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McAuley AJ, Sawatsky B, Ksiazek T, Torres M, Korva M, Lotrič-Furlan S, Avšič-Županc T, von Messling V, Holbrook MR, Freiberg AN, Beasley DWC, Bente DA. Cross-neutralisation of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex following tick-borne encephalitis vaccination and/or infection. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:5. [PMID: 29263866 PMCID: PMC5627269 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tick-borne encephalitis complex contains a number of flaviviruses that share close genetic homology, and are responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality with widespread geographical range. Although many members of this complex have been recognised for decades, licenced human vaccines with broad availability are only available for tick-borne encephalitis virus. While tick-borne encephalitis virus vaccines have been demonstrated to induce significant protective immunity, as determined by virus-neutralisation titres, vaccine breakthrough (clinical infection following complete vaccination), has been described. The aim of this study was to confirm the cross-neutralisation of tick-borne flaviviruses using mouse immune ascitic fluids, and to determine the magnitude of cross-neutralising antibody titres in sera from donors following tick-borne encephalitis vaccination, infection, and vaccine breakthrough. The results demonstrate that there is significant cross-neutralisation of representative members of the tick-borne encephalitis complex following vaccination and/or infection, and that the magnitude of immune responses varies based upon the exposure type. Donor sera successfully neutralised most of the viruses tested, with 85% of vaccinees neutralising Kyasanur forest disease virus and 73% of vaccinees neutralising Alkhumra virus. By contrast, only 63% of vaccinees neutralised Powassan virus, with none of these neutralisation titres exceeding 1:60. Taken together, the data suggest that tick-borne encephalitis virus vaccination may protect against most of the members of the tick-borne encephalitis complex including Kyasanur forest disease virus and Alkhumra virus, but that the neutralisation of Powassan virus following tick-borne encephalitis vaccination is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0610 USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609 USA
- Present Address: CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Bevan Sawatsky
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ksiazek
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609 USA
| | - Maricela Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0610 USA
| | - Miša Korva
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana , 1000 Slovenia
| | - Stanka Lotrič-Furlan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Japljeva 2, Ljubljana , 1525 Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Avšič-Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana , 1000 Slovenia
| | - Veronika von Messling
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Michael R. Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health, 8200 Research Plaza, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609 USA
| | - David W. C. Beasley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0610 USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609 USA
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609 USA
| | - Dennis A. Bente
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0610 USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609 USA
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Ergünay K, Saygan MB, Aydoğan S, Litzba N, Sener B, Lederer S, Niedrig M, Hasçelik G, Us D. Confirmed exposure to tick-borne encephalitis virus and probable human cases of tick-borne encephalitis in Central/Northern Anatolia, Turkey. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 58:220-7. [PMID: 20604912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2010.01342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the aetiological agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a potentially fatal central nervous system infection of humans. TBE is endemic in many areas of Europe and Asia; however, very scarce data on TBEV activity are available from Turkey. We aimed to identify TBEV exposure in healthy blood donors and the impact of TBEV in central nervous system infections in Central/Northern Anatolia. Two-thousand four hundred and fifty four sera, collected from blood donors at Ankara, Konya, Eskişehir and Zonguldak branches of the Turkish Red Crescent Middle Anatolia Regional Blood Center, were analysed for TBEV serosurveillance. Paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from 108 patients with the diagnosis of aseptic meningitis/encephalitis of unknown aetiology were also evaluated to identify TBE and neuroborreliosis cases. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and indirect immunofluorescence tests were employed for antibody detection. Forty-seven donor samples (1.9%) were reactive for TBEV IgG. In 25 persons with IgG reactivity (53.1%), risk factors for tick-borne infections were revealed. One sample from Zonguldak province (1/198; 0.5%) in the Black Sea region of Turkey was confirmed to possess neutralizing antibodies via plaque reduction neutralization test. TBEV IgM was detected in 9.2% (8/108) of the patients. IgM was accompanied by IgG reactivity in two persons where, in one, recent history of a tick bite was also identified. Intrathecal antibody production for TBEV could not be demonstrated. No evidence for Borrelia infections could be found. Confirmed exposure to TBEV and/or an antigenically similar tick-borne flavivirus is documented for the first time in blood donors in