1
|
Perez-Martin E, Beechler B, Zhang F, Scott K, de Klerk-Lorist LM, Limon G, Dugovich B, Gubbins S, Botha A, Hetem R, van Schalkwyk L, Juleff N, Maree FF, Jolles A, Charleston B. Viral dynamics and immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). Vet Res 2022; 53:63. [PMID: 35927724 PMCID: PMC9351118 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important livestock diseases restricting international trade. While African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) act as the main wildlife reservoir, viral and immune response dynamics during FMD virus acute infection have not been described before in this species. We used experimental needle inoculation and contact infections with three Southern African Territories serotypes to assess clinical, virological and immunological dynamics for thirty days post infection. Clinical FMD in the needle inoculated buffalo was mild and characterised by pyrexia. Despite the absence of generalised vesicles, all contact animals were readily infected with their respective serotypes within the first two to nine days after being mixed with needle challenged buffalo. Irrespective of the route of infection or serotype, there were positive associations between the viral loads in blood and the induction of host innate pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins. Viral loads in blood and tonsil swabs were tightly correlated during the acute phase of the infection, however, viraemia significantly declined after a peak at four days post-infection (dpi), which correlated with the presence of detectable neutralising antibodies. In contrast, infectious virus was isolated in the tonsil swabs until the last sampling point (30 dpi) in most animals. The pattern of virus detection in serum and tonsil swabs was similar for all three serotypes in the direct challenged and contact challenged animals. We have demonstrated for the first time that African buffalo are indeed systemically affected by FMD virus and clinical FMD in buffalo is characterized by a transient pyrexia. Despite the lack of FMD lesions, infection of African buffalo was characterised by high viral loads in blood and oropharynx, rapid and strong host innate and adaptive immune responses and high transmissibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brianna Beechler
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK.,UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Katherine Scott
- ARC-OVI Transboundary Animal Disease Section (TAD), Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa
| | | | | | - Brian Dugovich
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Arista Botha
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robyn Hetem
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Francois F Maree
- ARC-OVI Transboundary Animal Disease Section (TAD), Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa.,Clinglobal, B03/04 The Tamarin Commercial Hub, Jacaranda Avenue, Tamarin, 90903, Mauritius
| | - Anna Jolles
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gordon L, Mabbott N, Wells J, Kulik L, Juleff N, Charleston B, Perez-Martin E. Foot-and-mouth disease virus localisation on follicular dendritic cells and sustained induction of neutralising antibodies is dependent on binding to complement receptors (CR2/CR1). PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1009942. [PMID: 35512014 PMCID: PMC9113581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown after the resolution of acute infection and viraemia, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid proteins and/or genome are localised in the light zone of germinal centres of lymphoid tissue in cattle and African buffalo. The pattern of staining for FMDV proteins was consistent with the virus binding to follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). We have now demonstrated a similar pattern of FMDV protein staining in mouse spleens after acute infection and showed FMDV proteins are colocalised with FDCs. Blocking antigen binding to complement receptor type 2 and 1 (CR2/CR1) prior to infection with FMDV significantly reduced the detection of viral proteins on FDCs and FMDV genomic RNA in spleen samples. Blocking the receptors prior to infection also significantly reduced neutralising antibody titres, through significant reduction in their avidity to the FMDV capsid. Therefore, the binding of FMDV to FDCs and sustained induction of neutralising antibody responses are dependent on FMDV binding to CR2/CR1 in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Gordon
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Liudmila Kulik
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nick Juleff
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hille MM, Jewell JE, Belden EL. Cellular distribution of the prion protein in palatine tonsils of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1586-1596. [PMID: 31548473 PMCID: PMC6895627 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) that affects members of the Cervidae family, including deer (Odocoileus spp.), elk
(Cervus Canadensis spp.), and moose (Alces alces spp.). While CWD is a neurodegenerative disease, lymphoid accumulation of the abnormal isoform of the
prion protein (PrPSc) is detectable early in the course of infection. It has been shown that a large portion of the PrPSc lymphoid accumulation in infected mule deer
takes place on the surface of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). In mice, FDC expression of PrPC has been shown to be essential for PrPSc accumulation. FDCs have been
shown to normally express high levels of PrPC in mice and humans but this has not been examined in natural hosts for CWD. We used double immunofluorescent labeling and confocal
microscopy to determine the PrPC expression characteristics of B and T lymphocytes as well as FDCs in palatine tonsils of CWD-negative mule deer and elk. We detected substantial
PrPC colocalization with all cellular phenotypic markers used in this study, not just with FDC phenotypic markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Hille
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, U.S.A.,Current address: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0907, U.S.A
| | - Jean E Jewell
- Former affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, U.S.A
| | - E Lee Belden
