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Archer J, Yeo SM, Gadd G, Pennance T, Cunningham LJ, Juhàsz A, Jones S, Chammudzi P, Kapira DR, Lally D, Namacha G, Mainga B, Makaula P, LaCourse JE, Kayuni SA, Musaya J, Stothard JR, Webster BL. Development, validation, and pilot application of a high throughput molecular xenomonitoring assay to detect Schistosoma mansoni and other trematode species within Biomphalaria freshwater snail hosts. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2024; 5:100174. [PMID: 38618156 PMCID: PMC11010794 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by infection with parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma that can lead to debilitating morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization recommend molecular xenomonitoring of Biomphalaria spp. freshwater snail intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni to identify highly focal intestinal schistosomiasis transmission sites and monitor disease transmission, particularly in low-endemicity areas. A standardised protocol to do this, however, is needed. Here, two previously published primer sets were selected to develop and validate a multiplex molecular xenomonitoring end-point PCR assay capable of detecting S. mansoni infections within individual Biomphalaria spp. missed by cercarial shedding. The assay proved highly sensitive and highly specific in detecting and amplifying S. mansoni DNA and also proved highly sensitive in detecting and amplifying non-S. mansoni trematode DNA. The optimised assay was then used to screen Biomphalaria spp. collected from a S. mansoni-endemic area for infection and successfully detected S. mansoni infections missed by cercarial shedding as well as infections with non-S. mansoni trematodes. The continued development and use of molecular xenomonitoring assays such as this will aid in improving disease control efforts, significantly reducing disease-related morbidities experienced by those in schistosomiasis-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Archer
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5HD, UK
| | - Shi Min Yeo
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5HD, UK
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Grace Gadd
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5HD, UK
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Tom Pennance
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5HD, UK
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific – Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR, 97355, USA
| | - Lucas J. Cunningham
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Alexandra Juhàsz
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary
| | - Sam Jones
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Priscilla Chammudzi
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Oral Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS), Blantyre, 360, Malawi
| | - Donales R. Kapira
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Oral Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS), Blantyre, 360, Malawi
| | - David Lally
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Oral Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS), Blantyre, 360, Malawi
| | - Gladys Namacha
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Oral Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS), Blantyre, 360, Malawi
| | - Bright Mainga
- Laboratory Department, Mangochi District Hospital, Mangochi, P.O. Box 42, Malawi
| | - Peter Makaula
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
| | - James E. LaCourse
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Sekeleghe A. Kayuni
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Oral Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS), Blantyre, 360, Malawi
| | - Janelisa Musaya
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Oral Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS), Blantyre, 360, Malawi
| | - J. Russell Stothard
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Bonnie L. Webster
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5HD, UK
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Ramesh A, Oliveira P, Cameron M, Castanha PMS, Walker T, Lenhart A, Impoinvil L, Alexander N, Medeiros Z, Sá A, Rocha A, Souza WV, Maciel A, Braga C. Postintervention Immunological and Entomological Survey of Lymphatic Filariasis in the City of Olinda, Brazil, 2015-2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:470-482. [PMID: 38350158 PMCID: PMC10919178 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a leading cause of disability due to infectious disease worldwide. The Recife Metropolitan Region (RMR) is the only remaining focus of LF in Brazil, where the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti is transmitted solely by the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. This study reports the results of transmission assessment surveys and molecular xenomonitoring in the city of Olinda, RMR, after nearly 15 years (2015-2016) of interventions for LF elimination. Participants were screened for W. bancrofti antigen via immunochromatographic card tests (ICT) in: 1) door-to-door surveys conducted for all children aged 5-7 years from 4 out of 17 intervention areas treated with at least five annual doses of mass drug administration (MDA), and 2) a two-stage cluster sampling survey of residents aged 5 years and older in non-MDA areas. Mosquitoes were collected via handheld aspirators in four MDA areas, differentiated by species, sex, and physiological status, pooled into groups of up to 10 blood-fed, semigravid, and gravid mosquitoes, and screened for W. bancrofti infection by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). All 1,170 children from MDA areas and the entire population sample of 990 residents in non-MDA areas were ICT negative. In MDA areas, a total of 3,152 female Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in 277 households (range, 0-296 mosquitoes per house) were collected via aspiration. RT-qPCR of 233 pools of mosquitos were negative for W. bancrofti RNA; an independent reference laboratory confirmed these results. These results provide evidence that LF transmission has been halted in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ramesh
