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Sharma K, Mathesh K, Janmeda P, Nautiyal S, Lakshmi PS, Subash A, Mahajan S, Agrawal R, Pawde AM, Sharma GK. Production and characterization of biologicals for disease diagnosis and pathological evaluation of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV). J Virol Methods 2024; 329:114970. [PMID: 38830475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHV) belong to the family Herpesviridae and cause a highly fatal hemorrhagic infection in elephants. EEHV poses a global threat to the already endangered elephant population. Since EEHV is a non-cultivable virus, there is a scarcity of specific diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. In this study, our objective was to develop biologicals for diagnosis and pathological studies against the most prevalent EEHV1A/1B. We expressed two truncated fragments of the DNA polymerase, glycoprotein B (gB), and glycoprotein (gL) of EEHV in the prokaryotic system. Hyperimmune serum against the purified antigens was raised in rabbits and guinea pigs. We validated the reactivity of this hyperimmune serum using western blotting, ELISA, and immune-histochemistry on known positive infected tissues. Samples collected from 270 animals across various states in India were evaluated with these biologicals. The raised antibodies successfully demonstrated virus in immune-cytochemistry. Additionally, all known positive samples consistently exhibited significant inhibition in the OD values when used in the competitive format of ELISA across all four antigens when compared to the serum collected from known negative animals. An apparent sero-prevalence of 10 % was observed in the randomly collected samples. In summary, our study successfully developed and validated biologicals that will be invaluable for EEHV diagnosis and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtika Sharma
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation Management and Disease Surveillance, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
| | - Karikalan Mathesh
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation Management and Disease Surveillance, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Pracheta Janmeda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Tonk, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Sushmita Nautiyal
- CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - P Sree Lakshmi
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation Management and Disease Surveillance, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Athira Subash
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation Management and Disease Surveillance, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Biological Standardization Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Ravikant Agrawal
- Biological Products Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Abhijit M Pawde
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation Management and Disease Surveillance, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Sharma
- CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
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Hou LN, Wang FX, Wang YX, Guo H, Liu CY, Zhao HZ, Yu MH, Wen YJ. Subunit vaccine based on glycoprotein B protects pattern animal guinea pigs from tissue damage caused by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Virus Res 2022; 320:198899. [PMID: 36030927 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is caused by Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), which seriously threatens the global cattle industry. Only vaccination to improve immunity is the most direct and effective means to prevent IBR. Attempts are being made to use subunit vaccines, deleted or recombinant viral vaccines to reduce or eradicate IBR. For investigating the immunological characteristics of glycoprotein B subunit vaccine in pattern animal guinea pigs, the partial glycoprotein B (gB) of BoHV-1 with dominant antigenic characteristic was selected. A recombinant prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a-gB with the truncated gB gene was constructed, expressed, identified and the purified proteins were used to immunize guinea pigs. The immune effect of the subunit vaccine was assessed by monitoring clinical symptoms, viral load, antibody secretion, and histopathological changes. The results indicated that guinea pigs immunized with the gB subunit vaccine produced high levels of anti-gB antibodies and virus-neutralizing antibodies. The gB subunit vaccine significantly reduced viral shedding and lung tissue damage after IBRV challenge. The animals inoculated the gB subunit vaccine also had less virus reactivation. Its protective effect on viral shedding and tissue damage was similar to that of inactivated BoHV-1 vaccine. This work is a proof-of-concept study of subunit vaccine-induced protection against BoHV-1. And it is expected to be a candidate vaccine for the prevention of IBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Hou
- Key Laboratory of Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Animal Diseases, Department of Agriculture and villages, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Feng-Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Animal Diseases, Department of Agriculture and villages, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Ya-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Animal Diseases, Department of Agriculture and villages, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Animal Diseases, Department of Agriculture and villages, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Chun-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Animal Diseases, Department of Agriculture and villages, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Hong-Zhe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Animal Diseases, Department of Agriculture and villages, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Ming-Hua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Animal Diseases, Department of Agriculture and villages, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Animal Diseases, Department of Agriculture and villages, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China.