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cortey M, Ferretti L, Pérez-Martín E, Zhang F, de Klerk-Lorist LM, Scott K, Freimanis G, Seago J, Ribeca P, van Schalkwyk L, Juleff ND, Maree FF, Charleston B. Persistent Infection of African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Limited Viral Evolution and No Evidence of Antibody Neutralization Escape. J Virol 2019; 93:e00563-19. [PMID: 31092573 PMCID: PMC6639274 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00563-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) are the principal "carrier" hosts of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Currently, the epithelia and lymphoid germinal centers of the oropharynx have been identified as sites for FMDV persistence. We carried out studies in FMDV SAT1 persistently infected buffaloes to characterize the diversity of viruses in oropharyngeal epithelia, germinal centers, probang samples (oropharyngeal scrapings), and tonsil swabs to determine if sufficient virus variation is generated during persistence for immune escape. Most sequencing reads of the VP1 coding region of the SAT1 virus inoculum clustered around 2 subpopulations differing by 22 single-nucleotide variants of intermediate frequency. Similarly, most sequences from oropharynx tissue clustered into two subpopulations, albeit with different proportions, depending on the day postinfection (dpi). There was a significant difference between the populations of viruses in the inoculum and in lymphoid tissue taken at 35 dpi. Thereafter, until 400 dpi, no significant variation was detected in the viral populations in samples from individual animals, germinal centers, and epithelial tissues. Deep sequencing of virus from probang or tonsil swab samples harvested prior to postmortem showed less within-sample variability of VP1 than that of tissue sample sequences analyzed at the same time. Importantly, there was no significant difference in the ability of sera collected between 14 and 400 dpi to neutralize the inoculum or viruses isolated at later time points in the study from the same animal. Therefore, based on this study, there is no evidence of escape from antibody neutralization contributing to FMDV persistent infection in African buffalo.IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious virus of cloven-hoofed animals and is recognized as the most important constraint to international trade in animals and animal products. African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) are efficient carriers of FMDV, and it has been proposed that new virus variants are produced in buffalo during the prolonged carriage after acute infection, which may spread to cause disease in livestock populations. Here, we show that despite an accumulation of low-frequency sequence variants over time, there is no evidence of significant antigenic variation leading to immune escape. Therefore, carrier buffalo are unlikely to be a major source of new virus variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martí Cortey
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Ferretti
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fuquan Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katherine Scott
- Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute-Transboundary Animal Disease Section (OVI-TAD), Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa
| | | | - Julian Seago
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Francois F Maree
- Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute-Transboundary Animal Disease Section (OVI-TAD), Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lanyon SR, Hill FI, Reichel MP, Brownlie J. Bovine viral diarrhoea: Pathogenesis and diagnosis. Vet J 2014; 199:201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
6
|
Chase CCL. The impact of BVDV infection on adaptive immunity. Biologicals 2012; 41:52-60. [PMID: 23137817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes immunosuppression of the adaptive immune response. The level of suppression of the adaptive immune response is strain dependent. The early events of antigen presentation require activation of toll-like receptors that results in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Non-cytopathic (ncp) BVDV infection stimulates cytokines from macrophages in vitro but the effect of BVDV infection in vivo on macrophages or in vitro with monocytes is not clear. Antigen presentation is decreased and co-stimulatory molecules are down regulated. T-lymphocytes numbers are reduced following BVDV infection in a strain dependent manner. There is recruitment of lymphocytes to the bronchial alveolar space following cytopathic (cp) BVDV infection. Depletion of T-lymphocytes occurs in the lymphoid tissue and is strain dependent. BVDV cp T-lymphocyte responses appear to be primarily a T helper 1 response while the response following ncp BVDV induces a T helper 2 response. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL), an important BVDV defense mechanism are compromised. The major neutralizing antigens are well characterized but cross-protection between strains is variable. PI animals have normal adaptive immune responses with the exception of the PI strain immunotolerance and mucosal disease may be a function of the level of gamma delta T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C L Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, PO Box 2175, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Juleff N, Maree F, Waters R, Bengis R, Charleston B. The importance of FMDV localisation in lymphoid tissue. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 148:145-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Hansen M, Pors S, Bille-Hansen V, Kjerulff S, Nielsen O. Occurrence and Tissue Distribution of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Identified by Immunohistochemistry in Danish Finishing Pigs at Slaughter. J Comp Pathol 2010; 142:109-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
9
|
Abstract
Bovine respiratory tract disease is a multi-factorial disease complex involving several viruses and bacteria. Viruses that play prominent roles in causing the bovine respiratory disease complex include bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus and parinfluenza-3 virus. Bacteria that play prominent roles in this disease complex are Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma bovis. Other bacteria that infect the bovine respiratory tract of cattle are Histophilus (Haemophilus) somni and Pasteurella multocida. Frequently, severe respiratory tract disease in cattle is associated with concurrent infections of these pathogens. Like other pathogens, the viral and bacterial pathogens of this disease complex have co-evolved with their hosts over millions of years. As much as the hosts have diversified and fine-tuned the components of their immune system, the pathogens have also evolved diverse and sophisticated strategies to evade the host immune responses. These pathogens have developed intricate mechanisms to thwart both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune responses of their hosts. This review presents an overview of the strategies by which the pathogens suppress host immune responses, as well as the strategies by which the pathogens modify themselves or their locations in the host to evade host immune responses. These immune evasion strategies likely contribute to the failure of currently-available vaccines to provide complete protection to cattle against these pathogens.