Zonguldak in Northern Anatolia. Probable cases of TBE have also been identified from Central Anatolia. The epidemiology of TBEV activity in Turkey needs to be assessed and benefits of vaccination for general population, risk groups or travellers must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ergünay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Leonova GN, Ternovoi VA, Pavlenko EV, Maistrovskaya OS, Protopopova EV, Loktev VB. Evaluation of vaccine Encepur® Adult for induction of human neutralizing antibodies against recent Far Eastern subtype strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Vaccine 2007; 25:895-901. [PMID: 17011677 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied humoral immune response of 44 volunteers from Primorsky krai (Russia) immunized with the vaccine Encepur Adult. Induction of the humoral response towards the recently isolated tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strains P-69, P-202, and P-73 was evaluated by neutralization test and enzyme immunoassay. These strains belong to Far Eastern TBEV subtype based on their genotype and antigenic structure but maintain significant genetic and antigenic variability. The average geometric titers of neutralizing antibodies to P-69, P-202, and P-73 strains were 1:28, 1:34, and 1:128, respectively. The percentage of volunteers with neutralizing antibodies to these strains after complete course immunization was 63.9, 97.6, and 95.5%, respectively. We concluded that Encepur Adult vaccine induced pronounced humoral immune response towards genetically and antigenically heterogeneous strains of the Far Eastern TBEV subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina N Leonova
- Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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Volpina OM, Volkova TD, Koroev DO, Ivanov VT, Ozherelkov SV, Khoretonenko MV, Vorovitch MF, Stephenson JR, Timofeev AV. A synthetic peptide based on the NS1 non-structural protein of tick-borne encephalitis virus induces a protective immune response against fatal encephalitis in an experimental animal model. Virus Res 2005; 112:95-9. [PMID: 16022903 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Revised: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Linear immunogenic peptides corresponding to amino acid sequences from the NS1 non-structural protein from tick-borne encephalitis virus (strain Sophyin) were predicted using established algorithms and synthesized. Of the 12 peptides predicted, 11 were able to induce peptide-specific antibodies in BALB/c mice but only 1 of these 11 was able to induce antibodies, which reacted with the native protein in a radio-immune precipitation assay. This peptide corresponds to amino acids 37--55, and forms one of the predicted structurally conserved alpha helices of the virus NS1 protein. It was able to protect 60% of animals against lethal challenge with the homologous highly pathogenic tick-borne encephalitis virus strain, and adoptive transfer experiments indicated the involvement of the antibodies induced by this peptide in its protective activity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Volpina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
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Macaldowie C, Patterson IAP, Nettleton PF, Low H, Buxton D. Louping ill in llamas (Lama glama
) in the Hebrides. Vet Rec 2005; 156:420-1. [PMID: 15816198 DOI: 10.1136/vr.156.13.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Macaldowie
- Moredun Research, Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian
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Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) were first discovered in the late 1950s. Over the last decade, considerable knowledge about their molecular structure and function has been accumulated. This has led to significant changes in both the nomenclature and taxonomic relationships of these viruses. HPIV is genetically and antigenically divided into types 1 to 4. Further major subtypes of HPIV-4 (A and B) and subgroups/genotypes of HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 have been described. HPIV-1 to HPIV-3 are major causes of lower respiratory infections in infants, young children, the immunocompromised, the chronically ill, and the elderly. Each subtype can cause somewhat unique clinical diseases in different hosts. HPIV are enveloped and of medium size (150 to 250 nm), and their RNA genome is in the negative sense. These viruses belong to the Paramyxoviridae family, one of the largest and most rapidly growing groups of viruses causing significant human and veterinary disease. HPIV are closely related to recently discovered megamyxoviruses (Hendra and Nipah viruses) and metapneumovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Henrickson
- Department of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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Hayasaka D, Goto A, Yoshii K, Mizutani T, Kariwa H, Takashima I. Evaluation of European tick-borne encephalitis virus vaccine against recent Siberian and far-eastern subtype strains. Vaccine 2001; 19:4774-9. [PMID: 11535329 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of the European TBE vaccine in east-Siberian and far-eastern regions of Russia, we examined the immune responses of the vaccine against recent TBE virus Siberian (Irkutsk) and far-eastern (Khabarovsk and Vladivostok) isolates. The sera of vaccinated humans showed efficient neutralizing antibody titers (> or =20) against Siberian and far-eastern strains. To evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine in vivo, mice were vaccinated and challenged with lethal doses of the viruses. All vaccinated mice survived each virus challenge. These results suggest that the European vaccine can prevent the TBE virus infection in east-Siberian and far-eastern regions of Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hayasaka