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Oliveira
- National Reference Service for Lymphatic Filariasis, Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil
| | - Mary Cameron
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Priscila M. S. Castanha
- Faculty of Medical Science, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lucy Impoinvil
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Neal Alexander
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zulma Medeiros
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Brazil
| | - André Sá
- Collective Health Department, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ
| | - Abraham Rocha
- National Reference Service for Lymphatic Filariasis, Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil
| | - Wayner V. Souza
- Collective Health Department, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ
| | - Amélia Maciel
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Braga
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Brazil
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Reimer LJ, Pryce JD. The impact of mosquito sampling strategies on molecular xenomonitoring prevalence for filariasis: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 2024; 102:204-215. [PMID: 38420575 PMCID: PMC10898278 DOI: 10.2471/blt.23.290424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the impact of mosquito collection methods, sampling intensity and target genus on molecular xenomonitoring detection of parasites causing lymphatic filariasis. Methods We systematically searched five databases for studies that used two or more collection strategies for sampling wild mosquitoes, and employed molecular methods to assess the molecular xenomonitoring prevalence of parasites responsible for lymphatic filariasis. We performed generic inverse variance meta-analyses and explored sources of heterogeneity using subgroup analyses. We assessed methodological quality and certainty of evidence. Findings We identified 25 eligible studies, with 172 083 mosquitoes analysed. We observed significantly higher molecular xenomonitoring prevalence with collection methods that target bloodfed mosquitoes compared to methods that target unfed mosquitoes (prevalence ratio: 3.53; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.52-8.24), but no significant difference compared with gravid collection methods (prevalence ratio: 1.54; 95% CI: 0.46-5.16). Regarding genus, we observed significantly higher molecular xenomonitoring prevalence for anopheline mosquitoes compared to culicine mosquitoes in areas where Anopheles species are the primary vector (prevalence ratio: 6.91; 95% CI: 1.73-27.52). One study provided evidence that reducing the number of sampling sites did not significantly affect molecular xenomonitoring prevalence. Evidence of differences in molecular xenomonitoring prevalence between sampling strategies was considered to be of low certainty, due partly to inherent limitations of observational studies that were not explicitly designed for these comparisons. Conclusion The choice of sampling strategy can significantly affect molecular xenomonitoring results. Further research is needed to inform the optimum strategy in light of logistical constraints and epidemiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Reimer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, England
| | - Joseph D Pryce
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, England
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4
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Ramalingam B, Venkatesan V, Abraham PR, Adinarayanan S, Swaminathan S, Raju KHK, Hoti SL, Kumar A. Detection of Wuchereria bancrofti DNA in wild caught vector and non-vector mosquitoes: implications for elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:291. [PMID: 38329553 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmission Assessment Survey (TAS) is the WHO recommended method used for decision-making to stop or continue the MDA in lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programme. The WHO has also recommended Molecular Xenomonitoring (MX) of LF infection in vectors as an adjunct tool in settings under post-MDA or validation period. Screening of non-vectors by MX in post-MDA / validation settings could be useful to prevent a resurgence of LF infection, as there might be low abundance of vectors, especially in some seasons. In this study, we investigated the presence of LF infection in non-vectors in an area endemic for LF and has undergone many rounds of annual MDA with two drugs (Diethylcarbamazine and Albendazole, DA) and two rounds of triple drug regimens (Ivermectin + DA). METHODS AND RESULTS Mosquitoes were collected from selected villages of Yadgir district in Karnataka state, India, during 2019. A total of 680 female mosquitoes were collected, identified morphologically by species and separated as pools. The female mosquitoes belonging to 3 species viz., Anopheles subpictus, Culex gelidus and Culex quinquefaciatus were separated, pooled, and the DNA extracted using less expensive method and followed by LDR based real-time PCR assay for detecting Wuchereria bancrofti infection in vector as well as non-vector mosquitoes. One pool out of 6 pools of An. subpictus, 2 pools out of 6 pools of Cx. gelidus, and 4 pools out of 8 pools of Cx. quinquefaciatus were found to be positive for W. bancrofti infection by RT-PCR. The infection rate in vectors and non-vectors was found to be 1.8% (95% CI: 0.5-4.2%) and 0.9% (95% CI: 0.2-2.3%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that non-vectors also harbour W. bancrofti, thus opening an opportunity of using these mosquitoes as surrogate vectors for assessing risk of transmission to humans in LF endemic and post MDA areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ashwani Kumar
