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Zhou ZL, Wang GY, Wang XL, Huang XJ, Zhu ZS, Wang LL, Yang YP, Duan YW. Flower color polymorphism of a wild Iris on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:633. [PMID: 38066415 PMCID: PMC10709947 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flower color plays a crucial role in attracting pollinators and facilitating environmental adaptation. Investigating the causes of flower color polymorphism and understanding their potential effects on both ecology and genetics can enhance our understanding of flower color polymorphism in wild plant. RESULTS In this study, we examined the differences of potential male and female fitness between purple- and yellow- flower individuals in Iris potaninii on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and screened key genes and positively selective genes involved in flower color change. Our results showed that yellow flower exhibited a higher pollen-to-ovule ratio. Yellow flowers were derived from purple flowers due to the loss of anthocyanins, and F3H could be an essential gene affecting flower color variation though expression regulation and sequence polymorphism in this species. Furthermore, our findings suggest that genes positively selected in yellow-flowered I. potaninii might be involved in nucleotide excision repair and plant-pathogen interactions. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that F3H induces the flower color variation of Iris potaninii, and the subsequent ecological and additive positive selection on yellow flowers may further enhance plant adaptations to alpine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Li Zhou
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Guang-Yan Wang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Xi-Long Wang
- Tibet Plateau Institute of Biology, Lhasa, Xizang, 850001, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Huang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Zhang-Shichang Zhu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Lin-Lin Wang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Yong-Ping Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
| | - Yuan-Wen Duan
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
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Gao R, Hu B, Yuan Y, He M, Wang R, Lou Y, Mu J. Nitrogen addition affects floral and vegetative traits, reproduction, and pollinator performance in Capsicum annuum L. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:1131-1144. [PMID: 37638856 PMCID: PMC10809046 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It has been demonstrated that nitrogen (N) addition alters flower morphology, floral rewards and pollinator performance. However, little is known about the effects of N addition on plant reproduction, including fruit set and seed set during selfing and outcrossing, floral and vegetative traits, and pollinator performance. We hypothesized that N addition would influence fruit set, seed set in selfed and outcrossed flowers, the relationship between vegetative and flower traits, and pollinator performance. METHODS A 2-year pot experiment was conducted in which Capsicum annuum was exposed to three levels of relatively short-term N supply, i.e. 0 g m-2 (no N addition, as a control), 4 g m-2 (4N) and 16 g m-2 (16N), which are equivalent to about 0-, 1- and 4-fold of the peak local N deposition. We measured flower rewards, flower morphology, flowering phenology, as well as pollinator visitation rate, fruit set and seed set by self- and outcross-fertilization of C. annuum. RESULTS The four levels of N addition increased plant biomass, biomass allocation to flowers, flower size, stigma-anther separation, nectar production and pollen production, resulting in an increase in pollinator visitation and fruit set. Nevertheless, the control and 16 levels of N addition reduced plant biomass, biomass allocation to flowers, flower size and stigma-anther separation, and nectar and pollen production, and consequently decreased pollinator visitation and fruit set. Exclusion of pollinators and hand-pollination experiments revealed that low levels of N addition were associated with high seed set in outcrossed flowers; however, this trend was reversed in flowers grown in the control and 16N treatments. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that an optimal level of 4N can enhance the correlation between flower traits, pollinator performance and plant reproduction. Our findings cast new light on the underlying mechanisms of plant-pollinator interactions and plant adaptation to nitrogen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Baoshuang Hu
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yibin Yuan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Science, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Mengying He
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Ruolan Wang
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Yuanxin Lou
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Junpeng Mu
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
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Lou Y, Wang R, Che P, Zhao C, Chen Y, Yang Y, Mu J. Nitrogen Addition Affects Interannual Variation in Seed Production in a Tibetan Perennial Herb. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1132. [PMID: 37627016 PMCID: PMC10452069 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The variability observed in the annual seed production of perennial plants can be seen as an indication of changes in the allocation of resources between growth and reproduction, which can be attributed to fluctuations in the environment. However, a significant knowledge gap exists concerning the impacts of nitrogen addition on the interannual seed production patterns of perennial plants. We hypothesized that the addition of nitrogen would impact the annual variations in the seed production of perennial plants, ultimately affecting their overall reproductive efficiency. A multiyear field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of varying nitrogen supply levels (e.g., 0, 4, and 8 kg N ha-1 yr-1 of N0, N4, and N8) on vegetative and floral traits, pollinator visitation rates, and seed traits over a period of four consecutive years. The results showed that the N0 treatment exhibited the highest levels of seed production and reproductive efficiency within the initial two years. In contrast, the N4 treatment displayed its highest level of performance in these metrics in the second and third years, whereas the N8 treatment showcased its most favorable outcomes in the third and fourth years. Similar patterns were found in the number of flowers per capitulum and the number of capitula per plant. There exists a positive correlation between aboveground biomass and several factors, including the number of flowers per capitulum, the number of capitula per plant, the volume of nectar per capitulum, and the seed production per plant. A positive correlation was found between pollinator visitation and the number of flowers per capitulum or the number of capitula per plant. This implies that the addition of N affected the maintenance of plant aboveground biomass, flower trait stability, pollinator visitation, and, subsequently, the frequency of seed production and reproductive efficiency. Our results suggest that augmenting the nitrogen content in the soil may have the capacity to modify the inherent variability in seed production that is observed across various years and enhance the effectiveness of reproductive processes. These findings have the potential to enhance our comprehension of the impact of nitrogen addition on the reproductive performance of perennial herbaceous plants and the underlying mechanisms of biodiversity in the context of global environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Lou
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China; (Y.L.); (R.W.); (P.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ruolan Wang
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China; (Y.L.); (R.W.); (P.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Peiyue Che
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China; (Y.L.); (R.W.); (P.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Chuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Yali Chen
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China; (Y.L.); (R.W.); (P.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yangheshan Yang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Junpeng Mu
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China; (Y.L.); (R.W.); (P.C.); (Y.C.)
