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Multiple-Site SUMOylation of FMDV 3C Protease and Its Negative Role in Viral Replication. J Virol 2022; 96:e0061222. [PMID: 36005757 PMCID: PMC9472655 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00612-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation represents an important cellular process that regulates the activities of numerous host proteins as well as of many invasive viral proteins. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the first animal virus discovered. However, whether SUMOylation takes place during FMDV infection and what role it plays in FMDV pathogenesis have not been investigated. In the present study, we demonstrated that SUMOylation suppressed FMDV replication by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection coupled with pharmaceutical inhibition of SUMOylation, which was further confirmed by increased virus replication for SUMOylation-deficient FMDV with mutations in 3C protease, a target of SUMOylation. Moreover, we provided evidence that four lysine residues, Lys-51, -54, -110, and -159, worked together to confer the SUMOylation to the FMDV 3C protease, which may make SUMOylation of FMDV 3C more stable and improve the host's chance of suppressing the replication of FMDV. This is the first report that four lysine residues can be alternatively modified by SUMOylation. Finally, we showed that SUMOylation attenuated the cleavage ability, the inhibitory effect of the interferon signaling pathway, and the protein stability of FMDV 3C, which appeared to correlate with a decrease in FMDV replication. Taken together, the results of our experiments describe a novel cellular regulatory event that significantly restricts FMDV replication through the SUMOylation of 3C protease. IMPORTANCE FMD is a highly contagious and economically important disease in cloven-hoofed animals. SUMOylation, the covalent linkage of a small ubiquitin-like protein to a variety of substrate proteins, has emerged as an important posttranslational modification that plays multiple roles in diverse biological processes. In this study, four lysine residues of FMDV 3C were found to be alternatively modified by SUMOylation. In addition, we demonstrated that SUMOylation attenuated FMDV 3C function through multiple mechanisms, including cleavage ability, the inhibitory effect of the interferon signaling pathway, and protein stability, which, in turn, resulted in a decrease of FMDV replication. Our findings indicate that SUMOylation of FMDV 3C serves as a host cell defense against FMDV replication. Further understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving this process should offer novel insights to design an effective strategy to control the dissemination of FMDV in animals.
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Xiang JW, Zhang L, Tang X, Xiao Y, Liu Y, Wang L, Liu F, Gong XD, Fu JL, Yang L, Luo Z, Li DWC. Differential Expression of Seven De-sumoylation Enzymes (SENPs) in Major Ocular Tissues of Mouse Eye. Curr Mol Med 2019; 18:533-541. [PMID: 30636607 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190112132103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Protein Sumoylation is one of the most important and prevalent posttranscriptional modification. Increasing evidence have shown that the SENPs (sentrin/SUMOspecific proteases) are critical for steady-state levels of SUMO modification of target proteins, and protein de-sumoylation modulates a great diversity of biological processes including transcription, development, differentiation, neuroprotection, as well as pathogenesis. In the vertebrate eye, we and others have previously shown that sumoylation participated in the differentiation of major ocular tissues including retina and lens. However, the biological significance of seven SENP enzymes: SENP1 to 3 and SENP5 to 8 have not be fully investigated in the ocular tissues. METHODS The 5 major ocular cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing fetal bovine serum (FBS) or rabbit serum (RBS) and 1% Penicillin- Streptomycin. The mRNA levels were analysed with qRT-PCR. The protein levels were determined with western blot analysis and quantitated with Image J. RESULTS At the mRNA level, all SENPs were highly expressed in retina, and much reduced expression patterns in cornea, lens epithelium and lens fiber. At the protein level, SENP1 to -3, and SENP6 were highly abundant in cornea, while SENP5, SENP7 and SENP8 were enriched in retina, and these SENPs were relatively less abundant in lens tissues. CONCLUSION Our results for the first time established the differentiation expression patterns of the 7 de-sumoylation enzymes (SENPs), which provides a basis for further investigation of protein desumoylation functions in vertebrate eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Xiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Xiangcheng Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Yunfei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Ling Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gong
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Jia-Ling Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Lan Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Zhongwen Luo
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - David Wan-Cheng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
