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Ding G, Li L, Chopp M, Zhang L, Li Q, Luo H, Wei M, Zhang J, Boyd E, Zhang Z, Jiang Q. Velocity of cerebrospinal fluid in the aqueduct measured by phase-contrast MRI in rat. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024:e5233. [PMID: 39104053 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation plays a key role in cerebral waste clearance via the glymphatic system. Although CSF flow velocity is an essential component of CSF dynamics, it has not been sufficiently characterized, and particularly, in studies of the glymphatic system in rat. To investigate the relationship between the flow velocity of CSF in the brain aqueduct and the glymphatic waste clearance rate, using phase-contrast MRI we performed the first measurements of CSF velocity in rats. Phase-contrast MRI was performed using a 7 T system to map mean velocity of CSF flow in the aqueduct in rat brain. The effects of age (3 months old versus 18 months old), gender, strain (Wistar, RNU, Dark Agouti), anesthetic agents (isoflurane versus dexmedetomidine), and neurodegenerative disorder (Alzheimer' disease in Fischer TgF344-AD rats, males and females) on CSF velocity were investigated in eight independent groups of rats (12 rats per group). Our results demonstrated that quantitative velocities of CSF flow in the aqueduct averaged 5.16 ± 0.86 mm/s in healthy young adult male Wistar rats. CSF flow velocity in the aqueduct was not altered by rat gender, strain, and the employed anesthetic agents in all rats, also age in the female rats. However, aged (18 months) Wistar male rats exhibited significantly reduced the CSF flow velocity in the aqueduct (4.31 ± 1.08 mm/s). In addition, Alzheimer's disease further reduced the CSF flow velocity in the aqueduct of male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangliang Ding
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Qingjiang Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Min Wei
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Edward Boyd
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zhenggang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Quan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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2
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Dutta D, Kanca O, Shridharan RV, Marcogliese PC, Steger B, Morimoto M, Frost FG, Macnamara E, Wangler MF, Yamamoto S, Jenny A, Adams D, Malicdan MC, Bellen HJ. Loss of the endoplasmic reticulum protein Tmem208 affects cell polarity, development, and viability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322582121. [PMID: 38381787 PMCID: PMC10907268 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322582121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Nascent proteins destined for the cell membrane and the secretory pathway are targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) either posttranslationally or cotranslationally. The signal-independent pathway, containing the protein TMEM208, is one of three pathways that facilitates the translocation of nascent proteins into the ER. The in vivo function of this protein is ill characterized in multicellular organisms. Here, we generated a CRISPR-induced null allele of the fruit fly ortholog CG8320/Tmem208 by replacing the gene with the Kozak-GAL4 sequence. We show that Tmem208 is broadly expressed in flies and that its loss causes lethality, although a few short-lived flies eclose. These animals exhibit wing and eye developmental defects consistent with impaired cell polarity and display mild ER stress. Tmem208 physically interacts with Frizzled (Fz), a planar cell polarity (PCP) receptor, and is required to maintain proper levels of Fz. Moreover, we identified a child with compound heterozygous variants in TMEM208 who presents with developmental delay, skeletal abnormalities, multiple hair whorls, cardiac, and neurological issues, symptoms that are associated with PCP defects in mice and humans. Additionally, fibroblasts of the proband display mild ER stress. Expression of the reference human TMEM208 in flies fully rescues the loss of Tmem208, and the two proband-specific variants fail to rescue, suggesting that they are loss-of-function alleles. In summary, our study uncovers a role of TMEM208 in development, shedding light on its significance in ER homeostasis and cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdeep Dutta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX77030
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX77030
| | - Rishi V. Shridharan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX77030
| | - Paul C. Marcogliese
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX77030
| | - Benjamin Steger
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Marie Morimoto
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - F. Graeme Frost
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Ellen Macnamara
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | | | - Michael F. Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX77030
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX77030
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY10461
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY10461
| | - David Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - May C. Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX77030
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3
