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Xiao Y, Liao G, Luo W, Xia Y, Zeng X. Homology in Sex Determination in Two Distant Spiny Frogs, Nanorana quadranus and Quasipaa yei. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1849. [PMID: 38997961 PMCID: PMC11240834 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex determination is remarkably diverse, with frequent transitions between sex chromosomes, in amphibians. Under these transitions, some chromosomes are more likely to be recurrently co-opted as sex chromosomes, as they are often observed across deeply divergent taxa. However, little is known about the pattern of sex chromosome evolution among closely related groups. Here, we examined sex chromosome and sex determination in two spiny frogs, Nanorana quadranus and Quasipaa yei. We conducted an analysis of genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data from a total of 34 individuals to identify sex-specific makers, with the results verified by PCR. The results suggest that chromosome 1 is a homologous sex chromosome with an XY pattern in both species. This chromosome has been evolutionarily conserved across these closely related groups within a period of time. The DMRT1 gene is proposed to be implicated in homology across two distantly related spiny frog species as a putative candidate sex-determining gene. Harboring the DMRT1 gene, chromosome 1 would have been independently co-opted for sex determination in deeply divergent groups of anurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangjiong Liao
- Xiaozhaizigou National Nature Reserve, Beichuan, Mianyang 622750, China;
| | - Wei Luo
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China;
| | - Yun Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Xiaomao Zeng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;
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2
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Fornaini NR, Bergelová B, Gvoždík V, Černohorská H, Krylov V, Kubíčková S, Fokam EB, Badjedjea G, Evans BJ, Knytl M. Consequences of polyploidy and divergence as revealed by cytogenetic mapping of tandem repeats in African clawed frogs ( Xenopus, Pipidae). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2023; 69:81. [PMID: 37483536 PMCID: PMC10361878 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-023-01709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive elements have been identified in several amphibian genomes using whole genome sequencing, but few studies have used cytogenetic mapping to visualize these elements in this vertebrate group. Here, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization and genomic data to map the U1 and U2 small nuclear RNAs and histone H3 in six species of African clawed frog (genus Xenopus), including, from subgenus Silurana, the diploid Xenopus tropicalis and its close allotetraploid relative X. calcaratus and, from subgenus Xenopus, the allotetraploid species X. pygmaeus, X. allofraseri, X. laevis, and X. muelleri. Results allowed us to qualitatively evaluate the relative roles of polyploidization and divergence in the evolution of repetitive elements because our focal species include allotetraploid species derived from two independent polyploidization events - one that is relatively young that gave rise to X. calcaratus and another that is older that gave rise to the other (older) allotetraploids. Our results demonstrated conserved loci number and position of signals in the species from subgenus Silurana; allotetraploid X. calcaratus has twice as many signals as diploid X. tropicalis. However, the content of repeats varied among the other allotetraploid species. We detected almost same number of signals in X. muelleri as in X. calcaratus and same number of signals in X. pygmaeus, X. allofraseri, X. laevis as in the diploid X. tropicalis. Overall, these results are consistent with the proposal that allopolyploidization duplicated these tandem repeats and that variation in their copy number was accumulated over time through reduction and expansion in a subset of the older allopolyploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola R. Fornaini
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 12843 Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Bergelová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 12843 Czech Republic
| | - Václav Gvoždík
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Halina Černohorská
- Department of Genetics and Reproduction, CEITEC - Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno, 62100 Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Krylov
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 12843 Czech Republic
| | - Svatava Kubíčková
- Department of Genetics and Reproduction, CEITEC - Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno, 62100 Czech Republic
| | - Eric B. Fokam
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation, University of Buea, PO Box 63, Buea, 00237 Cameroon
| | - Gabriel Badjedjea
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Biodiversity Monitoring Center, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ben J. Evans
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S4K1 Canada
| | - Martin Knytl
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 12843 Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S4K1 Canada