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Sekine E, Schmidt N, Gaboriau D, O’Hare P. Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear entry and compaction state transitions using bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006721. [PMID: 29121649 PMCID: PMC5697887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome transport during the initiation of infection using viruses containing bioorthogonal traceable precursors incorporated into their genomes (HSVEdC). In vitro assays revealed a structural alteration in the capsid induced upon HSVEdC binding to solid supports that allowed coupling to external capture agents and demonstrated that the vast majority of individual virions contained bioorthogonally-tagged genomes. Using HSVEdC in vivo we reveal novel aspects of the kinetics, localisation, mechanistic entry requirements and morphological transitions of infecting genomes. Uncoating and nuclear import was observed within 30 min, with genomes in a defined compaction state (ca. 3-fold volume increase from capsids). Free cytosolic uncoated genomes were infrequent (7-10% of the total uncoated genomes), likely a consequence of subpopulations of cells receiving high particle numbers. Uncoated nuclear genomes underwent temporal transitions in condensation state and while ICP4 efficiently associated with condensed foci of initial infecting genomes, this relationship switched away from residual longer lived condensed foci to increasingly decondensed genomes as infection progressed. Inhibition of transcription had no effect on nuclear entry but in the absence of transcription, genomes persisted as tightly condensed foci. Ongoing transcription, in the absence of protein synthesis, revealed a distinct spatial clustering of genomes, which we have termed genome congregation, not seen with non-transcribing genomes. Genomes expanded to more decondensed forms in the absence of DNA replication indicating additional transitional steps. During full progression of infection, genomes decondensed further, with a diffuse low intensity signal dissipated within replication compartments, but frequently with tight foci remaining peripherally, representing unreplicated genomes or condensed parental strands of replicated DNA. Uncoating and nuclear entry was independent of proteasome function and resistant to inhibitors of nuclear export. Together with additional data our results reveal new insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome uncoating, transport and organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiki Sekine
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, St Mary’s Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nora Schmidt
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, St Mary’s Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Gaboriau
- Department of Medicine, Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter O’Hare
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, St Mary’s Medical School, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Wilson VG. Viral Interplay with the Host Sumoylation System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 963:359-388. [PMID: 28197923 PMCID: PMC7121812 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50044-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viruses have evolved elaborate means to regulate diverse cellular pathways in order to create a cellular environment that facilitates viral survival and reproduction. This includes enhancing viral macromolecular synthesis and assembly, as well as preventing antiviral responses, including intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immunity. There are numerous mechanisms by which viruses mediate their effects on the host cell, and this includes targeting various cellular post-translational modification systems, including sumoylation. The wide-ranging impact of sumoylation on cellular processes such as transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, stress response, and cell cycle control makes it an attractive target for viral dysregulation. To date, proteins from both RNA and DNA virus families have been shown to be modified by SUMO conjugation, and this modification appears critical for viral protein function. More interestingly, members of the several viral families have been shown to modulate sumoylation, including papillomaviruses, adenoviruses, herpesviruses, orthomyxoviruses, filoviruses, and picornaviruses. This chapter will focus on mechanisms by which sumoylation both impacts human viruses and is used by viruses to promote viral infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van G Wilson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 8447 HWY 47, Bryan, TX, 77807-1359, USA.
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Su Hui Teo C, Serwa RA, O’Hare P. Spatial and Temporal Resolution of Global Protein Synthesis during HSV Infection Using Bioorthogonal Precursors and Click Chemistry. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005927. [PMID: 27706239 PMCID: PMC5051704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We used pulse-labeling with the methionine analogue homopropargylglycine (HPG) to investigate spatiotemporal aspects of protein synthesis during herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. In vivo incorporation of HPG enables subsequent selective coupling of fluorochrome-capture reagents to newly synthesised proteins. We demonstrate that HPG labeling had no effect on cell viability, on accumulation of test early or late viral proteins, or on overall virus yields. HPG pulse-labeling followed by SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed incorporation into newly synthesised proteins, while parallel processing by in situ cycloaddition revealed new insight into spatiotemporal aspects of protein localisation during infection. A striking feature was the rapid accumulation of newly synthesised proteins not only in a general nuclear pattern but additionally in newly forming sub-compartments represented by small discrete foci. These newly synthesised protein domains (NPDs) were similar in size and morphology to PML domains but were more numerous, and whereas PML domains were progressively disrupted, NPDs were progressively induced and persisted. Immediate-early proteins ICP4 and ICP0 were excluded from NPDs, but using an ICP0 mutant defective in PML disruption, we show a clear spatial relationship between NPDs and PML domains with NPDs frequently forming immediately adjacent and co-joining persisting PML domains. Further analysis of location of the chaperone Hsc70 demonstrated that while NPDs formed early in infection without overt Hsc70 recruitment, later in infection Hsc70 showed pronounced recruitment frequently in a coat-like fashion around NPDs. Moreover, while ICP4 and ICP0 were excluded from NPDs, ICP22 showed selective recruitment. Our data indicate that NPDs represent early recruitment of host and viral de novo translated protein to distinct structural entities which are precursors to the previously described VICE domains involved in protein quality control in the nucleus, and reveal new features from which we propose spatially linked platforms of newly synthesised protein processing after nuclear import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Su Hui Teo