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-0818, Sapporo, Japan
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Chiba N, Osada M, Komoro K, Mizutani T, Kariwa H, Takashima I. Protection against tick-borne encephalitis virus isolated in Japan by active and passive immunization. Vaccine 1999; 17:1532-9. [PMID: 10195790 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to establish a firm preventive measure for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Japan, we evaluated the immune response of European vaccine against Japanese TBE virus strain (Oshima 5-10) for man and mouse. Furthermore, the efficacy of pre- and post-exposure protection by a polyclonal rabbit anti-TBE virus serum was examined in the mouse model. 80% of vaccinees seroconverted against Oshima 5-10 strain after the 2nd immunization of vaccine and the remaining 20% seroconverted after the 3rd immunization. Two persons with pre-existing anti-Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) antibodies showed low immune responses against TBE virus. In mouse vaccination and challenge tests, efficient protection was observed in mice challenged with lethal doses of Oshima 5-10 strain as well as those observed in mice with the Western subtype and the Far Eastern subtype of TBE strains. Pre-exposure treatment with rabbit anti-TBE virus serum provided complete protection against lethal challenge with Oshima 5-10 strain. For post-exposure treatment with the antibody, significant protection was observed when mice were treated 24 h after virus challenge, whereas it was not observed 48 h after virus challenge. reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chiba
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Süss J, Béziat P, Schrader C. Viral zoonosis from the viewpoint of their epidemiological surveillance: tick-borne encephalitis as a model. ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY. SUPPLEMENTUM 1997; 13:229-43. [PMID: 9413542 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6534-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a vector borne and, more rarely, a food (milk, milk products) borne disease of humans. For further characterization of the virus activity in natural foci of TBE more than 32,000 unengorged wild ticks were caught in low and high virus active foci in Germany (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Brandenburg, Thuringia, Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Saarland). The ticks were examined by RT-PCR and Southern blot hybridization as well as by classical virological methods. The dynamics of such natural foci of TBE in the last 35 years were discussed. Also nucleotide sequence data of parts of the virus genome (5'-non coding region) of 16 European and some Far East subtype strains were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Süss
- Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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12
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Gao GF, Hussain MH, Reid HW, Gould EA. Classification of a new member of the TBE flavivirus subgroup by its immunological, pathogenetic and molecular characteristics: identification of subgroup-specific pentapeptides. Virus Res 1993; 30:129-44. [PMID: 8249442 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(93)90002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The antigenic, pathogenic and molecular characteristics of Turkish sheep encephalitis (TSE) virus, strain TTE80, were compared with other members of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus complex. Monoclonal antibodies with defined specificity for the flavivirus envelope glycoprotein distinguished TSE virus from louping ill (LI), western or far eastern TBE, Langat and Powassan virus in indirect immunofluorescence, haemagglutination-inhibition and neutralization tests. On the other hand, TSE virus, which produces an LI-like disease in sheep, resembled LI virus in mouse neurovirulence tests. Molecular homology data of all the structural genes of TSE virus compared with other tick-borne flaviviruses demonstrated that TSE virus is a distinct member in the TBE virus subgroup. The data are consistent with the conclusion that TSE virus has evolved by a separate evolutionary pathway as compared with the close antigenic relatives, western European, far eastern TBE viruses and LI virus. By aligning the encoded amino acids in the viral envelope glycoprotein of mosquito- and tick-borne flaviviruses, we have also identified subgroup-specific pentapeptide motifs for the tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis and dengue subgroup viruses of the genus Flavivirus. These pentapeptides have important implications for the evolution, classification and diagnosis of flaviviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/classification
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/pathogenicity
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/veterinary
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Genes, Viral
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligopeptides/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Serotyping
- Sheep
- Sheep Diseases/microbiology
- Turkey
- Viral Envelope Proteins/classification
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Structural Proteins/classification
- Viral Structural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Structural Proteins/immunology
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Gao
- Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Oxford, UK