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Li TH, Hsu WL, Chen CY, Chen YC, Wang YC, Tsai MA, Chen IC, Chang CC. Preparation of recombinant glycoprotein B (gB) of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) for antibody production and its application for infection detection in sea turtles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11022. [PMID: 35773319 PMCID: PMC9246996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) infection possibly associated to the fibropapillomatosis (FP) disease in sea turtles worldwide remains largely unknown and limited studies have used serological approaches to detection of antibodies against ChHV5 in sea turtles with or without FP. We aimed to develop diagnostic platforms based on the viral glycoprotein B (gB) for ChHV5 infection. In this study, five recombinant sub-fragments of the gB protein were successfully expressed and subsequently served as antigens for both seroprevalence and antibody production. The results indicated that the five expressed proteins harbored antigenicity, shown by the results of using sera from sea turtles that were PCR-positive for ChHV5. Moreover, seropositive sea turtles were significantly associated with FP (p < 0.05). We further used the expressed protein to produce antibodies for immunohistochemical analysis, and found that the in-house-generated sera specifically stained FP lesions while normal epithelium tissues remained negative. Of major importance, the reactivity in the ballooning degeneration area was much stronger than that in other regions of the FP lesion/tumour, thus indicating ChHV5 viral activities. In summary, the developed serological test and specific anti-gB antibodies for IHC analysis could be applied for further understanding of epidemiological distributions of ChHV5 infection in sea turtles, and studies of ChHV5 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Li
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, 94450, Taiwan.,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.,Institute of Marine Ecology and Conservation, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chang-You Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Sec. 4 Taiwan Blvd., Xitun Dist., Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ming-An Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan.,International Program in Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, 94450, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chin Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
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McGill JL, Sacco RE. The Immunology of Bovine Respiratory Disease: Recent Advancements. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:333-348. [PMID: 32327252 PMCID: PMC7170797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1907 ISU C-Drive, VMRI Building 5, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, PO Box 70, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Protective immunity following vaccination with a recombinant multiple-epitope protein of bovine herpesvirus type I in a rabbit model. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3011-3023. [PMID: 32002602 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) causes considerable economic losses to the cow industry. Vaccination remains an effective strategy to control the diseases associated with BoHV-1. However, live vaccines present safety concerns, especially in pregnant cows; thus, nonreplicating vaccines have been developed to control the disease. The envelope glycoproteins of BoHV-1 induce a protective immune response. In this work, selected epitopes on glycoproteins gD, gC, and gB were constructed in triplicate with linker peptides. Vaccination of rabbits demonstrated that P2-gD/gC/gB with AAYAAY induced higher specific antibodies than that with GGGGS linker. P2-gD/gC/gB with AAYAAY linker was fused with bovine interleukin-6 (BoIL-6) or rabbit IL-6 (RaIL-6) and bacterially expressed. Rabbits were intramuscularly immunized with 100 μg of P2-gD/gC/gB-BoIL-6, P2-gD/gC/gB-RaIL-6, P2-gD/gC/gB, P2-gD/gC/gB plus BoIL-6, P2-(gD-a)3-BoIL-6, or P2-(gD-a)3 emulsified with ISA 206 adjuvant thrice at 3-week intervals. P2-gD/gC/gB-BoIL-6 generated a higher titer of BoHV-1-specific antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, interferon (IFN)-γ, and IL-4 compared with P2-gD/gC/gB plus BoIL-6, P2-gD/gC/gB-RaIL-6, or other formulation. P2-gD/gC/gB-BoIL-6 triggered similar levels of antibodies and significantly higher titer of IFN-γ and IL-4 compared with inactivated bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)-infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) vaccine. Rabbits vaccinated with P2-gD/gC/gB-BoIL-6 dramatically reduced viral shedding and tissue lesions in lungs and trachea after viral challenge and reactivation compared with those with P2-gD/gC/gB plus BoIL-6 or P2-gD/gC/gB-RaIL-6. P2-gD/gC/gB-BoIL-6 provided protective effects against viral shedding and tissue pathogenesis similar to those of the inactivated vaccine. The data confirmed the safety and immunogenicity of multiple-epitope recombinant protein and a potential vaccine candidate to control the disease, especially for pregnant cattle.