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Medical School, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Remigiusz A. Serwa
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter O’Hare
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Medical School, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) capsid contains a major capsid protein, VCA; two minor capsid proteins, BDLF1 and BORF1; and a small capsid protein, BFRF3. During the lytic cycle, these capsid proteins are synthesized and imported into the host nucleus for capsid assembly. This study finds that EBV capsid proteins colocalize with promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs) in P3HR1 cells during the viral lytic cycle, appearing as nuclear speckles under a confocal laser scanning microscope. In a glutathione S-transferase pulldown study, we show that BORF1 interacts with PML-NBs in vitro. BORF1 also colocalizes with PML-NBs in EBV-negative Akata cells after transfection and is responsible for bringing VCA and the VCA-BFRF3 complex from the cytoplasm to PML-NBs in the nucleus. Furthermore, BDLF1 is dispersed throughout the cell when expressed alone but colocalizes with PML-NBs when BORF1 is also present in the cell. In addition, this study finds that knockdown of PML expression by short hairpin RNA does not influence the intracellular levels of capsid proteins but reduces the number of viral particles produced by P3HR1 cells. Together, these results demonstrate that BORF1 plays a critical role in bringing capsid proteins to PML-NBs, which may likely be the assembly sites of EBV capsids. The mechanisms elucidated in this study are critical to understanding the process of EBV capsid assembly. IMPORTANCE Capsid assembly is an important event during the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic cycle, as this process is required for the production of virions. In this study, confocal microscopy revealed that the EBV capsid protein BORF1 interacts with promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs) in the host nucleus and is responsible for transporting the other EBV capsid proteins, including VCA, BDLF1, and BFRF3, to these subnuclear locations prior to initiation of capsid assembly. This study also found that knockdown of PML expression by short hairpin RNA significantly reduces EBV capsid assembly capabilities. This enhanced understanding of capsid assembly offers potential for the development of novel antiviral strategies and therapies that can prevent the propagation and spread of EBV.
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Henley JM, Craig TJ, Wilkinson KA. Neuronal SUMOylation: mechanisms, physiology, and roles in neuronal dysfunction. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1249-85. [PMID: 25287864 PMCID: PMC4187031 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation is a critically important posttranslational protein modification that participates in nearly all aspects of cellular physiology. In the nearly 20 years since its discovery, SUMOylation has emerged as a major regulator of nuclear function, and more recently, it has become clear that SUMOylation has key roles in the regulation of protein trafficking and function outside of the nucleus. In neurons, SUMOylation participates in cellular processes ranging from neuronal differentiation and control of synapse formation to regulation of synaptic transmission and cell survival. It is a highly dynamic and usually transient modification that enhances or hinders interactions between proteins, and its consequences are extremely diverse. Hundreds of different proteins are SUMO substrates, and dysfunction of protein SUMOylation is implicated in a many different diseases. Here we briefly outline core aspects of the SUMO system and provide a detailed overview of the current understanding of the roles of SUMOylation in healthy and diseased neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J Craig
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Chang PC, Cheng CY, Campbell M, Yang YC, Hsu HW, Chang TY, Chu CH, Lee YW, Hung CL, Lai SM, Tepper CG, Hsieh WP, Wang HW, Tang CY, Wang WC, Kung HJ. The chromatin modification by SUMO-2/3 but not SUMO-1 prevents the epigenetic activation of key immune-related genes during Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus reactivation. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:824. [PMID: 24267727 PMCID: PMC4046822 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SUMOylation, as part of the epigenetic regulation of transcription, has been intensively studied in lower eukaryotes that contain only a single SUMO protein; however, the functions of SUMOylation during mammalian epigenetic transcriptional regulation are largely uncharacterized. Mammals express three major SUMO paralogues: SUMO-1, SUMO-2, and SUMO-3 (normally referred to as SUMO-1 and SUMO-2/3). Herpesviruses, including Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV), seem to have evolved mechanisms that directly or indirectly modulate the SUMO machinery in order to evade host immune surveillance, thus advancing their survival. Interestingly, KSHV encodes a SUMO E3 ligase, K-bZIP, with specificity toward SUMO-2/3 and is an excellent model for investigating the global functional differences between SUMO paralogues. RESULTS We investigated the effect of experimental herpesvirus reactivation in a KSHV infected B lymphoma cell line on genomic SUMO-1 and SUMO-2/3 binding profiles together with the potential role of chromatin SUMOylation in transcription regulation. This was carried out via high-throughput sequencing analysis. Interestingly, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) experiments showed that KSHV reactivation is accompanied by a significant increase in SUMO-2/3 modification around promoter regions, but SUMO-1 enrichment was absent. Expression profiling revealed that the SUMO-2/3 targeted genes are primarily highly transcribed genes that show no expression changes during viral reactivation. Gene ontology analysis further showed that these genes are involved in cellular immune responses and cytokine signaling. High-throughput annotation of SUMO occupancy of transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) pinpointed the presence of three master regulators of immune responses, IRF-1, IRF-2, and IRF-7, as potential SUMO-2/3 targeted transcriptional factors after KSHV reactivation. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to identify differential genome-wide SUMO modifications between SUMO paralogues during herpesvirus reactivation. Our findings indicate that SUMO-2/3 modification near protein-coding gene promoters occurs in order to maintain host immune-related gene unaltered during viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ching Chang