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Brewer KK, Brewer KM, Terry TT, Caspary T, Vaisse C, Berbari NF. Postnatal Dynamic Ciliary ARL13B and ADCY3 Localization in the Mouse Brain. Cells 2024; 13:259. [PMID: 38334651 PMCID: PMC10854790 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are hair-like structures found on nearly all mammalian cell types, including cells in the developing and adult brain. A diverse set of receptors and signaling proteins localize within cilia to regulate many physiological and developmental pathways, including the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. Defects in cilia structure, protein localization, and function lead to genetic disorders called ciliopathies, which present with various clinical features that include several neurodevelopmental phenotypes and hyperphagia-associated obesity. Despite their dysfunction being implicated in several disease states, understanding their roles in central nervous system (CNS) development and signaling has proven challenging. We hypothesize that dynamic changes to ciliary protein composition contribute to this challenge and may reflect unrecognized diversity of CNS cilia. The proteins ARL13B and ADCY3 are established markers of cilia in the brain. ARL13B is a regulatory GTPase important for regulating cilia structure, protein trafficking, and Hh signaling, and ADCY3 is a ciliary adenylyl cyclase. Here, we examine the ciliary localization of ARL13B and ADCY3 in the perinatal and adult mouse brain. We define changes in the proportion of cilia enriched for ARL13B and ADCY3 depending on brain region and age. Furthermore, we identify distinct lengths of cilia within specific brain regions of male and female mice. ARL13B+ cilia become relatively rare with age in many brain regions, including the hypothalamic feeding centers, while ADCY3 becomes a prominent cilia marker in the mature adult brain. It is important to understand the endogenous localization patterns of these proteins throughout development and under different physiological conditions as these common cilia markers may be more dynamic than initially expected. Understanding regional- and developmental-associated cilia protein composition signatures and physiological condition cilia dynamic changes in the CNS may reveal the molecular mechanisms associated with the features commonly observed in ciliopathy models and ciliopathies, like obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn K. Brewer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (K.K.B.); (K.M.B.)
| | - Kathryn M. Brewer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (K.K.B.); (K.M.B.)
| | - Tiffany T. Terry
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.T.T.); (T.C.)
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.T.T.); (T.C.)
| | - Christian Vaisse
- Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Nicolas F. Berbari
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (K.K.B.); (K.M.B.)
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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4
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Just N, Chevillard PM, Batailler M, Dubois JP, Vaudin P, Pillon D, Migaud M. Multiparametric MR Evaluation of the Photoperiodic Regulation of Hypothalamic Structures in Sheep. Neuroscience 2023; 535:142-157. [PMID: 37913859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Most organisms on earth, humans included, have developed strategies to cope with environmental day-night and seasonal cycles to survive. For most of them, their physiological and behavioral functions, including the reproductive function, are synchronized with the annual changes of day length, to ensure winter survival and subsequent reproductive success in the following spring. Sheep are sensitive to photoperiod, which also regulates natural adult neurogenesis in their hypothalamus. We postulate that the ovine model represents a good alternative to study the functional and metabolic changes occurring in response to photoperiodic changes in hypothalamic structures of the brain. Here, the impact of the photoperiod on the neurovascular coupling and the metabolism of the hypothalamic structures was investigated at 3T using BOLD fMRI, perfusion-MRI and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). A longitudinal study involving 8 ewes was conducted during long days (LD) and short days (SD) revealing significant BOLD, rCBV and metabolic changes in hypothalamic structures of the ewe brain between LD and SD. More specifically, the transition between LD and SD revealed negative BOLD responses to hypercapnia at the beginning of SD period followed by significant increases in BOLD, rCBV, Glx and tNAA concentrations towards the end of the SD period. These observations suggest longitudinal mechanisms promoting the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells within the hypothalamic niche of breeding ewes. We conclude that multiparametric MRI studies including 1H-MRS could be promising non-invasive translational techniques to investigate the existence of natural adult neurogenesis in-vivo in gyrencephalic brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Just
- INRAE Centre Val de Loire, UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly France; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | - Pierre Marie Chevillard
- INRAE Centre Val de Loire, UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly France
| | - Martine Batailler
- INRAE Centre Val de Loire, UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly France
| | - Jean-Philippe Dubois
- INRAE Centre Val de Loire, UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly France
| | - Pascal Vaudin
- INRAE Centre Val de Loire, UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly France
| | - Delphine Pillon
- INRAE Centre Val de Loire, UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly France
| | - Martine Migaud
- INRAE Centre Val de Loire, UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly France
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5
