vtipilthorpe EE, Wiegmann AM, Sheth SN. A viewpoint on ecological and evolutionary study of plant thermal performance curves in a warming world. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plac016. [PMID: 35615255 PMCID: PMC9126585 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We can understand the ecology and evolution of plant thermal niches through thermal performance curves (TPCs), which are unimodal, continuous reaction norms of performance across a temperature gradient. Though there are numerous plant TPC studies, plants remain under-represented in syntheses of TPCs. Further, few studies quantify plant TPCs from fitness-based measurements (i.e. growth, survival and reproduction at the individual level and above), limiting our ability to draw conclusions from the existing literature about plant thermal adaptation. We describe recent plant studies that use a fitness-based TPC approach to test fundamental ecological and evolutionary hypotheses, some of which have uncovered key drivers of climate change responses. Then, we outline three conceptual questions in ecology and evolutionary biology for future plant TPC studies: (i) Do populations and species harbour genetic variation for TPCs? (ii) Do plant TPCs exhibit plastic responses to abiotic and biotic factors? (iii) Do fitness-based TPCs scale up to population-level thermal niches? Moving forward, plant ecologists and evolutionary biologists can capitalize on TPCs to understand how plasticity and adaptation will influence plant responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wooliver
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Emma E Vtipilthorpe
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Amelia M Wiegmann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Seema N Sheth
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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42
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Atkins RL, Clancy KM, Ellis WT, Osenberg CW. Thermal Traits Vary with Mass and across Populations of the Marsh Periwinkle, Littoraria irrorata. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 242:173-196. [PMID: 35767414 DOI: 10.1086/719850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPhysiological processes influence how individuals perform in various environmental contexts. The basis of such processes, metabolism, scales allometrically with body mass and nonlinearly with temperature, as described by a thermal performance curve. Past studies of thermal performance curves tend to focus on effects of temperature on a single body size or population, rather than variation in the thermal performance curve across sizes and populations. Here, we estimate intraspecific variation in parameters of the thermal performance curve in the salt marsh gastropod Littoraria irrorata. First, we quantify the thermal performance curve for respiration rate as a function of both temperature and body size in Littoraria and evaluate whether the thermal parameters and body size scaling are interdependent. Next, we quantify how parameters in the thermal performance curve for feeding rate vary between three Littoraria populations that occur along a latitudinal gradient. Our work suggests that the thermal traits describing Littoraria respiration are dependent on body mass and that both the thermal traits and the mass scaling of feeding vary across sites. We found limited evidence to suggest that mass scaling of Littoraria feeding or respiration rates depends on temperature. Variation in the thermal performance curves interacts with the size structure of the Littoraria population to generate divergent population-level responses to temperature. These results highlight the importance of considering variation in population size structure and physiological allometry when attempting to predict how temperature change will affect physiological responses and consumer-resource interactions.