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Jacobs SC, Stephenson JR, Wilkinson GW. High-level expression of the tick-borne encephalitis virus NS1 protein by using an adenovirus-based vector: protection elicited in a murine model. J Virol 1992; 66:2086-95. [PMID: 1532212 PMCID: PMC288999 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.4.2086-2095.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) encodes an abundant, highly immunogenic nonstructural glycoprotein, NS1. The function of this protein has yet to be determined. We have cloned the NS1 gene from the Neudorfl strain of TBEV under the control of the powerful constitutive cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoter into an adenovirus E1 deletion mutant. The novel combination of the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter and the adenovirus vector produced extremely high levels of NS1 expression in cells which do not support replication of the adenovirus deletion mutant. The recombinant protein was shown to be indistinguishable from authentic TBEV NS1 in its (i) apparent molecular weight by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, (ii) glycosylation pattern, (iii) ability to form high-molecular-weight complexes, and (iv) ability to be secreted from cells. Appropriate processing of NS1 expressed by the adenovirus recombinant occurred independently of any additional TBEV-encoded gene function. When directly inoculated into mice, the recombinant adenovirus RAd51 was shown to elicit an antibody response to the TBEV NS1 protein. Immunization with RAd51 conferred protection against challenge with TBEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Jacobs
- Biologics Division, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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Holzmann H, Vorobyova MS, Ladyzhenskaya IP, Ferenczi E, Kundi M, Kunz C, Heinz FX. Molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis virus: cross-protection between European and Far Eastern subtypes. Vaccine 1992; 10:345-9. [PMID: 1574920 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(92)90376-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus isolates from widely separated geographic regions of the USSR, six isolates from Hungary and one from France were compared with the European and Far Eastern prototype viruses. Peptide mapping by limited proteolysis yielded similar patterns for five selected isolates from the USSR. All isolates from Hungary and France exhibited the same reactivity pattern with a panel of 16 protein E-specific monoclonal antibodies, whereas 10 out of 12 isolates from the Soviet Union showed minor differences at certain epitopes. However, no correlation between geographic origin of the isolates and their antigenic structure was observed. No statistically significant difference in the degree of protection was detected when mice were immunized with the European prototype vaccine and challenged with three selected Asian isolates and one from the European part of the USSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Holzmann
- Institute of Virology, University of Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Louping ill disease of sheep has been recognised in Scotland for centuries. It causes encephalitis and is transmitted by the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus. Human infection was first reported in 1934. Thirty-one cases of human infection have now been described. Four clinical syndromes are seen, an influenza-like illness, a bi-phase encephalitis, a poliomyelitis-like illness and a hemorrhagic fever. Certain occupational groups, e.g. laboratory personnel working with the virus and those who kill injected sheep, are at increased risk of acquiring louping ill infection. In many instances, infection is subclinical. Eight new human cases are described. Six were in crofters or shepherds in the north and west of Scotland, one was in a general practitioner in the Western Isles and the eighth was in a butcher in Edinburgh. Louping ill disease should not be forgotten in cases of unexplained encephalitis in those whose lifestyle exposes them to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Davidson
- Microbiology Department, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, Scotland, U.K
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Blackburn NK, Besselaar TG. A study of the effect of chemical inactivants on the epitopes of Rift Valley fever virus glycoproteins using monoclonal antibodies. J Virol Methods 1991; 33:367-74. [PMID: 1723736 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(91)90036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A panel of 23 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was used to study the effect of formalin, beta propriolactone (BPL) and binary ethylenimine (BEI) on the epitopes of the Rift Valley fever virus glycoproteins. After the initial inactivation period BEI had very little adverse affect on the epitopes whereas BPL significantly altered seven and formalin partially changed the conformation or accessibility of most of the epitopes. The epitopes of all of the inactivated antigens showed a reduced activity against the specific mAbs over a six month storage period.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Blackburn
- Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Sandringham, South Africa