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Karimy JK, Newville JC, Sadegh C, Morris JA, Monuki ES, Limbrick DD, McAllister Ii JP, Koschnitzky JE, Lehtinen MK, Jantzie LL. Outcomes of the 2019 hydrocephalus association workshop, "Driving common pathways: extending insights from posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus". Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:4. [PMID: 36639792 PMCID: PMC9838022 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hydrocephalus Association (HA) workshop, Driving Common Pathways: Extending Insights from Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus, was held on November 4 and 5, 2019 at Washington University in St. Louis. The workshop brought together a diverse group of basic, translational, and clinical scientists conducting research on multiple hydrocephalus etiologies with select outside researchers. The main goals of the workshop were to explore areas of potential overlap between hydrocephalus etiologies and identify drug targets that could positively impact various forms of hydrocephalus. This report details the major themes of the workshop and the research presented on three cell types that are targets for new hydrocephalus interventions: choroid plexus epithelial cells, ventricular ependymal cells, and immune cells (macrophages and microglia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Karimy
- Department of Family Medicine, Mountain Area Health Education Center - Boone, North Carolina, 28607, USA
| | - Jessie C Newville
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Cameron Sadegh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MA, Boston, 02114, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jill A Morris
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neuroscience Center, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Blvd, NSC Rm 2112, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - David D Limbrick
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - James P McAllister Ii
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Lauren L Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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6
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Jung HJ, Yeo S, Jang J, Pleasure S, Choe Y. Brain heterotopia formation by ciliopathic breakdown of neuroepithelial and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Brain Pathol 2023:e13148. [PMID: 36623505 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental functions of primary cilia and the downstream signaling pathways have been widely studied; however, the roles of primary cilia in the developing neurovascular system are not clearly understood. In this study, we found that ablation of genes encoding ciliary transport proteins such as intraflagellar transport homolog 88 (Ift88) and kinesin family member 3a (Kif3a) in cortical radial progenitors led to periventricular heterotopia during late mouse embryogenesis. Conditional mutation of primary cilia unexpectedly caused breakdown of both the neuroepithelial lining and the blood-choroid plexus barrier. Choroidal leakage was partially caused by enlargement of the choroid plexus in the cilia mutants. We found that the choroid plexus expressed platelet-derived growth factor A (Pdgf-A) and that Pdgf-A expression was ectopically increased in cilia-mutant embryos. Cortices obtained from embryos in utero electroporated with Pdgfa mimicked periventricular heterotopic nodules of the cilia mutant. These results suggest that defective ciliogenesis in both cortical progenitors and the choroid plexus leads to breakdown of cortical and choroidal barriers causing forebrain neuronal dysplasia, which may be related to developmental cortical malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seungeun Yeo
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | - Samuel Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, Developmental Stem Cell Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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7
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Ditte Z, Silbern I, Ditte P, Urlaub H, Eichele G. Extracellular vesicles derived from the choroid plexus trigger the differentiation of neural stem cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12276. [PMID: 36325603 PMCID: PMC9630752 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus secrets cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composed of electrolytes, cytokines, growth factors, metabolites and extracellular vesicles (EVs) that flow through the interconnected brain ventricles. On their course, CSF components can act as signals that affect, for example, neural stem cells (NSCs) residing in niches of the ventricular wall. We studied EV-born CSF signals in an in vitro culture system. We purified EVs from the secretome of a choroid plexus cell line (Z310 cells), and from primary choroid plexus cultures and co-cultured those EVs with NSCs isolated from the niche of the lateral and the third ventricle. EVsZ310 and EVsCHP were purified by differential centrifugation. This yielded fractions of EVs of 50-150-nm diameter that induced a complex multicellular network formation and NSC differentiation. Both types of EV converted the round NSCs to cells that extended long processes that contacted nearby, alike-shaped cells. Mass spectrometry showed that the differentiation-inducing EVZ310 were enriched for membrane and membrane-associated proteins involved in cell differentiation, membrane trafficking, and membrane organization. We hypothesize that this type of EV Z310 cargo causes changes of stem cell morphology that leads to multicellular networks in the niches. This cell-shape transition may represent an initial step in NSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Ditte
- Department of Genes and BehaviorMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
- Biological RhythmsMax Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self OrganizationGöttingenGermany
| | - Ivan Silbern
- The Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry GroupMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
- Institute for Clinical ChemistryUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Peter Ditte
- Department of Genes and BehaviorMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- The Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry GroupMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
- Institute for Clinical ChemistryUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Gregor Eichele
- Department of Genes and BehaviorMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
- Biological RhythmsMax Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self OrganizationGöttingenGermany