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A conformational epitope mapped in the bovine herpesvirus type 1 envelope glycoprotein B by phage display and the HSV-1 3D structure. Res Vet Sci 2015; 101:34-7. [PMID: 26267086 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The selected dodecapeptide (1)DRALYGPTVIDH(12) from a phage-displayed peptide library and the crystal structure of the envelope glycoprotein B (Env gB) from Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) led us to the identification of a new discontinuous epitope on the Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) Env gB. In silico analysis revealed a short BoHV-1 gB motif ((338)YKRD(341)) within a epitope region, with a high similarity to the motifs shared by the dodecapeptide N-terminal region ((5)YxARD(1)) and HSV-1 Env gB ((326)YARD(329)), in which the (328)Arg residue is described to be a neutralizing antibody target. Besides the characterization of an antibody-binding site of the BoHV-1 Env gB, we have demonstrated that the phage-fused peptide has the potential to be used as a reagent for virus diagnosis by phage-ELISA assay, which discriminated BoHV-1 infected serum samples from negative ones.
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Virus, strain, and epitope specificities of neutralizing bovine monoclonal antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoproteins gB, gC, and gD, with sequence and molecular model analysis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 164:179-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection is widespread and causes a variety of diseases. Although similar in many respects to the human immune response to human herpesvirus 1, the differences in the bovine virus proteins, immune system components and strategies, physiology, and lifestyle mean the bovine immune response to BHV-1 is unique. The innate immune system initially responds to infection, and primes a balanced adaptive immune response. Cell-mediated immunity, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing of infected cells, is critical to recovery from infection. Humoral immunity, including neutralizing antibody and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, is important to prevention or control of (re-)infection. BHV-1 immune evasion strategies include suppression of major histocompatibility complex presentation of viral antigen, helper T-cell killing, and latency. Immune suppression caused by the virus potentiates secondary infections and contributes to the costly bovine respiratory disease complex. Vaccination against BHV-1 is widely practiced. The many vaccines reported include replicating and non-replicating, conventional and genetically engineered, as well as marker and non-marker preparations. Current development focuses on delivery of major BHV-1 glycoproteins to elicit a balanced, protective immune response, while excluding serologic markers and virulence or other undesirable factors. In North America, vaccines are used to prevent or reduce clinical signs, whereas in some European Union countries marker vaccines have been employed in the eradication of BHV-1 disease.
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Yamaguchi T, Yamanaka M, Ikehara S, Kida K, Kuboki N, Mizuno D, Yokoyama N, Narimatsu H, Ikehara Y. Generation of IFN-γ-producing cells that recognize the major piroplasm surface protein in Theileria orientalis-infected bovines. Vet Parasitol 2010; 171:207-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Immunization of cattle with recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) glycoprotein D induces mucosal and serum antibody responses and provides partial protection against BHV-1. Vaccine 2010; 28:3159-70. [PMID: 20189484 PMCID: PMC3428038 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) is a major cause of respiratory tract diseases in cattle. Vaccination of cattle against BHV-1 is a high priority. A major concern of currently modified live BHV-1 vaccines is their ability to cause latent infection and subsequent reactivation resulting in many outbreaks. Thus, there is a need for alternative strategies. We generated two recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) expressing the glycoprotein D (gD) of BHV-1 from an added gene. One recombinant, rLaSota/gDFL, expressed gD without any modification. The other recombinant, rLaSota/gDF, expressed a chimeric gD in which the ectodomain of gD was fused with the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail of the NDV fusion F glycoprotein. Remarkably, the native gD expressed by rLaSota/gDFL virus was incorporated into the NDV virion 2.5-fold more efficiently than the native NDV proteins, whereas the chimeric gD was not detectably incorporated even though it was abundantly expressed on the infected cell surface. The expression of gD did not increase the virulence of the rNDV vectors in chickens. A single intranasal and intratracheal inoculation of calves with either recombinant NDV elicited mucosal and systemic antibodies specific to BHV-1, with the responses to rLaSota/gDFL being higher than those to rLaSota/gDF. Following challenge with BHV-1, calves immunized with the recombinant NDVs had lower titers and earlier clearance of challenge virus compared to the empty vector control, and reduced disease was observed with rLaSota/gDFL. Following challenge, the titers of serum antibodies specific to BHV-1 were higher in the animals immunized with the rNDV vaccines compared to the rNDV parent virus, indicating that the vaccines primed for secondary responses. Our data suggest that NDV can be used as a vaccine vector in bovines and that BHV-1 gD may be useful in mucosal vaccine against BHV-1 infection, but might require augmentation by a second dose or the inclusion of additional BHV-1 antigens.
