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Liu Y, Liu C, Liu W, Wu H, Ding H, Cao Y, Spibey N, Wang L, He W, Hao L, Li X, Tian K. Isolation and sequence analysis of the complete H gene of canine distemper virus from domestic dogs in Henan Province, China. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2153-2158. [PMID: 31134355 PMCID: PMC7086856 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen canine distemper virus (CDV) isolates were obtained from clinical samples in Henan province, China, between 2012 and 2016. These viruses could not be recognized by 1A4, a monoclonal antibody specific for the H protein of CDV vaccine strains. The complete haemagglutinin (H) genes of all 18 isolates were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis showed that they segregated into two clusters within the Asia-1 genotype. Moreover, the H genes of four viruses were found to lack a potential N-glycosylation site at position 309, which is the most conserved site within the Asia-1 genotype of CDV, and a novel potential N-glycosylation site (amino acids 517–519) was found in strain HL013, which has not been reported previously. These results will help in achieving a better understanding of the evolution of CDV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No. 3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Caihong Liu
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No. 3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Wujie Liu
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No. 3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Hongchao Wu
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No. 3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Hangtian Ding
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No. 3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yujiao Cao
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No. 3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Norman Spibey
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No. 3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Linxiao Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No. 3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Wenxi He
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No. 3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Liying Hao
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No. 3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No. 3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, China.
| | - Kegong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China. .,National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No. 3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, China.
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Kubiski SV, Sisó S, Church ME, Cartoceti AN, Barr B, Pesavento PA. Unusual Necrotizing Encephalitis in Raccoons and Skunks Concurrently Infected With Canine Distemper Virus and Sarcocystis sp. Vet Pathol 2015; 53:674-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815603430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus commonly infects free-ranging, terrestrial mesopredators throughout the United States. Due to the immunosuppressive effects of the virus, concurrent opportunistic infections are also common. Among these, secondary systemic protozoal infections have been described in a number of species. We report an unusual presentation of necrotizing encephalitis associated with Sarcocystis sp in four raccoons and one skunk concurrently infected with canine distemper virus. Lesions were characterized by variably sized necrotizing cavitations composed of abundant mineral admixed with inflammatory cells and protozoa. Sarcocystis sp was confirmed via immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody to Sarcocystis neurona. The pathologic changes are similar to lesions in human AIDS patients infected with Toxoplasma gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Kubiski
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S. Sisó
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M. E. Church
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A. N. Cartoceti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - B. Barr
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P. A. Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Li W, Li T, Liu Y, Gao Y, Yang S, Feng N, Sun H, Wang S, Wang L, Bu Z, Xia X. Genetic characterization of an isolate of canine distemper virus from a Tibetan Mastiff in China. Virus Genes 2014; 49:45-57. [PMID: 24691820 PMCID: PMC7089258 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper (CD) is a highly contagious, often fatal, multisystemic, and incurable disease in dogs and other carnivores, which is caused by canine distemper virus (CDV). Although vaccines have been used as the principal means of controlling the disease, CD has been reported in vaccinated animals. The hemoagglutinin (H) protein is one of the most important antigens for inducing protective immunity against CD, and antigenic variation of recent CDV strains may explain vaccination failure. In this study, a new CDV isolate (TM-CC) was obtained from a Tibetan Mastiff that died of distemper, and its genome was characterized. Phylogenetic analysis of the H gene revealed that the CDV-TM-CC strain is unique among 20 other CDV strains and can be classified into the Asia-1 group with the Chinese strains, Hebei and HLJ1-06, and the Japanese strain, CYN07-hV. The H gene of CDV-TM-CC shows low identity (90.4 % nt and 88.9 % aa) with the H gene of the classical Onderstepoort vaccine strain, which may explain the inability of the Tibetan Mastiff to mount a protective immune response. We also performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the N, P, and F protein sequences, as well as potential N-glycosylation sites and cysteine residues. This analysis shows that an N-glycosylation site at aa 108-110 within the F protein of CDV-TM-CC is specific for the wild-type strains (5804P, A75/17, and 164071) and the Asia-1 group strains, and may be another important factor for the poor immune response. These results provide important information for the design of CD vaccines in the China region and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Li