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Salman HE, Jurisch-Yaksi N, Yalcin HC. Computational Modeling of Motile Cilia-Driven Cerebrospinal Flow in the Brain Ventricles of Zebrafish Embryo. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090421. [PMID: 36134967 PMCID: PMC9495466 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia are hair-like microscopic structures which generate directional flow to provide fluid transport in various biological processes. Ciliary beating is one of the sources of cerebrospinal flow (CSF) in brain ventricles. In this study, we investigated how the tilt angle, quantity, and phase relationship of cilia affect CSF flow patterns in the brain ventricles of zebrafish embryos. For this purpose, two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed to determine the flow fields generated by the motile cilia. The cilia are modeled as thin membranes with prescribed motions. The cilia motions were obtained from a two-day post-fertilization zebrafish embryo previously imaged via light sheet fluorescence microscopy. We observed that the cilium angle significantly alters the generated flow velocity and mass flow rates. As the cilium angle gets closer to the wall, higher flow velocities are observed. Phase difference between two adjacent beating cilia also affects the flow field as the cilia with no phase difference produce significantly lower mass flow rates. In conclusion, our simulations revealed that the most efficient method for cilia-driven fluid transport relies on the alignment of multiple cilia beating with a phase difference, which is also observed in vivo in the developing zebrafish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Enes Salman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06510, Turkey
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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9
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Ren Z, Zhang M, Song S, Liu Z, Hong C, Wang T, Dong X, Hu W, Sitti M. Soft-robotic ciliated epidermis for reconfigurable coordinated fluid manipulation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2345. [PMID: 36026449 PMCID: PMC9417179 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fluid manipulation capabilities of current artificial cilia are severely handicapped by the inability to reconfigure near-surface flow on various static or dynamically deforming three-dimensional (3D) substrates. To overcome this challenge, we propose an electrically driven soft-robotic ciliated epidermis with multiple independently controlled polypyrrole bending actuators. The beating kinematics and the coordination of multiple actuators can be dynamically reconfigured to control the strength and direction of fluid transportation. We achieve fluid transportation along and perpendicular to the beating directions of the actuator arrays, and toward or away from the substrate. The ciliated epidermises are bendable and stretchable and can be deployed on various static or dynamically deforming 3D surfaces. They enable previously difficult to obtain fluid manipulation functionalities, such as transporting fluid in tubular structures or enhancing fluid transportation near dynamically bending and expanding surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Ren
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Mingchao Zhang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Shanyuan Song
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Zemin Liu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Chong Hong
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Tianlu Wang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Xiaoguang Dong
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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10
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Moro C, Valverde A, Dole M, Hoh Kam J, Hamilton C, Liebert A, Bicknell B, Benabid AL, Magistretti P, Mitrofanis J. The effect of photobiomodulation on the brain during wakefulness and sleep. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:942536. [PMID: 35968381 PMCID: PMC9366035 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.942536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last seventy years or so, many previous studies have shown that photobiomodulation, the use of red to near infrared light on body tissues, can improve central and peripheral neuronal function and survival in both health and in disease. These improvements are thought to arise principally from an impact of photobiomodulation on mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial mechanisms in a range of different cell types, including neurones. This impact has downstream effects on many stimulatory and protective genes. An often-neglected feature of nearly all of these improvements is that they have been induced during the state of wakefulness. Recent studies have shown that when applied during the state of sleep, photobiomodulation can also be of benefit, but in a different way, by improving the flow of cerebrospinal fluid and the clearance of toxic waste-products from the brain. In this review, we consider the potential differential effects of photobiomodulation dependent on the state of arousal. We speculate that the effects of photobiomodulation is on different cells and systems depending on whether it is applied during wakefulness or sleep, that it may follow a circadian rhythm. We speculate further that the arousal-dependent photobiomodulation effects are mediated principally through a biophoton – ultra-weak light emission – network of communication and repair across the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Moro
- FDD and CEA-LETI, Clinatec, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Audrey Valverde
- FDD and CEA-LETI, Clinatec, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Marjorie Dole
- FDD and CEA-LETI, Clinatec, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jaimie Hoh Kam
- FDD and CEA-LETI, Clinatec, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Ann Liebert