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Pomelova VG, Gaidamovich SY, Stephenson JR, Lavrova NA, Sveshnikova NA. Antigenic analysis of tick-borne encephalitis complex viruses by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay with monoclonal antibodies. J Virol Methods 1991; 31:293-300. [PMID: 1713917 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(91)90167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The antigenic structure of 5 strains of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus and 7 other viruses of the TBE complex was examined by the highly sensitive and specific technique of time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA). A collection of 8 monoclonal antibodies to the Austrian strain. Neudörfl, was used in this study. The findings demonstrate the uniformity of the antigenic structure of TBE viruses from different geographic regions of the USSR. In addition, an epitope was detected which is characteristic of western variants of TBE virus, and another epitope was detected which permits the differentiation of the east-Siberian strain, Aina, from other TBE virus strains. The unique nature of Skalica virus was confirmed, and its similarity, but not identity, to Langat TP-21 virus was shown. Substantial variability in the antigenic structure of some TBE complex viruses was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Pomelova
- D.I. Ivanosky Institute of Virology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow
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Crooks AJ, Lee JM, Dowsett AB, Stephenson JR. Purification and analysis of infectious virions and native non-structural antigens from cells infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus. J Chromatogr A 1990; 502:59-68. [PMID: 2157727 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)89563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
By employing the techniques of column chromatography and membrane filtration, we have succeeded in purifying flavivirus particles with low particle to infectivity ratios and free from contamination with cellular proteins. Virus particles purified by this method have an average diameter of 53 nm, a particle to infectivity ratio of less than 10, and a KD (partition coefficient) consistent with a molecular weight of 2.63 x 10(7). In addition it has been possible to purify the extracellular form of non-structural protein 1 (NS1), which in its native form appears to be a hexamer. It is also apparent from these studies that the slowly sedimenting haemagglutinin particle (or SHA) is an artifact of purification methods using gradient centrifugation. This technology should not only prove useful in the laboratory for studying the detailed structure of these viruses and the proteins encoded by them, but should also prove useful in industrial vaccine manufacture where large volumes of highly pathogenic material are handled.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Crooks
- Division of Biologics, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, U.K
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Pang T. Pathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever: current perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1989; 257:155-68. [PMID: 2694815 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5712-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Pang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Phillpotts RJ, Stephenson JR, Porterfield JS. Passive immunization of mice with monoclonal antibodies raised against tick-borne encephalitis virus. Brief report. Arch Virol 1987; 93:295-301. [PMID: 3827600 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adult Balb/c mice were passively immunized with monoclonal antibodies (100 micrograms/mouse) raised against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus then challenged 24 hours later s.c. with 10 LD50 of TBE virus (Nëudorfl isolate). None of the mice showed evidence of premature death although all except one of the monoclonal antibodies tested are capable of enhancing the infectivity of TBE virus in the Fc receptor-bearing mouse macrophage-like cell line P 388 D 1. The ability of monoclonal antibodies to neutralize TBE virus in vitro, and to fix complement was examined, and of these properties only a single monoclonal antibody, which was able to neutralize virus, was also able to protect mice against virus challenge.
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Boere WA, Harmsen M, Kraaijeveld CA, Snippe H. Antigenic differences between virulent and avirulent strains of Semliki Forest viruses detected with monoclonal antibodies. Brief report. Arch Virol 1986; 88:105-12. [PMID: 2420309 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Eleven monoclonal antibodies (MAs) reacted strongly in an enzyme immunoassay with virulent Semliki Forest virus (SFV) replicating in L cell monolayers. Three MAs showed a considerably diminished reaction with an avirulent strain of SFV both in enzyme immunoassays and plaque reduction tests.
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Crooks AJ, Lee JM, Stephenson JR. The purification of alphavirus virions and subviral particles using ultrafiltration and gel exclusion chromatography. Anal Biochem 1986; 152:295-303. [PMID: 3008588 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(86)90412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Conventional methods of virus purification using ultracentrifugation frequently result in distorted particles with low levels of biological activity, and are thus unsuitable for preparing samples for high-resolution techniques such as neutron scattering, X-ray scattering in solution, and X-ray crystallography. Moreover, in the event of an instrument failure, ultracentrifugation can also pose a significant hazard when preparing pathogenic viruses or subunits derived from them. By employing exclusively ultrafiltration and gel exclusion chromatography, a method has been developed to prepare highly purified, intact alphavirus particles retaining high levels of biological activity. These procedures have also been adapted to prepare aggregates of viral envelope protein with a defined immunogenic content.