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 605102, India
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Coulibaly ZI, Gowelo S, Traore I, Mbewe RB, Ngulube W, Olanga EA, DePina AJ, Sanou A, Coleman S, Tangena JAA. Strengthening adult mosquito surveillance in Africa for disease control: learning from the present. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 60:101110. [PMID: 37660835 PMCID: PMC7615242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito surveillance is essential to successfully control and eliminate mosquito-borne diseases. Yet, it is often done by numerous organizations with little collaboration, incomplete understanding of existing gaps, and limited long-term vision. There is a clear disconnect between entomological and epidemiological indices, with entomological data informing control efforts inadequately. Here, we discuss current mosquito surveillance practises across the heterogeneous disease landscape in Africa. We advocate for the development of mosquito surveillance strategic plans to increase the impact and functionality of mosquito surveillance. We urge for a proactive approach to set up centralized mosquito data systems under the custodian of national governments, focus on epidemiologically relevant mosquito data, and increase the robustness of mosquito surveillance using a more spatially explicit sampling design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve Gowelo
- Malaria Alert centre of the Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Malawi; University of California San Francisco, Malaria Elimination Initiative, USA
| | | | - Rex B Mbewe
- Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences, Malawi; Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust, Malawi
| | | | - Evelyn A Olanga
- Malaria Alert centre of the Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Malawi
| | | | - Antoine Sanou
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur de Développement Durable, Université de Fada N'Gourma, Burkina Faso
| | - Sylvester Coleman
- Vector Biology department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Julie-Anne A Tangena
- Vector Biology department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
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McIntyre-Nolan S, Kumar V, Mark-Carew M, Kumar K, Nightingale ES, Dalla Libera Marchiori G, Rogers ME, Kristan M, Campino S, Medley GF, Das P, Cameron MM. Comparison of collection methods for Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies to use in a molecular xenomonitoring system for the surveillance of visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011200. [PMID: 37656745 PMCID: PMC10501600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kala-azar elimination programme has resulted in a significant reduction in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases across the Indian Subcontinent. To detect any resurgence of transmission, a sensitive cost-effective surveillance system is required. Molecular xenomonitoring (MX), detection of pathogen DNA/RNA in vectors, provides a proxy of human infection in the lymphatic filariasis elimination programme. To determine whether MX can be used for VL surveillance in a low transmission setting, large numbers of the sand fly vector Phlebotomus argentipes are required. This study will determine the best method for capturing P. argentipes females for MX. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The field study was performed in two programmatic and two non-programmatic villages in Bihar, India. A total of 48 households (12/village) were recruited. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps (CDC-LTs) were compared with Improved Prokopack (PKP) and mechanical vacuum aspirators (MVA) using standardised methods. Four 12x12 Latin squares, 576 collections, were attempted (12/house, 144/village,192/method). Molecular analyses of collections were conducted to confirm identification of P. argentipes and to detect human and Leishmania DNA. Operational factors, such as time burden, acceptance to householders and RNA preservation, were also considered. A total of 562 collections (97.7%) were completed with 6,809 sand flies captured. Females comprised 49.0% of captures, of which 1,934 (57.9%) were identified as P. argentipes. CDC-LTs collected 4.04 times more P. argentipes females than MVA and 3.62 times more than PKP (p<0.0001 for each). Of 21,735 mosquitoes in the same collections, no significant differences between collection methods were observed. CDC-LTs took less time to install and collect than to perform aspirations and their greater yield compensated for increased sorting time. No significant differences in Leishmania RNA detection and quantitation between methods were observed in experimentally infected sand flies maintained in conditions simulating field conditions. CDC-LTs were favoured by householders. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE CDC-LTs are the most useful collection tool of those tested for MX surveillance since they collected higher numbers of P. argentipes females without compromising mosquito captures or the preservation of RNA. However, capture rates are still low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon McIntyre-Nolan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Miguella Mark-Carew
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kundan Kumar
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Emily S. Nightingale
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew E. Rogers
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Campino
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham F. Medley
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Mary M. Cameron