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43
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Anderson PSL, Kawano SM. Different traits at different rates: The effects of dynamic strain rate on structural traits in biology. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac066. [PMID: 35640914 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic diversity is influenced by physical laws that govern how an organism's morphology relates to functional performance. To study comparative organismal biology, we need to quantify this diversity using biological traits (definable aspects of the morphology, behavior, and/or life history of an organism). Traits are often assumed to be immutable properties that need only be measured a single time in each adult. However, organisms often experience changes in their biotic and abiotic environments that can alter trait function. In particular, structural traits represent the physical capabilities of an organism and may be heavily influenced by the rate at which they are exposed to physical demands ('loads'). For instance, materials tend to become more brittle when loaded at faster rates which could negatively affect structures trying to resist those loads (e.g., brittle materials are more likely to fracture). In the following perspective piece, we address the dynamic properties of structural traits and present case studies that demonstrate how dynamic strain rates affect the function of these traits in diverse groups of organisms. First, we review how strain rate affects deformation and fracture in biomaterials and demonstrate how these effects alter puncture mechanics in systems such as snake strikes. Second, we discuss how different rates of bone loading affect the locomotor biomechanics of vertebrates and their ecology. Through these examinations of diverse taxa and ecological functions, we aim to highlight how rate-dependent properties of structural traits can generate dynamic form-function relationships in response to changing environmental conditions. Findings from these studies serve as a foundation to develop more nuanced ecomechanical models that can predict how complex traits emerge and, thereby, advance progress on outlining the Rules of Life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S L Anderson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, U.S.A
| | - Sandy M Kawano
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, U.S.A
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44
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Yilmaz AR, Yoder A, Diamond SE, Martin RA. Adaptation to urban heat islands enhances thermal performance following development under chronic thermal stress, but not benign conditions in the terrestrial isopod Oniscus asellus. Physiol Biochem Zool 2022; 95:302-316. [DOI: 10.1086/720333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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45
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King EE, Williams CM, Stillman JH. Hypoxia Decreases Thermal Sensitivity and Increases Thermal Breadth of Locomotion in the Invasive Freshwater Snail, Potamopyrgus Antipodarum. Physiol Biochem Zool 2022; 95:251-264. [DOI: 10.1086/719899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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46
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Montagnes DJS, Wang Q, Lyu Z, Shao C. Evaluating thermal performance of closely related taxa: Support for hotter is not better, but for unexpected reasons. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. S. Montagnes
- Department of Ecology Jinan University Guangzhou China
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University Xi’an China
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour University of Liverpool, BioSciences Building, Crown Street Liverpool UK
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Ecology Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Zhao Lyu
- College of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University Xi’an China
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47
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Weeriyanun P, Collins RB, Macadam A, Kiff H, Randle JL, Quigley KM. Predicting selection-response gradients of heat tolerance in a widespread reef-building coral. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274382. [PMID: 35258617 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ocean temperatures continue to rise owing to climate change, but it is unclear whether heat tolerance of marine organisms will keep pace with warming. Understanding how tolerance scales from individuals to species and quantifying adaptive potentials is essential to forecasting responses to warming. We reproductively crossed corals from a globally distributed species (Acropora tenuis) on the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) from three thermally distinct reefs to create 85 offspring lineages. Individuals were experimentally exposed to temperatures (27.5, 31 and 35.5°C) in adult and two critical early life stages (larval and settlement) to assess acquired heat tolerance via outcrossing of offspring phenotypes by comparing five physiological responses (photosynthetic yields, bleaching, necrosis, settlement and survival). Adaptive potentials and physiological reaction norms were calculated across three stages to integrate heat tolerance at different biological scales. Selective breeding improved larval survival to heat by 1.5-2.5× but did not result in substantial enhancement of settlement, although population crosses were significantly different. Under heat stress, adults were less variable compared with larval responses in warmer reefs than in the cooler reef. Adults and offspring also differed in their mean population responses, likely underpinned by heat stress imposing strong divergent selection on adults. These results have implications for downstream selection during reproduction, evidenced by variability in a conserved heat tolerance response across offspring lineages. These results inform our ability to forecast the impacts of climate change on wild populations of corals and will aid in developing novel conservation tools such as the assisted evolution of at-risk species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponchanok Weeriyanun
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Australia.,Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 33, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Rachael B Collins