- Governance and Research Department, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian Bicknell
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Pierre Magistretti
- FDD and CEA-LETI, Clinatec, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - John Mitrofanis
- FDD and CEA-LETI, Clinatec, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: John Mitrofanis,
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11
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Djukic M, Lange P, Erbguth F, Nau R. Spatial and temporal variation of routine parameters: pitfalls in the cerebrospinal fluid analysis in central nervous system infections. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:174. [PMID: 35794632 PMCID: PMC9258096 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space is convoluted. CSF flow oscillates with a net flow from the ventricles towards the cerebral and spinal subarachnoid space. This flow is influenced by heartbeats, breath, head or body movements as well as the activity of the ciliated epithelium of the plexus and ventricular ependyma. The shape of the CSF space and the CSF flow preclude rapid equilibration of cells, proteins and smaller compounds between the different parts of the compartment. In this review including reinterpretation of previously published data we illustrate, how anatomical and (patho)physiological conditions can influence routine CSF analysis. Equilibration of the components of the CSF depends on the size of the molecule or particle, e.g., lactate is distributed in the CSF more homogeneously than proteins or cells. The concentrations of blood-derived compounds usually increase from the ventricles to the lumbar CSF space, whereas the concentrations of brain-derived compounds usually decrease. Under special conditions, in particular when distribution is impaired, the rostro-caudal gradient of blood-derived compounds can be reversed. In the last century, several researchers attempted to define typical CSF findings for the diagnosis of several inflammatory diseases based on routine parameters. Because of the high spatial and temporal variations, findings considered typical of certain CNS diseases often are absent in parts of or even in the entire CSF compartment. In CNS infections, identification of the pathogen by culture, antigen detection or molecular methods is essential for diagnosis.
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12
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Jang M, Han S, Cho H. D* from diffusion MRI reveals a correspondence between ventricular cerebrospinal fluid volume and flow in the ischemic rodent model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:572-583. [PMID: 34796772 PMCID: PMC9051140 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211060741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and volume and longitudinal monitoring of CSF dynamics provide insights into the compensatory characteristics of post-stroke CSF. In this study, we compared the MRI pseudo-diffusion index (D*) of live and sacrificed rat brains to confirm the effect of ventricular CSF flow on diffusion signals. We observed the relationship between the CSF peak velocities and D* through Monte Carlo (MC) simulations to further understand the source of D* contrast. We also determined the dominant CSF flow using D* in three directions. Finally, we investigated the dynamic evolutions of ventricular CSF flow and volume in a stroke rat model (n = 8) from preoperative to up to 45 days after surgery and determined the correlation between ventricular CSF volume and flow. MC simulations showed a strong positive correlation between the CSF peak velocity and D* (r = 0.99). The dominant CSF flow variations in the 3D ventricle could be measured using the maximum D* map. A longitudinal positive correlation between ventricular CSF volume and D* was observed in the lateral (r = 0.74) and ventral-third (r = 0.81) ventricles, respectively. The directional D* measurements provide quantitative CSF volume and flow information, which would provide useful insights into ischemic stroke with diffusion MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinJung Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - SoHyun Han
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - HyungJoon Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
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13
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Ludwig HC, Dreha-Kulaczewski S, Bock HC. Neurofluids-Deep inspiration, cilia and preloading of the astrocytic network. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2804-2821. [PMID: 34323313 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of real-time MRI, the motion and passage of cerebrospinal fluid can be visualized without gating and exclusion of low-frequency waves. This imaging modality gives insights into low-volume, rapidly oscillating cardiac-driven movement as well as sustained, high-volume, slowly oscillating inspiration-driven movement. Inspiration means a spontaneous or artificial increase in the intrathoracic dimensions independent of body position. Alterations in thoracic diameter enable the thoracic and spinal epidural venous compartments to be emptied and filled, producing an upward surge of cerebrospinal fluid inside the spine during inspiration; this surge counterbalances the downward pooling of venous blood toward the heart. Real-time MRI, as a macroscale in vivo observation method, could expand our knowledge of neurofluid dynamics, including how astrocytic fluid preloading is adjusted and how brain buoyancy and turgor are maintained in different postures and zero gravity. Along with these macroscale findings, new microscale insights into aquaporin-mediated fluid transfer, its sensing by cilia, and its tuning by nitric oxide will be reviewed. By incorporating clinical knowledge spanning several disciplines, certain disorders-congenital hydrocephalus with Chiari malformation, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and adult idiopathic hydrocephalus-are interpreted and reviewed according to current concepts, from the basics of the interrelated systems to their pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C Ludwig