- />Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Cheng
- />Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
- />Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
| | - Mel Campbell
- />UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Yi-Cheng Yang
- />Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221 Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wei Hsu
- />Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221 Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chang
- />Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Han Chu
- />Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Lee
- />Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221 Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Lien Hung
- />Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053 Taiwan
| | - Shi-Mei Lai
- />Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
| | - Clifford G Tepper
- />UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Wen-Ping Hsieh
- />Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
| | - Hsei-Wei Wang
- />Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221 Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Yi Tang
- />Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Wang
- />Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- />UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053 Taiwan
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xin Street, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Droescher M, Chaugule VK, Pichler A. SUMO rules: regulatory concepts and their implication in neurologic functions. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 15:639-60. [PMID: 23990202 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of proteins by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a potent regulator of various cellular events. Hundreds of substrates have been identified, many of them involved in vital processes like transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, protein degradation, cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, chromatin organization, and nuclear transport. In recent years, protein sumoylation increasingly attracted attention, as it could be linked to heart failure, cancer, and neurodegeneration. However, underlying mechanisms involving how modification by SUMO contributes to disease development are still scarce thus necessitating further research. This review aims to critically discuss currently available concepts of the SUMO pathway, thereby highlighting regulation in the healthy versus diseased organism, focusing on neurologic aspects. Better understanding of differential regulation in health and disease may finally allow to uncover pathogenic mechanisms and contribute to the development of disease-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Droescher
- Department of Epigenetics, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
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Saha S, Hu Y, Martin SC, Bandyopadhyay S, Russek SJ, Farb DH. Polycomblike protein PHF1b: a transcriptional sensor for GABA receptor activity. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 14:37. [PMID: 23879974 PMCID: PMC3734045 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-14-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor (GABA(A)R) contains the recognition sites for a variety of agents used in the treatment of brain disorders, including anxiety and epilepsy. A better understanding of how receptor expression is regulated in individual neurons may provide novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Towards this goal we have studied transcription of a GABA(A)R subunit gene (GABRB1) whose activity is autologously regulated by GABA via a 10 base pair initiator-like element (β(1)-INR). METHODS By screening a human cDNA brain library with a yeast one-hybrid assay, the Polycomblike (PCL) gene product PHD finger protein transcript b (PHF1b) was identified as a β(1)-INR associated protein. Promoter/reporter assays in primary rat cortical cells demonstrate that PHF1b is an activator at GABRB1, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays reveal that presence of PHF1 at endogenous Gabrb1 is regulated by GABA(A)R activation. RESULTS PCL is a member of the Polycomb group required for correct spatial expression of homeotic genes in Drosophila. We now show that PHF1b recognition of β(1)-INR is dependent on a plant homeodomain, an adjacent helix-loop-helix, and short glycine rich motif. In neurons, it co-immunoprecipitates with SUZ12, a key component of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) that regulates a number of important cellular processes, including gene silencing via histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). CONCLUSIONS The observation that chronic exposure to GABA reduces PHF1 binding and H3K27 monomethylation, which is associated with transcriptional activation, strongly suggests that PHF1b may be a molecular transducer of GABA(A)R function and thus GABA-mediated neurotransmission in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamol Saha
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Laboratory of Translational Epilepsy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Watts FZ. Starting and stopping SUMOylation. What regulates the regulator? Chromosoma 2013; 122:451-63. [PMID: 23812602 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-013-0422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A large number of proteins are modified post-translationally by the ubiquitin-like protein (Ubl) SUMO. This process, known as sumoylation, regulates the function, localisation and activity of target proteins as part of normal cellular metabolism, e.g., during development, and through the cell cycle, as well as in response to a range of stresses. In order to be effective, the sumoylation pathway itself must also be regulated. This review describes how the SUMOylation process is regulated. In particular, regulation of the SUMO conjugation and deconjugation machinery at the level of transcription and by post-translational modifications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Z Watts