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Lee JM, Stephenson JR. Antigenic relationships between an isolate of the Western Subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus and an inactivated vaccine derived from it. Vaccine 1985; 3:292-6. [PMID: 2998112 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(85)90077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
High mutation rates resulting from the error prone replicases of RNA viruses could lead to antigenic alterations in viral products and pose significant problems during the manufacture of vaccines against RNA viruses. The production of a vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis virus has been monitored using both polyclonal sera and a library of monoclonal antibodies. Only a few antigenic changes were detected during the alteration of host cell from mouse brain to avian fibroblasts and upon subsequent expansion of the virus population during several rounds of replication. In addition, when the formalin inactivation process was monitored for antigenic change, virtually none was detected.
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Giraudon P, Wild TF. Correlation between epitopes on hemagglutinin of measles virus and biological activities: passive protection by monoclonal antibodies is related to their hemagglutination inhibiting activity. Virology 1985; 144:46-58. [PMID: 2414919 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were used to investigate the structure of the hemagglutinin (H) antigen, in order to study the regions of the molecule implicated in protection. Using a competition binding assay, three overlapping domains were defined, and these have been correlated with the biological activities of their corresponding MoAb. All of the anti-H MoAbs, with a single exception, neutralized virus infectivity in vitro. We investigated their capacity in passive protection using a measles virus-mouse model, in which inoculated newborn mice died of an acute encephalitis. The course of the disease was monitored after passive administration of the MoAbs, and from their activity, these MoAbs could be divided in three groups: I--protective, II--inducer of a retarded disease, III--nonprotective. The isotype of the antibody did not play a direct role in determining the course of the disease. Moreover, we were able to correlate protection with biological activity of the MoAbs. Only the MoAbs which inhibit hemagglutination activity (HI) protected against the acute disease. Measles MoAbs which neutralize canine distemper virus (CDV) in vitro failed to passively protect CDV-infected mice against disease. These results suggest an immune mechanism for in vivo protection different from that implicated in in vitro neutralization. Administration of one MoAb (55) led to a retarded neurological disease. Mice receiving lower quantities of other protective MoAbs did not display such disease. These results are discussed in relationship to immunization and protection.
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Abstract
The enveloped RNA viruses are responsible for many important infectious diseases both in the UK and worldwide. The most familiar of these would probably be influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, rabies, dengue and yellow fever. Conventional vaccines against all of the most widespread diseases have been available for several years, although with widely varying degrees of safety and efficacy. Although vaccines against diseases such as measles, rubella, and yellow fever have been fairly successful, all vaccines against diseases caused by this group of viruses still have several drawbacks and are in need of improvement for a variety of reasons. During the past decade our knowledge in several diverse areas of the biological sciences has expanded to the extent that it can now be combined and serious attempts made to design and engineer biological molecules with immunogenic potential. First, significant advances have been made in elucidating the mechanisms operating in the immune defence network and in determining the structure of both immunogenic molecules and the components of the immune system with which they interact. Second, the development of recombinant DNA technology has enabled biological molecules to be synthesized under conditions not restricted by the characteristics of their parent organism. Such molecules can then be altered in such a way as to improve their efficiency and their level of production. It is the purpose of this paper to outline the problems associated with the production of vaccines against enveloped RNA viruses and to discuss how recent advances in knowledge and techniques can help to overcome these problems.
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Stephenson JR, Lee JM, Wilton-Smith PD. Production and purification of murine monoclonal antibodies: aberrant elution from protein A-Sepharose 4B. Anal Biochem 1984; 142:189-95. [PMID: 6517314 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, one-step method for the efficient purification of murine monoclonal antibodies from tissue culture supernatants is described. This process is based on affinity chromatography on protein A-Sepharose columns. It was found that murine monoclonal antibodies raised against tick-borne encephalitis virus frequently eluted at more than one pH value and these pH values did not always correspond to those of antibodies of the same subclass from polyclonal mouse sera. The two populations of antibody molecule eluting at different pH values showed no variation in molecular weight, isoelectric profiles, specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titer, or antibody subclass.
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