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Foo DGW, Macary PA, Alonso S, Poh CL. Identification of human CD4 T-cell epitopes on the VP1 capsid protein of enterovirus 71. Viral Immunol 2008; 21:215-24. [PMID: 18419256 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2007.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of human CD4 T-cell epitopes within a protein vaccine candidate is of great interest,as it provides a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in protective immunity and may therefore help in the design of effective vaccines and diagnostic tools. The entire amino acid sequence of the VP1 capsid protein from enterovirus 71 (EV 71) strain 41 was submitted to analysis by the ProPred algorithm for the identification of potential promiscuous human CD4 T-cellepitopes. Three regions spanning amino acids 66-77, 145-159, and 247-261 of VP1 were predicted to bind more than 25 HLA-DR alleles. The corresponding synthetic peptides (SP1 to SP3) were then tested for their abilities to induce proliferation of CD4 T cells isolated from five human volunteers screened positive for previous EV 71 exposure and one EV 71-negative volunteer. Upon stimulation with either peptide, CD4 T-cell proliferative responses were observed for all EV 71-positive volunteers,indicating the presence of EV 71-specific memory CD4 T cells. The amplitude of the proliferative responses was peptide- and HLA-DR-dependent, and correlated well with the ProPredpredicted binding efficiencies. Moreover, CD4 T cells from EV 71-positive volunteers produced significant levels of IL-2 and IFN- upon stimulation, indicative of a T-cell differentiation into Th-1-type subset. Among the three peptides, SP2 induced the highest proliferative response and cytokine production. Moreover, SP2-induced proliferative response could be inhibited with anti-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antibody, indicating that SP2 represents a MHC class II-restricted CD4 T-cell epitope. This study demonstrates that the ProPred algorithm can accurately predict the presence of human CD4 T-cell epitopes within the VP1 capsid protein of EV 71, and therefore represents a useful tool for the design of subunit vaccines against EV 71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Guang Wei Foo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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12
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BenMohamed L, Bertrand G, McNamara CD, Gras-Masse H, Hammer J, Wechsler SL, Nesburn AB. Identification of novel immunodominant CD4+ Th1-type T-cell peptide epitopes from herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D that confer protective immunity. J Virol 2003; 77:9463-73. [PMID: 12915561 PMCID: PMC187395 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.17.9463-9473.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular characterization of the epitope repertoire on herpes simplex virus (HSV) antigens would greatly expand our knowledge of HSV immunity and improve immune interventions against herpesvirus infections. HSV glycoprotein D (gD) is an immunodominant viral coat protein and is considered an excellent vaccine candidate antigen. By using the TEPITOPE prediction algorithm, we have identified and characterized a total of 12 regions within the HSV type 1 (HSV-1) gD bearing potential CD4(+) T-cell epitopes, each 27 to 34 amino acids in length. Immunogenicity studies of the corresponding medium-sized peptides confirmed all previously known gD epitopes and additionally revealed four new immunodominant regions (gD(49-82), gD(146-179), gD(228-257), and gD(332-358)), each containing naturally processed epitopes. These epitopes elicited potent T-cell responses in mice of diverse major histocompatibility complex backgrounds. Each of the four new immunodominant peptide epitopes generated strong CD4(+) Th1 T cells that were biologically active against HSV-1-infected bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Importantly, immunization of H-2(d) mice with the four newly identified CD4(+) Th1 peptide epitopes but not with four CD4(+) Th2 peptide epitopes induced a robust protective immunity against lethal ocular HSV-1 challenge. These peptide epitopes may prove to be important components of an effective immunoprophylactic strategy against herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lbachir BenMohamed
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Irvine, College of Medicine, Orange, California 92868, USA.