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Cuthbert RN, Darriet F, Chabrerie O, Lenoir J, Courchamp F, Claeys C, Robert V, Jourdain F, Ulmer R, Diagne C, Ayala D, Simard F, Morand S, Renault D. Invasive hematophagous arthropods and associated diseases in a changing world. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:291. [PMID: 37592298 PMCID: PMC10436414 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions have increased significantly with the tremendous growth of international trade and transport. Hematophagous arthropods can be vectors of infectious and potentially lethal pathogens and parasites, thus constituting a growing threat to humans-especially when associated with biological invasions. Today, several major vector-borne diseases, currently described as emerging or re-emerging, are expanding in a world dominated by climate change, land-use change and intensive transportation of humans and goods. In this review, we retrace the historical trajectory of these invasions to better understand their ecological, physiological and genetic drivers and their impacts on ecosystems and human health. We also discuss arthropod management strategies to mitigate future risks by harnessing ecology, public health, economics and social-ethnological considerations. Trade and transport of goods and materials, including vertebrate introductions and worn tires, have historically been important introduction pathways for the most prominent invasive hematophagous arthropods, but sources and pathways are likely to diversify with future globalization. Burgeoning urbanization, climate change and the urban heat island effect are likely to interact to favor invasive hematophagous arthropods and the diseases they can vector. To mitigate future invasions of hematophagous arthropods and novel disease outbreaks, stronger preventative monitoring and transboundary surveillance measures are urgently required. Proactive approaches, such as the use of monitoring and increased engagement in citizen science, would reduce epidemiological and ecological risks and could save millions of lives and billions of dollars spent on arthropod control and disease management. Last, our capacities to manage invasive hematophagous arthropods in a sustainable way for worldwide ecosystems can be improved by promoting interactions among experts of the health sector, stakeholders in environmental issues and policymakers (e.g. the One Health approach) while considering wider social perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross N Cuthbert
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | | | - Olivier Chabrerie
- UMR CNRS 7058 "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037, Amiens Cedex 1, France
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- UMR CNRS 7058 "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037, Amiens Cedex 1, France
| | - Franck Courchamp
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Cecilia Claeys
- Centre de Recherche sur les Sociétés et les Environnement Méditerranéens (CRESEM), UR 7397 UPVD, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Vincent Robert
- MIVEGEC, Université Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Jourdain
- MIVEGEC, Université Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Romain Ulmer
- UMR CNRS 7058 "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037, Amiens Cedex 1, France
| | - Christophe Diagne
- CBGP, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, 755 Avenue du Campus Agropolis, 34988, Cedex, Montferrier-Sur-Lez, France
| | - Diego Ayala
- MIVEGEC, Université Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Frédéric Simard
- MIVEGEC, Université Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Morand
- MIVEGEC, Université Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, CNRS - CIRAD, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - David Renault
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution) - UMR 6553, Rennes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, Paris, France
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8
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Ehrlich HY, Somé AF, Bazié T, Ebou CN, Dembélé EL, Balma R, Goodwin J, Wade M, Bei AK, Ouédraogo JB, Foy BD, Dabiré RK, Parikh S. Tracking antimalarial drug resistance using mosquito blood meals: a cross-sectional study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e461-e469. [PMID: 37086737 PMCID: PMC10365133 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strong surveillance systems with wide geographic coverage are needed to detect and respond to reports of antimalarial drug resistance on the African continent. We aimed to assess the utility and feasibility of using blood-fed mosquitos (xenomonitoring) to conduct rapid surveillance of molecular markers associated with resistance in human populations. METHODS We conducted three cross-sectional surveys in two rainy seasons and the interim dry season in southwest Burkina Faso between Oct 10, 2018, and Sept 17, 2019. We collected human blood samples and blood-fed mosquitos residing in household clusters across seven village sectors. Samples were assessed for Plasmodium falciparum with ultrasensitive quantitative PCR, genotyped for two markers of reduced drug susceptibility, pfmdr1 256A>T (Asn86Tyr) and pfcrt 227A>C (Lys76Thr), and sequenced for four markers of clonality. We assessed statistical equivalence using a 10% margin of equivalence. FINDINGS We identified 551 infections in 1483 human blood samples (mean multiplicity of infection [MOI] 1·94, SD 1·47) and 346 infections in 2151 mosquito blood meals (mean MOI 2·2, SD 1·67). The frequency of pfmdr1 Asn86Tyr was 4% in survey 1, 2% in survey 2, and 12% in survey 3 in human samples, and 3% in survey 1, 0% in survey 2, and 8% in survey 3 in mosquito blood meals, and inter-host frequencies were statistically equivalent in surveys 1 and 2 (p<0·0001) but not Survey 3 (p=0·062) within a tolerability of 0·10. The frequency of pfcrt Lys76Thr was 16% in survey 1, 55% in survey 2, and 11% in survey 3 in humans and 40% in survey 1, 72% in survey 2, and 13% in survey 3 in mosquitos, and inter-host frequencies were equivalent in survey 3 only (p=0·032) within a tolerability of 0·10. In simulations, multiple but not preferential feeding behaviour in mosquitos reduced the accuracy of frequency estimates between hosts, particularly for markers circulating at higher frequencies. INTERPRETATION Molecular markers in mosquito blood meals and in humans exhibited similar temporal trends but frequencies were not statistically equivalent in all scenarios. More work is needed to determine empirical and pragmatic thresholds of difference. Xenomonitoring might be an efficient tool to provide rapid information on emerging antimalarial resistance in regions with insufficient surveillance. FUNDING National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. TRANSLATION For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Y Ehrlich