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steffi Dreha-Kulaczewski
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans C Bock
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Cumulative Damage: Cell Death in Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081911. [PMID: 34440681 PMCID: PMC8393895 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, approximately 11% of all infants are born preterm, prior to 37 weeks’ gestation. In these high-risk neonates, encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) is a major cause of both morbidity and mortality, especially for neonates who are born very preterm (<32 weeks gestation). EoP encompasses numerous types of preterm birth-related brain abnormalities and injuries, and can culminate in a diverse array of neurodevelopmental impairments. Of note, posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus of prematurity (PHHP) can be conceptualized as a severe manifestation of EoP. PHHP impacts the immature neonatal brain at a crucial timepoint during neurodevelopment, and can result in permanent, detrimental consequences to not only cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics, but also to white and gray matter development. In this review, the relevant literature related to the diverse mechanisms of cell death in the setting of PHHP will be thoroughly discussed. Loss of the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, ependymal cells and their motile cilia, and cellular structures within the glymphatic system are of particular interest. Greater insights into the injuries, initiating targets, and downstream signaling pathways involved in excess cell death shed light on promising areas for therapeutic intervention. This will bolster current efforts to prevent, mitigate, and reverse the consequential brain remodeling that occurs as a result of hydrocephalus and other components of EoP.
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15
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Tripp JA, Berrio A, McGraw LA, Matz MV, Davis JK, Inoue K, Thomas JW, Young LJ, Phelps SM. Comparative neurotranscriptomics reveal widespread species differences associated with bonding. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:399. [PMID: 34058981 PMCID: PMC8165761 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pair bonding with a reproductive partner is rare among mammals but is an important feature of human social behavior. Decades of research on monogamous prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), along with comparative studies using the related non-bonding meadow vole (M. pennsylvanicus), have revealed many of the neural and molecular mechanisms necessary for pair-bond formation in that species. However, these studies have largely focused on just a few neuromodulatory systems. To test the hypothesis that neural gene expression differences underlie differential capacities to bond, we performed RNA-sequencing on tissue from three brain regions important for bonding and other social behaviors across bond-forming prairie voles and non-bonding meadow voles. We examined gene expression in the amygdala, hypothalamus, and combined ventral pallidum/nucleus accumbens in virgins and at three time points after mating to understand species differences in gene expression at baseline, in response to mating, and during bond formation. Results We first identified species and brain region as the factors most strongly associated with gene expression in our samples. Next, we found gene categories related to cell structure, translation, and metabolism that differed in expression across species in virgins, as well as categories associated with cell structure, synaptic and neuroendocrine signaling, and transcription and translation that varied among the focal regions in our study. Additionally, we identified genes that were differentially expressed across species after mating in each of our regions of interest. These include genes involved in regulating transcription, neuron structure, and synaptic plasticity. Finally, we identified modules of co-regulated genes that were strongly correlated with brain region in both species, and modules that were correlated with post-mating time points in prairie voles but not meadow voles. Conclusions These results reinforce the importance of pre-mating differences that confer the ability to form pair bonds in prairie voles but not promiscuous species such as meadow voles. Gene ontology analysis supports the hypothesis that pair-bond formation involves transcriptional regulation, and changes in neuronal structure. Together, our results expand knowledge of the genes involved in the pair bonding process and open new avenues of research in the molecular mechanisms of bond formation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07720-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Tripp
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Alejandro Berrio
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Present Address: Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Lisa A McGraw
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Mikhail V Matz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jamie K Davis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Kiyoshi Inoue
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - James W Thomas
- National Institutes of Health Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Larry J Young
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Steven M Phelps
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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16