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3
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Evans BJ, Mudd AB, Bredeson JV, Furman BLS, Wasonga DV, Lyons JB, Harland RM, Rokhsar DS. New insights into Xenopus sex chromosome genomics from the Marsabit clawed frog X. borealis. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1777-1790. [PMID: 36054077 PMCID: PMC9722552 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In many groups, sex chromosomes change frequently but the drivers of their rapid evolution are varied and often poorly characterized. With an aim of further understanding sex chromosome turnover, we investigated the polymorphic sex chromosomes of the Marsabit clawed frog, Xenopus borealis, using genomic data and a new chromosome-scale genome assembly. We confirmed previous findings that 54.1 Mb of chromosome 8L is sex-linked in animals from east Kenya and a laboratory strain, but most (or all) of this region is not sex-linked in natural populations from west Kenya. Previous work suggests possible degeneration of the Z chromosomes in the east population because many sex-linked transcripts of this female heterogametic population have female-biased expression, and we therefore expected this chromosome to not be present in the west population. In contrast, our simulations support a model where most or all of the sex-linked portion of the Z chromosome from the east acquired autosomal segregation in the west, and where much genetic variation specific to the large sex-linked portion of the W chromosome from the east is not present in the west. These recent changes are consistent with the hot-potato model, wherein sex chromosome turnover is favoured by natural selection if it purges a (minimally) degenerate sex-specific sex chromosome, but counterintuitively suggest natural selection failed to purge a Z chromosome that has signs of more advanced and possibly more ancient regulatory degeneration. These findings highlight complex evolutionary dynamics of young, rapidly evolving Xenopus sex chromosomes and set the stage for mechanistic work aimed at pinpointing additional sex-determining genes in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Evans
- Biology Department, Life Sciences Building Room 328, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Austin B Mudd
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jessen V Bredeson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Benjamin L S Furman
- Biology Department, Life Sciences Building Room 328, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Canexia Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Jessica B Lyons
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Richard M Harland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Dan S Rokhsar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan
- Chan-Zuckerberg BioHub, San Francisco, California, USA
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4
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Knytl M, Forsythe A, Kalous L. A Fish of Multiple Faces, Which Show Us Enigmatic and Incredible Phenomena in Nature: Biology and Cytogenetics of the Genus Carassius. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8095. [PMID: 35897665 PMCID: PMC9330404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual vs. asexual reproduction-unisexual vs. bisexual populations-diploid vs. polyploid biotypes-genetic vs. environmental sex determination: all these natural phenomena are associated with the genus of teleost fish, Carassius. This review places emphasis on two Carassius entities with completely different biological characteristics: one globally widespread and invasive Carassius gibelio, and the other C. carassius with a decreasing trend of natural occurrence. Comprehensive biological and cytogenetic knowledge of both entities, including the physical interactions between them, can help to balance the advantages of highly invasive and disadvantages of threatened species. For example, the benefits of a wide-ranged colonization can lead to the extinction of native species or be compensated by parasitic enemies and lead to equilibrium. This review emphasizes the comprehensive biology and cytogenetic knowledge and the importance of the Carassius genus as one of the most useful experimental vertebrate models for evolutionary biology and genetics. Secondly, the review points out that effective molecular cytogenetics should be used for the identification of various species, ploidy levels, and hybrids. The proposed investigation of these hallmark characteristics in Carassius may be applied in conservation efforts to sustain threatened populations in their native ranges. Furthermore, the review focuses on the consequences of the co-occurrence of native and non-native species and outlines future perspectives of Carassius research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Knytl
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adrian Forsythe
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Lukáš Kalous
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic;