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Microhabitat and Pollinator Differentiation Drive Reproductive Isolation between Two Sympatric Salvia Species (Lamiaceae). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182423. [PMID: 36145824 PMCID: PMC9506227 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of multiple barriers contributing to reproductive isolation between sympatric plant species is key to understanding the mechanism of their coexistence; however, such investigations in biodiversity hotspots are still rare. In this study, we investigated and compared geography, microhabitat, phenology, flora, and pollinators, in addition to pollen–pistil interactions, seed production, and seed germination of the closely related sympatric Salvia digitaloides and S. flava on Yulong Snow Mountain, Southwestern Yunnan, China. The geographic distribution of these species overlapped, but their adaptation to physical and chemical properties of soil microhabitats differed. They shared the same flowering time but differed in flower size, style length, nectar volume, sugar concentration, and flower longevity. Both species shared bumblebees as effective pollinators, but flower constancy for the two species was relatively strong. Pollen tube growth, seed production, and seed germination were lower in interspecific than in intraspecific crosses. Our study suggested that microhabitat and pollinator isolation acted as the most important isolating barriers in maintaining the coexistence of the two Salvia species. Our study also highlighted that post-pollination barriers play an important role in preventing the gene flow between these two Salvia species.
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Rapid Identification of Wild Gentiana Genus in Different Geographical Locations Based on FT-IR and an Improved Neural Network Structure Double-Net. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185979. [PMID: 36144717 PMCID: PMC9506529 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentiana Genus, a herb mainly distributed in Asia and Europe, has been used to treat the damp heat disease of the liver for over 2000 years in China. Previous studies have shown significant differences in the compositional contents of wild Gentiana Genus samples from different geographical origins. Therefore, the traceable geographic locations of the wild Gentiana Genus samples are essential to ensure practical medicinal value. Over the last few years, the developments in chemometrics have facilitated the analysis of the composition of medicinal herbs via spectroscopy. Notably, FT-IR spectroscopy is widely used because of its benefit of allowing rapid, nondestructive measurements. In this paper, we collected wild Gentiana Genus samples from seven different provinces (222 samples in total). Twenty-one different FT-IR spectral pre-processing methods that were used in our experiments. Meanwhile, we also designed a neural network, Double-Net, to predict the geographical locations of wild Gentiana Genus plants via FT-IR spectroscopy. The experiments showed that the accuracy of the neural network structure Double-Net we designed can reach 100%, and the F1_score can reach 1.0.
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Stevenson PC, Koch H, Nicolson SW, Brown MJF. Natural processes influencing pollinator health. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210154. [PMID: 35491596 PMCID: PMC9062705 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from the last few decades indicates that pollinator abundance and diversity are at risk, with many species in decline. Anthropogenic impacts have been the focus of much recent work on the causes of these declines. However, natural processes, from plant chemistry, nutrition and microbial associations to landscape and habitat change, can also profoundly influence pollinator health. Here, we argue that these natural processes require greater attention and may even provide solutions to the deteriorating outlook for pollinators. Existing studies also focus on the decline of individuals and colonies and only occasionally at population levels. In the light of this we redefine pollinator health and argue that a top-down approach is required focusing at the ecological level of communities. We use examples from the primary research, opinion and review articles published in this special issue to illustrate how natural processes influence pollinator health, from community to individuals, and highlight where some of these processes could mitigate the challenges of anthropogenic and natural drivers of change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Natural processes influencing pollinator health: from chemistry to landscapes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Stevenson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK.,Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Hauke Koch
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Susan W Nicolson
- Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Mark J F Brown
- Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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