- Wildlife Resources College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
| | - Tiansong Li
- College of Chemistry and Biology, Beidhua University, Jinlin, 132013 China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 666, Liuying Xilu, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun, 130122 China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 666, Liuying Xilu, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun, 130122 China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 666, Liuying Xilu, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun, 130122 China
| | - Na Feng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 666, Liuying Xilu, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun, 130122 China
| | - Heting Sun
- Wildlife Resources College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
| | - Shengle Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 666, Liuying Xilu, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun, 130122 China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 666, Liuying Xilu, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun, 130122 China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 666, Liuying Xilu, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun, 130122 China
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Beineke A, Puff C, Seehusen F, Baumgärtner W. Pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 127:1-18. [PMID: 19019458 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper is a worldwide occurring infectious disease of dogs, caused by a morbillivirus, closely related to measles and rinderpest virus. The natural host range comprises predominantly carnivores. Canine distemper virus (CDV), an enveloped, negative-sense RNA virus, infects different cell types, including epithelial, mesenchymal, neuroendocrine and hematopoietic cells of various organs and tissues. CDV infection of dogs is characterized by a systemic and/or nervous clinical course and viral persistence in selected organs including the central nervous system (CNS) and lymphoid tissue. Main manifestations include respiratory and gastrointestinal signs, immunosuppression and demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis (DL). Impaired immune function, associated with depletion of lymphoid organs, consists of a viremia-associated loss of lymphocytes, especially of CD4+ T cells, due to lymphoid cell apoptosis in the early phase. After clearance of the virus from the peripheral blood an assumed diminished antigen presentation and altered lymphocyte maturation cause an ongoing immunosuppression despite repopulation of lymphoid organs. The early phase of DL is a sequel of a direct virus-mediated damage and infiltrating CD8+ cytotoxic T cells associated with an up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-12 and a lacking response of immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. A CD4+-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells contribute to myelin loss in the chronic phase. Additionally, up-regulation of interferon-gamma and IL-1 may occur in advanced lesions. Moreover, an altered balance between matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors seems to play a pivotal role for the pathogenesis of DL. Summarized, DL represents a biphasic disease process consisting of an initial direct virus-mediated process and immune-mediated plaque progression. Immunosuppression is due to early virus-mediated lymphocytolysis followed by still poorly understood mechanisms affecting antigen presentation and lymphocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Roth JA, DeBay M, Greene RT, Kennedy M, Thacker E. Comment on the "Report of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task Force: 2003 canine vaccine guidelines, recommendations, and supporting literature". J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2004; 40:349-50; author reply 351. [PMID: 15347611 DOI: 10.5326/0400349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Evermann JF, Leathers CW, Gorham JR, McKeirnan AJ, Appel MJ. Pathogenesis of two strains of lion (Panthera leo) morbillivirus in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Vet Pathol 2001; 38:311-6. [PMID: 11355661 DOI: 10.1354/vp.38-3-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) was previously considered to have a host range restricted to the canid family. In 1994, the virus was associated with sporadic outbreaks of distemper in captive felids. However, after severe mortality occurred in the Serengeti lions (Panthera leo), attention became focused on the pathogenesis of the virus and a concerted effort was made to identify the virus as CDV or a closely related feline morbillivirus. The present study was designed to explore the susceptibility of ferrets to challenge with two morbilliviruses isolated from lions and the protective effects of a modified-live mink distemper vaccine. Because mortality in ferrets infected with pathogenic CDV approaches 100%, the ferret was selected as a test animal. Two strains of lion morbillivirus were used as a challenge, A92-27/20 (California lion isolate) and A94-11/13 (Serengeti lion isolate). The two strains of lion morbillivirus were antigenically related to CDV (Rockborn strain), and ferrets were susceptible to both of the viruses when inoculated intraperitoneally. The inoculated ferrets were anorectic at 5-6 days postinoculation (PI), exhibited oculonasal discharge at 9-12 days PI, and became moribund at 12-22 days PI. Severe bilateral conjunctivitis was the typical clinical sign. Inclusion bodies characteristic of morbillivirus (eosinophilic, intranuclear, and intracytoplasmic) were distributed in many epithelial cells, including those of the skin, conjunctiva, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, trachea, lung, urinary bladder, and kidney. Virus was reisolated from selected lung tissues collected at necropsy and identified by CDV-specific immunofluorescence. Ferrets vaccinated with the mink distemper vaccine (Onderstepoort strain) were protected from challenge with the two lion strains, adding further support to the premise that the viruses are closely related to CDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Evermann
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99165-0734, USA.