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Manoj S, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Immunization with a dicistronic plasmid expressing a truncated form of bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein D and the amino-terminal subunit of glycoprotein B results in reduced gB-specific immune responses. Virology 2003; 313:296-307. [PMID: 12951041 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As an approach to create a divalent DNA vaccine, a truncated secreted version of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) glycoprotein D (tgD) and the amino-terminal subunit of glycoprotein B (gBb) were expressed from a dicistronic plasmid, designated pSLIAtgD-IRES-gBb. Intradermal immunization of mice with pSLIAtgD-IRES-gBb or a mixture of plasmids encoding tgD (pSLIAtgD) and gBb (pSLIAgBb) by needle injection or gene gun elicited strong tgD-specific immune responses. However, a significant reduction in gBb-specific immune responses was observed upon immunization of mice with pSLIAtgD-IRES-gBb or a mixture of pSLIAtgD and pSLIAgBb in comparison to immunization with pSLIAgBb alone. This reduction in gBb-specific immune responses induced by pSLIAtgD-IRES-gBb was due to production of low amounts of gBb from pSLIAtgD-IRES-gBb, inefficient processing and transport of gBb, and possibly competition for antigen-presenting cells by tgD and gBb. These results indicate that, although divalent plasmids may be used to express different antigens, the efficacy of vaccination with such plasmids may be influenced by the plasmid design and the characteristics of the expressed antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Manoj
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
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Fickel J, Lieckfeldt D, Richman LK, Streich WJ, Hildebrandt TB, Pitra C. Comparison of glycoprotein B (gB) variants of the elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) isolated from Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Vet Microbiol 2003; 91:11-21. [PMID: 12441228 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recently described elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHV) have been associated with the deaths of numerous captive elephants. A proposed tool for the detection of EEHV infection in elephants is the PCR-based screening for EEHV-DNA in whole blood samples. Unfortunately, this detection method has only been successful in post-mortem analyses or in animals already displaying clinical signs of EEHV disease, thus rendering this method unsuitable for identification of carrier elephants. Here, we focus on glycoprotein B (gB) for serologic assay development, since gB is an envelope protein known to induce a neutralising antibody response in other herpesvirus infections. We sequenced the entire gB gene from five Asian elephants with EEHV, representing four different gB variants. Computer-aided methods were used to predict functionally important regions within EEHVgB. An extra-cytoplasmic region of 153 amino acids was predicted to be under positive selection and may potentially contain antigenic determinants that will be useful for future serologic assay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fickel
- Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany.