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Kratochvíl L, Stöck M, Rovatsos M, Bullejos M, Herpin A, Jeffries DL, Peichel CL, Perrin N, Valenzuela N, Pokorná MJ. Expanding the classical paradigm: what we have learnt from vertebrates about sex chromosome evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200097. [PMID: 34304593 PMCID: PMC8310716 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, the field of sex chromosome evolution has been dominated by the canonical unidirectional scenario, first developed by Muller in 1918. This model postulates that sex chromosomes emerge from autosomes by acquiring a sex-determining locus. Recombination reduction then expands outwards from this locus, to maintain its linkage with sexually antagonistic/advantageous alleles, resulting in Y or W degeneration and potentially culminating in their disappearance. Based mostly on empirical vertebrate research, we challenge and expand each conceptual step of this canonical model and present observations by numerous experts in two parts of a theme issue of Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. We suggest that greater theoretical and empirical insights into the events at the origins of sex-determining genes (rewiring of the gonadal differentiation networks), and a better understanding of the evolutionary forces responsible for recombination suppression are required. Among others, crucial questions are: Why do sex chromosome differentiation rates and the evolution of gene dose regulatory mechanisms between male versus female heterogametic systems not follow earlier theory? Why do several lineages not have sex chromosomes? And: What are the consequences of the presence of (differentiated) sex chromosomes for individual fitness, evolvability, hybridization and diversification? We conclude that the classical scenario appears too reductionistic. Instead of being unidirectional, we show that sex chromosome evolution is more complex than previously anticipated and principally forms networks, interconnected to potentially endless outcomes with restarts, deletions and additions of new genomic material. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries - IGB (Forschungsverbund Berlin), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Michail Rovatsos
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mónica Bullejos
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Las Lagunillas Campus S/N, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Amaury Herpin
- INRAE, LPGP, 35000 Rennes, France
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel L. Jeffries
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine L. Peichel
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Valenzuela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Martina Johnson Pokorná
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, Czech Republic
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6
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Stöck M, Dedukh D, Reifová R, Lamatsch DK, Starostová Z, Janko K. Sex chromosomes in meiotic, hemiclonal, clonal and polyploid hybrid vertebrates: along the 'extended speciation continuum'. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200103. [PMID: 34304588 PMCID: PMC8310718 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We review knowledge about the roles of sex chromosomes in vertebrate hybridization and speciation, exploring a gradient of divergences with increasing reproductive isolation (speciation continuum). Under early divergence, well-differentiated sex chromosomes in meiotic hybrids may cause Haldane-effects and introgress less easily than autosomes. Undifferentiated sex chromosomes are more susceptible to introgression and form multiple (or new) sex chromosome systems with hardly predictable dominance hierarchies. Under increased divergence, most vertebrates reach complete intrinsic reproductive isolation. Slightly earlier, some hybrids (linked in 'the extended speciation continuum') exhibit aberrant gametogenesis, leading towards female clonality. This facilitates the evolution of various allodiploid and allopolyploid clonal ('asexual') hybrid vertebrates, where 'asexuality' might be a form of intrinsic reproductive isolation. A comprehensive list of 'asexual' hybrid vertebrates shows that they all evolved from parents with divergences that were greater than at the intraspecific level (K2P-distances of greater than 5-22% based on mtDNA). These 'asexual' taxa inherited genetic sex determination by mostly undifferentiated sex chromosomes. Among the few known sex-determining systems in hybrid 'asexuals', female heterogamety (ZW) occurred about twice as often as male heterogamety (XY). We hypothesize that pre-/meiotic aberrations in all-female ZW-hybrids present Haldane-effects promoting their evolution. Understanding the preconditions to produce various clonal or meiotic allopolyploids appears crucial for insights into the evolution of sex, 'asexuality' and polyploidy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries - IGB (Forschungsverbund Berlin), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Dmitrij Dedukh
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Reifová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dunja K. Lamatsch
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Zuzana Starostová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Janko
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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7
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Abstract