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Frisk AL, König M, Moritz A, Baumgärtner W. Detection of canine distemper virus nucleoprotein RNA by reverse transcription-PCR using serum, whole blood, and cerebrospinal fluid from dogs with distemper. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:3634-43. [PMID: 10523566 PMCID: PMC85712 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.11.3634-3643.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/1999] [Accepted: 07/26/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was used to detect canine distemper virus (CDV) nucleoprotein (NP) RNA in serum, whole blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 38 dogs with clinically suspected distemper. Results were correlated to clinical findings, anti-CDV neutralizing antibody titers, postmortem findings, and demonstration of CDV NP antigen by immunohistochemistry. The specificity of the RT-PCR was ensured by amplification of RNA from various laboratory CDV strains, restriction enzyme digestion, and Southern blot hybridization. In 29 of 38 dogs, CDV infection was confirmed by postmortem examination and immunohistochemistry. The animals displayed the catarrhal, systemic, and nervous forms of distemper. Seventeen samples (serum, whole blood, or CSF) from dogs with distemper were tested with three sets of primers targeted to different regions of the NP gene of the CDV Onderstepoort strain. Expected amplicons were observed in 82, 53, and 41% of the 17 samples, depending upon the primer pair used. With the most sensitive primer pair (primer pair I), CDV NP RNA was detected in 25 of 29 (86%) serum samples and 14 of 16 (88%) whole blood and CSF samples from dogs with distemper but not in body fluids from immunohistochemically negative dogs. Nucleotide sequence analysis of five RT-PCR amplicons from isolates from the field revealed few silent point mutations. These isolates exhibited greater homology to the Rockborn (97 to 99%) than to the Onderstepoort (95 to 96%) CDV strain. In summary, although the sensitivity of the RT-PCR for detection of CDV is strongly influenced by the location of the selected primers, this nucleic acid detection system represents a highly specific and sensitive method for the antemortem diagnosis of distemper in dogs, regardless of the form of distemper, humoral immune response, and viral antigen distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Frisk
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Ek-Kommonen C, Sihvonen L, Pekkanen K, Rikula U, Nuotio L. Outbreak off canine distemper in vaccinated dogs in Finland. Vet Rec 1997; 141:380-3. [PMID: 9364705 DOI: 10.1136/vr.141.15.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Canine distemper reappeared in dogs in Finland in 1990 after a 16-year absence. In 1994 to 1995 an outbreak occurred in areas with a high density dog population which involved dogs vaccinated against distemper. The estimated total number of cases was at least 5000, and 865 cases were confirmed by indirect fluorescent antibody testing of 3649 epithelial cell samples. The signs recorded by veterinary clinicians ranged from conjunctivitis, pyrexia and anorexia to signs of respiratory and gastrointestinal illness, with an estimated mortality of 30 per cent. Of the confirmed cases 631 (73 per cent) were between three and 24 months of age; 487 of these had been vaccinated at least once and 351 (41 per cent) had a complete vaccination history. Of these 351 fully vaccinated animals the proportion of dogs vaccinated with the most popular vaccine was significantly higher than would have been expected by its market share. In total, 4676 serum samples were collected from healthy vaccinated dogs during the peak and decline of the outbreak and tested for the presence of virus neutralising antibodies. The decrease in the proportion of young dogs with antibody titres < 1/8 coincided with the decline and end of the outbreak during the spring and summer of 1995. It was concluded that a critical decrease in the population's immunity during 1990 to 1994 was a major reason for the outbreak in the summer of 1994 and that the ultimate test for vaccines is an outbreak of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ek-Kommonen
- Department of Virology and Epidemiology, National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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