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Katow H, Katow T, Yoshida H, Kiyomoto M. Involvement of Huntingtin in Development and Ciliary Beating Regulation of Larvae of the Sea Urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5116. [PMID: 34066037 PMCID: PMC8151597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiple functions of the wild type Huntington's disease protein of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (Hp-Htt) have been examined using the anti-Hp-Htt antibody (Ab) raised against synthetic oligopeptides. According to immunoblotting, Hp-Htt was detected as a single band at around the 350 kDa region at the swimming blastula stage to the prism larva stage. From the 2-arm pluteus stage (2aPL), however, an additional smaller band at the 165 kDa region appeared. Immunohistochemically, Hp-Htt was detected in the nuclei and the nearby cytoplasm of the ectodermal cells from the swimming blastula stage, and the blastocoelar cells from the mid-gastrula stage. The Ab-positive signal was converged to the ciliary band-associated strand (CBAS). There, it was accompanied by several CBAS-marker proteins in the cytoplasm, such as glutamate decarboxylase. Application of Hp-Htt morpholino (Hp-Htt-MO) has resulted in shortened larval arms, accompanied by decreased 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridin (BrdU) incorporation by the ectodermal cells of the larval arms. Hp-Htt-MO also resulted in lowered ciliary beating activity, accompanied by a disordered swirling pattern formation around the body. These Hp-Htt-MO-induced deficiencies took place after the onset of CBAS system formation at the larval arms. Thus, Hp-Htt is involved in cell proliferation and the ciliary beating pattern regulation signaling system in pluteus larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Katow
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.)
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Tohoku University, Aomori 039-3501, Japan;
| | - Tomoko Katow
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Tohoku University, Aomori 039-3501, Japan;
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.)
| | - Masato Kiyomoto
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.)
- Marine and Coastal Research Center, Ochanomizu University, Chiba 294-0301, Japan
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17
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Neupane S, Goto J, Berardinelli SJ, Ito A, Haltiwanger RS, Holdener BC. Hydrocephalus in mouse B3glct mutants is likely caused by defects in multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ. Glycobiology 2021; 31:988-1004. [PMID: 33909046 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peters plus syndrome, characterized by defects in eye and skeletal development with isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, is caused by mutations in the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene. In the endoplasmic reticulum, B3GLCT adds glucose to O-linked fucose on properly folded Thrombospondin Type 1 Repeats (TSRs). The resulting glucose-fucose disaccharide is proposed to stabilize the TSR fold and promote secretion of B3GLCT substrates, with some substrates more sensitive than others to loss of glucose. Mouse B3glct mutants develop hydrocephalus at high frequency. In this study, we demonstrated that B3glct mutant ependymal cells had fewer cilia basal bodies and altered translational polarity compared to controls. Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9, suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9, and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin (SSPO) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose, and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. In the B3glct mutant subcommissural organ intracellular SSPO levels were reduced and BiP levels increased, suggesting a folding defect. Secreted SSPO colocalized with BiP, raising the possibility that abnormal extracellular assembly of SSPO into Reissner's fiber also contributed to impaired CSF flow in mutants. Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - June Goto
- Division of Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Steven J Berardinelli
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Atsuko Ito
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Robert S Haltiwanger
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Bernadette C Holdener
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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18
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Daems M, Peacock HM, Jones EAV. Fluid flow as a driver of embryonic morphogenesis. Development 2020; 147:147/15/dev185579. [PMID: 32769200 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluid flow is a powerful morphogenic force during embryonic development. The physical forces created by flowing fluids can either create morphogen gradients or be translated by mechanosensitive cells into biological changes in gene expression. In this Primer, we describe how fluid flow is created in different systems and highlight the important mechanosensitive signalling pathways involved for sensing and transducing flow during embryogenesis. Specifically, we describe how fluid flow helps establish left-right asymmetry in the early embryo and discuss the role of flow of blood, lymph and cerebrospinal fluid in sculpting the embryonic cardiovascular and nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Daems
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanna M Peacock
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A V Jones
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Abstract
Cilia are specialized cellular organelles that are united in structure and implicated in diverse key life processes across eukaryotes. In both unicellular and multicellular organisms, variations on the same ancestral form mediate sensing, locomotion and the production of physiological flows. As we usher in a new, more interdisciplinary era, the way we study cilia is changing. This special theme issue brings together biologists, biophysicists and mathematicians to highlight the remarkable range of systems in which motile cilia fulfil vital functions, and to inspire and define novel strategies for future research. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Y Wan
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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