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Coberley SS, Condit RC, Herbst LH, Klein PA. Identification and expression of immunogenic proteins of a disease-associated marine turtle herpesvirus. J Virol 2002; 76:10553-8. [PMID: 12239336 PMCID: PMC136575 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.20.10553-10558.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are associated with several diseases of marine turtles, including lung-eye-trachea disease (LETD) and fibropapillomatosis. Two approaches were used to identify immunodominant antigens of LETV, the LETD-associated herpesvirus. The first approach targeted glycoprotein B, which is known to be immunogenic and neutralizing in other species. The second strategy identified LETV proteins recognized on Western blots by antibodies in immune green turtle plasma. A 38-kDa protein was resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, sequenced, and identified as a scaffolding protein encoded by the overlapping open reading frames of UL26 and UL26.5. Glycoprotein B and the scaffolding protein were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed proteins were recognized on Western blots by antibodies in immune green turtle plasma. Phylogenetic studies based on UL26, DNA polymerase, and glycoprotein B revealed that LETV clusters with the alphaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie S Coberley
- Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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16
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Abstract
The complete open reading frame and promoter region of the glycoprotein B (gB) gene has been identified and sequenced from five poorly characterized alphaherpesviruses of ruminants, bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5), buffalo herpesvirus 1 (BuHV-1), cervine herpesvirus 1 (CerHV-1), rangiferine herpesvirus 1 (RanHV-1), and caprine herpesvirus 1 (CapHV-1). One of the two regions identified with considerable sequence and length variation is also target of the immune system, as two B cell epitopes have been identified in this location. Features shared with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) gB include two broad hydrophobic regions, six N-glycosylation sites and ten conserved cysteine residues in the gB extracellular domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the studied ruminant alphaherpesviruses form, together with BHV-1, a consistent group within the alpha2 subgroup of the herpesviruses. BHV-5 and BuHV-1 are most closely related to BHV-1, followed by CerHV-1, RanHV-1 and more distantly by CapHV-1. A remarkable high degree of sequence similarity was observed between BuHV-1 and the neuropathogenic BHV-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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17
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Sinnathamby G, Renukaradhya GJ, Rajasekhar M, Nayak R, Shaila MS. Immune responses in goats to recombinant hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein of Peste des petits ruminants virus: identification of a T cell determinant. Vaccine 2001; 19:4816-23. [PMID: 11535334 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), a member of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae, causes a fatal disease 'peste des petits ruminants' in goats and sheep. This enveloped virus is antigenically closely related to rinderpest virus (RPV), which causes a similar but distinct disease in large ruminants. PPRV harbors two major surface glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and the fusion (F) proteins. The surface glycoproteins of morbilliviruses are highly immunogenic and confer protective immunity. In this study, we investigated the immune responses generated in goats immunized with low doses of purified recombinant extracellular baculovirus carrying a membrane bound form of the HN protein of PPRV without any adjuvant. We report that the immunized goats develop both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Antibodies generated in the immunized animals could neutralize both PPRV and RPV in vitro. Further, using a combination of Escherichia coli expressed deletion mutants of PPRV-HN and RPV-H proteins, and synthetic peptides corresponding to the highly conserved N-terminal sequences of MV-H protein, we have mapped an N-terminal T cell determinant (amino acids 123-137) and a C-terminal domain (amino acids 242-609) harboring potential T cell determinant(s) in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sinnathamby
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560 012, Bangalore, India
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18
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Sinnathamby G, Nayak R, Shaila MS. Mapping of T-helper epitopes of Rinderpest virus hemagglutinin protein. Viral Immunol 2001; 14:83-92. [PMID: 11270599 DOI: 10.1089/08828240151061446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rinderpest virus (RPV) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of domestic and wild ruminants, caused by rinderpest virus of the genus Morbillivirus under the family Paramyxoviridae. Hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins of this enveloped virus confer protective immunity against experimental challenge with virulent rinderpest virus. We have earlier demonstrated that immunization with a single dose of recombinant extracellular baculovirus expressing H protein elicits H-specific humoral and lymphoproliferative responses in cattle. The lymphoproliferative responses are predominantly BoLA class II restricted. In this work, we have analyzed lymphoproliferative responses of peripheral lymphocytes from immunized cattle to truncated H protein fragments expressed in E. coli for locating domains harboring Th epitopes. One region (aa 113-182) recognized by immune T cells is conserved in the H protein of measles virus, which was earlier shown to contain a dominant Th epitope in mouse. Synthetic peptides within this region of measles virus H protein were used to identify a Th epitope conserved in the H protein of RPV virus (aa 123-137) in cattle. A second Th epitope located at the C-terminus of RPV-H was mapped to the region corresponding to aa 512-609 using truncated protein fragments expressed in E. coli. The C-terminal epitope (aa 575-583) was mapped using synthetic peptides corresponding to measles virus H as well as RPV-H protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sinnathamby
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
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