This preface introduces the two parts of a theme issue on vertebrate sex chromosome evolution (title below). We invited and edited 22 articles concerning the following main topics (Part 1): sex determination without sex chromosomes and/or governed by epigenetics; origin of sex-determining genes; reasons for differentiation of sex chromosomes and differences in their rates of differentiation as well as (Part 2): co-option of the same linkage groups into sex chromosomes; is differentiation of sex chromosomes a unidirectional pathway?; consequences of differentiated sex chromosomes; differences in differentiation of sex chromosomes under male versus female heterogamety; evolution of sex chromosomes under hybridization and polyploidy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries—IGB (Forschungsverbund Berlin), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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8
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Kuhl H, Guiguen Y, Höhne C, Kreuz E, Du K, Klopp C, Lopez-Roques C, Yebra-Pimentel ES, Ciorpac M, Gessner J, Holostenco D, Kleiner W, Kohlmann K, Lamatsch DK, Prokopov D, Bestin A, Bonpunt E, Debeuf B, Haffray P, Morvezen R, Patrice P, Suciu R, Dirks R, Wuertz S, Kloas W, Schartl M, Stöck M. A 180 Myr-old female-specific genome region in sturgeon reveals the oldest known vertebrate sex determining system with undifferentiated sex chromosomes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200089. [PMID: 34247507 PMCID: PMC8273502 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several hypotheses explain the prevalence of undifferentiated sex chromosomes in poikilothermic vertebrates. Turnovers change the master sex determination gene, the sex chromosome or the sex determination system (e.g. XY to WZ). Jumping master genes stay main triggers but translocate to other chromosomes. Occasional recombination (e.g. in sex-reversed females) prevents sex chromosome degeneration. Recent research has uncovered conserved heteromorphic or even homomorphic sex chromosomes in several clades of non-avian and non-mammalian vertebrates. Sex determination in sturgeons (Acipenseridae) has been a long-standing basic biological question, linked to economical demands by the caviar-producing aquaculture. Here, we report the discovery of a sex-specific sequence from sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). Using chromosome-scale assemblies and pool-sequencing, we first identified an approximately 16 kb female-specific region. We developed a PCR-genotyping test, yielding female-specific products in six species, spanning the entire phylogeny with the most divergent extant lineages (A. sturio, A. oxyrinchus versus A. ruthenus, Huso huso), stemming from an ancient tetraploidization. Similar results were obtained in two octoploid species (A. gueldenstaedtii, A. baerii). Conservation of a female-specific sequence for a long period, representing 180 Myr of sturgeon evolution, and across at least one polyploidization event, raises many interesting biological questions. We discuss a conserved undifferentiated sex chromosome system with a ZZ/ZW-mode of sex determination and potential alternatives. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part I)’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Kuhl
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christin Höhne
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Kreuz
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kang Du
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Christophe Klopp
- SIGENAE, Plate-forme Bio-informatique Genotoul, Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées de Toulouse, INRAe, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Mitica Ciorpac
- Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, Tulcea 820112, Romania.,Genetic Improvement Laboratory, Research Station for Cattle Breeding Dancu - Iasi (SCDCB Dancu), Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences 'Gheorghe Ionescu-Sisesti', Iasi-Ungheni Street, No. 9, Holboca, Iași county 707252, Romania
| | - Jörn Gessner
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Holostenco
- Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, Tulcea 820112, Romania
| | - Wibke Kleiner
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Kohlmann
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dunja K Lamatsch
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Dmitry Prokopov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia Bestin
- SYSAAF, Station INRAE-LPGP, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | | | - Bastien Debeuf
- SCEA Sturgeon, 29 rue du Carillon, 17240 Saint Fort sur Gironde, France
| | - Pierrick Haffray
- SYSAAF, Station INRAE-LPGP, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Romain Morvezen
- SYSAAF, Station INRAE-LPGP, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Pierre Patrice
- SYSAAF, Station INRAE-LPGP, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Radu Suciu
- Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, Tulcea 820112, Romania
| | - Ron Dirks
- Future Genomics Technologies B.V., Sylviusweg 74, 2333 BD, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Wuertz
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Kloas
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
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