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - A Fabrice Somé
- Department of Parasitology, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Thomas Bazié
- Department of Parasitology, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Cathérine Neya Ebou
- Department of Parasitology, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Estelle Lotio Dembélé
- Department of Parasitology, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Richard Balma
- Department of Medical Entomology, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Justin Goodwin
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Martina Wade
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amy K Bei
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jean-Bosco Ouédraogo
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Parasitology, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Brian D Foy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Department of Medical Entomology, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Sunil Parikh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Verhulst NO, Juurlink M, Wondwosen B, Rugaimukamu S, Hill SR, Ignell R, Koenraadt CJM, Spitzen J. Fermenting molasses and a synthetic odour blend to attract blood-fed Anopheles coluzzii. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:228-237. [PMID: 36346219 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Collecting blood-fed mosquitoes to monitor pathogen presence or to gather information on the host blood meal is often challenging. Fermenting molasses can be used to produce carbon dioxide to attract host-seeking mosquitoes, however, earlier work indicated that it may also attract blood-fed mosquitoes in the field. In the current study, these field results were validated in an experimental setting using a large cage setup with Anopheles coluzzii (Diptera, Culicidae). Blood-fed mosquitoes were indeed attracted to fermenting molasses with the highest attraction at 72 hours post feeding, which was used for subsequent experiments. Next, it was tested if fermentation of molasses is required for attraction, and whether it acts as an oviposition attractant, increases egg laying, or increases mosquito survival. The compounds that could be responsible for attraction were identified by combined electrophysiology and chemical analyses and formulated into a synthetic blend. Fermenting molasses attracted blood-fed mosquitoes in the large cage study, while fermenting sugar and non-fermenting molasses did not. The fecundity of blood-fed mosquitoes increased after feeding on fermenting molasses, however, compounds emanating from molasses did not trigger oviposition. The synthetic blend attracted blood-fed mosquitoes and may be used to determine mosquito host selection and for xenomonitoring, as 'flying syringes' to detect non-vector borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels O Verhulst
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Malou Juurlink
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Betelehem Wondwosen
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Sapience Rugaimukamu
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon R Hill
- Disease Vector Group, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Skåne County, Sweden
| | - Rickard Ignell
- Disease Vector Group, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Skåne County, Sweden
| | | | - Jeroen Spitzen
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
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10
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Jones RT, Ant TH, Cameron MM, Logan JG. Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190802. [PMID: 33357056 PMCID: PMC7776938 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases are an increasing global health challenge, threatening over 40% of the world's population. Despite major advances in malaria control since 2000, recent progress has stalled. Additionally, the risk of Aedes-borne arboviruses is rapidly growing, with the unprecedented spread of dengue and chikungunya viruses, outbreaks of yellow fever and the 2015 epidemic of Zika virus in Latin America. To counteract this growing problem, diverse and innovative mosquito control technologies are currently under development. Conceptually, these span an impressive spectrum of approaches, from invasive transgene cassettes with the potential to crash mosquito populations or reduce the vectorial capacity of a population, to low-cost alterations in housing design that restrict mosquito entry. This themed issue will present articles providing insight into the breadth of mosquito control research, while demonstrating the requirement for an interdisciplinary approach. The issue will highlight mosquito control technologies at varying stages of development and includes both opinion pieces and research articles with laboratory and field-based data on control strategy development. This article is part of the theme issue 'Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Jones
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Thomas H. Ant
- Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Mary M. Cameron
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - James G. Logan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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