Collapse
|
10
|
Vigliano FA, Bermúdez R, Quiroga MI, Nieto JM. Evidence for melano-macrophage centres of teleost as evolutionary precursors of germinal centres of higher vertebrates: an immunohistochemical study. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 21:467-71. [PMID: 16533606 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The melano-macrophage centres (MMCs) of the haemolymphopoietic organs of teleost fish trap and retain antigens and are closely associated with immunoglobulin-secreting cells. The hypothesis that they are the phylogenetic precursors of the germinal centres of higher vertebrates has been questioned due to their apparent lack of organising cells. In this study the immunoreactivity of MMC cells from spleen and kidney of the teleosts Cyprinus carpio, Odontesthes bonariensis and Solea senegalensis to CNA-42, an antibody usually employed for labelling follicular dendritic cells of higher vertebrates was investigated. Free melano-macrophages and MMCs in the spleens of all three species were labelled by the antibody. This finding adds new evidence to the hypothesis that an evolutionary relationship exists between the MMCs of fish and the germinal centres of many birds and mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio A Vigliano
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2170HGJ, CC 166, Casilda, Argentina.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pande A, Carr BV, Wong SYC, Dalton K, Jones IM, McCauley JW, Charleston B. The glycosylation pattern of baculovirus expressed envelope protein E2 affects its ability to prevent infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Virus Res 2005; 114:54-62. [PMID: 15993973 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the role of glycosylation of the envelope glycoprotein E2 of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), produced in insect cells, in BVDV infection. When amino acids predicated to code for the C-terminal N-linked glycosylation site were mutated the resulting protein was less efficient than wild type protein at preventing infection of susceptible cells with BVDV. In addition, mutational analysis showed that a further two predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites of E2 are required for efficient production of recombinant protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pande
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chase CCL, Elmowalid G, Yousif AAA. The immune response to bovine viral diarrhea virus: a constantlychanging picture. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2004; 20:95-114. [PMID: 15062477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the major immuno-suppressive viruses of cattle. The effect on the innate and acquired immune system is unique and results in dramatic immune dysfunction. BVDV infection also has the ability to cause persistent infection (PI) in the developing fetus. This Pl syndrome creates a requirement for high levels of BVDV immunity from vaccines to prevent these infections. BVDV vaccines and their future development continue to be an enigma in the control of BVDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C L Chase
- Department of Veterinary Science, South Dakota State University, P.O. Box 2175, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is economically important to the cattle industry because the virus causes a variety of clinical diseases that adversely affect essentially all stages of the production cycle. Production losses primarily stem from reproductive failure and from immunosuppression during acute BVDV infection, which predisposes calves to respiratory or enteric diseases. Control is achieved by implementing herd health pro-grams focused on limiting exposure by avoiding persistently infected (PI) carrier cattle and by optimizing protective immunity through immunization. Vaccination cannot be relied upon solely to protect against fetal infection and losses due to BVD. This is because no single BVDV vaccine has been shown to give complete fetal protection. In addition to strategic use of vaccines, herd management practices should also be implemented to identify and eliminate PI carrier cattle and to avoid exposure to BVDV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clayton L Kelling
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, 124 Veterinary Diagnositc Center, Lincoln, NE 68583-0905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|