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Australia.,University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Alex Macadam
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Australia
| | - Hugo Kiff
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Janna L Randle
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Australia
| | - Kate M Quigley
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Australia
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48
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Moen DS, Cabrera-Guzmán E, Caviedes-Solis IW, González-Bernal E, Hanna AR. Phylogenetic analysis of adaptation in comparative physiology and biomechanics: overview and a case study of thermal physiology in treefrogs. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274250. [PMID: 35119071 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Comparative phylogenetic studies of adaptation are uncommon in biomechanics and physiology. Such studies require data collection from many species, a challenge when this is experimentally intensive. Moreover, researchers struggle to employ the most biologically appropriate phylogenetic tools for identifying adaptive evolution. Here, we detail an established but greatly underutilized phylogenetic comparative framework - the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process - that explicitly models long-term adaptation. We discuss challenges in implementing and interpreting the model, and we outline potential solutions. We demonstrate use of the model through studying the evolution of thermal physiology in treefrogs. Frogs of the family Hylidae have twice colonized the temperate zone from the tropics, and such colonization likely involved a fundamental change in physiology due to colder and more seasonal temperatures. However, which traits changed to allow colonization is unclear. We measured cold tolerance and characterized thermal performance curves in jumping for 12 species of treefrogs distributed from the Neotropics to temperate North America. We then conducted phylogenetic comparative analyses to examine how tolerances and performance curves evolved and to test whether that evolution was adaptive. We found that tolerance to low temperatures increased with the transition to the temperate zone. In contrast, jumping well at colder temperatures was unrelated to biogeography and thus did not adapt during dispersal. Overall, our study shows how comparative phylogenetic methods can be leveraged in biomechanics and physiology to test the evolutionary drivers of variation among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Elisa Cabrera-Guzmán
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Itzue W Caviedes-Solis
- Science Unit, Lingnan University, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Edna González-Bernal
- CONACYT - CIIDIR Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, C.P. 71230, Oaxaca, México
| | - Allison R Hanna
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Saldaña‐Núñez V, Córdova‐Lepe F, Moreno‐Gómez FN. epcc: An R package to assess and simulate the vulnerability of ectothermic populations when facing climate change. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Saldaña‐Núñez
- Doctorado en Modelamiento Matemático Aplicado Universidad Católica del Maule Talca Chile
| | - F. Córdova‐Lepe
- Departamento de Matemática Física y Estadística Facultad de Ciencias Básicas Universidad Católica del Maule Talca Chile
| | - F. N. Moreno‐Gómez
- Departamento de Biología y Química Facultad de Ciencias Básicas Universidad Católica del Maule Talca Chile
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Navas CA, Agudelo-Cantero GA, Loeschcke V. Thermal boldness: Volunteer exploration of extreme temperatures in fruit flies. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 136:104330. [PMID: 34848182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A dominant perception is that small and motile ectothermic animals must use behavior to avoid exposure to critical or sub-critical temperatures impairing physiological performance. Concomitantly, volunteer exploration of extreme environments by some individuals may promote physiological adjustments and enhance ecological opportunity. Here we introduce to the literature a Thermal Decision System (TDS) which is fully modular, thermally stable, versatile, and adaptable to study navigation through thermal landscapes in insects and other small motile animals. We used a specific setting of the TDS to investigate volunteer navigation through critical cold and hot temperatures in Drosophila melanogaster. We demonstrate that a thermally bold behavior (volunteer crossings through a Critical Temperature Zone, CTZ) characterized a fraction of flies in a sample, and that such a fraction was higher in an outbred population relative to isofemale lines. As set, the TDS generated a thermal gradient within the cold and hot CTZs, and the exploration of this gradient by flies did not relate simply with a tendency to be thermally bold. Mild fasting affected thermal exploration and boldness in complex manners, but thermal boldness was evident in both fasted and fed flies. Also, thermal boldness was not associated with individual critical temperatures. Finally, some flies showed consistent thermal boldness, as flies that performed an extreme thermal cross were more likely to perform a second cross compared with untested flies. We hypothesize that a simple "avoidance principle" is not the only behavioral drive for D. melanogaster facing extreme temperatures over space, and that this pattern may characterize other small motile ectothermic animals with analogous natural history. The physiological correlates, genetic architecture, and interspecific variation of thermal boldness deserve further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Navas
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 101, Tv 14, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biology - Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University. Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Gustavo A Agudelo-Cantero
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 101, Tv 14, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biology - Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University. Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Volker Loeschcke
- Department of Biology - Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University. Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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