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK,
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Li S, Wang M, Ao X, Chang AK, Yang C, Zhao F, Bi H, Liu Y, Xiao L, Wu H. CLOCK is a substrate of SUMO and sumoylation of CLOCK upregulates the transcriptional activity of estrogen receptor-α. Oncogene 2012; 32:4883-91. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vranych CV, Merino MC, Zamponi N, Touz MC, Rópolo AS. SUMOylation in Giardia lamblia: A Conserved Post-Translational Modification in One of the Earliest Divergent Eukaryotes. Biomolecules 2012; 2:312-30. [PMID: 24970140 PMCID: PMC4030834 DOI: 10.3390/biom2030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications are able to regulate protein function and cellular processes in a rapid and reversible way. SUMOylation, the post-translational modification of proteins by the addition of SUMO, is a highly conserved process that seems to be present in modern cells. However, the mechanism of protein SUMOylation in earlier divergent eukaryotes, such as Giardia lamblia, is only starting to become apparent. In this work, we report the presence of a single SUMO gene encoding to SUMO protein in Giardia. Monoclonal antibodies against recombinant Giardia SUMO protein revealed the cytoplasmic localization of native SUMO in wild-type trophozoites. Moreover, the over-expression of SUMO protein showed a mainly cytoplasmic localization, though also neighboring the plasma membrane, flagella, and around and even inside the nuclei. Western blot assays revealed a number of SUMOylated proteins in a range between 20 and 120 kDa. The genes corresponding to putative enzymes involved in the SUMOylation pathway were also explored. Our results as a whole suggest that SUMOylation is a process conserved in the eukaryotic lineage, and that its study is significant for understanding the biology of this interesting parasite and the role of post-translational modification in its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia V Vranych
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María C Merino
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Nahuel Zamponi
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María C Touz
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Andrea S Rópolo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
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14
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Garzón J, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, Vicente-Sánchez A, García-López MÁ, Martínez-Murillo R, Fischer T, Sánchez-Blázquez P. SUMO-SIM interactions regulate the activity of RGSZ2 proteins. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28557. [PMID: 22163035 PMCID: PMC3232247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The RGSZ2 gene, a regulator of G protein signaling, has been implicated in cognition, Alzheimer's disease, panic disorder, schizophrenia and several human cancers. This 210 amino acid protein is a GTPase accelerating protein (GAP) on Gαi/o/z subunits, binds to the N terminal of neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) negatively regulating the production of nitric oxide, and binds to the histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 at the C terminus of different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We now describe a novel regulatory mechanism of RGS GAP function through the covalent incorporation of Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifiers (SUMO) into RGSZ2 RGS box (RH) and the SUMO non covalent binding with SUMO-interacting motifs (SIM): one upstream of the RH and a second within this region. The covalent attachment of SUMO does not affect RGSZ2 binding to GPCR-activated GαGTP subunits but abolishes its GAP activity. By contrast, non-covalent binding of SUMO with RH SIM impedes RGSZ2 from interacting with GαGTP subunits. Binding of SUMO to the RGSZ2 SIM that lies outside the RH does not affect GαGTP binding or GAP activity, but it could lead to regulatory interactions with sumoylated proteins. Thus, sumoylation and SUMO-SIM interactions constitute a new regulatory mechanism of RGS GAP function and therefore of GPCR cell signaling as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Garzón
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Mental Health, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Vicente-Sánchez
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Mental Health, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Thierry Fischer
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre of Biotechnology, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Sánchez-Blázquez
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Mental Health, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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15
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Abstract
Since posttranslational modification (PTM) by the small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs) was discovered over a decade ago, a huge number of cellular proteins have been found to be reversibly modified, resulting in alteration of differential cellular pathways. Although the molecular consequences of SUMO attachment are difficult to predict, the underlying principle of SUMOylation is altering inter- and/or intramolecular interactions of the modified substrate, changing localization, stability, and/or activity. Unsurprisingly, many different pathogens have evolved to exploit the cellular SUMO modification system due to its functional flexibility and far-reaching functional downstream consequences. Although the extensive knowledge gained so far is impressive, a definitive conclusion about the role of SUMO modification during virus infection in general remains elusive and is still restricted to a few, yet promising concepts. Based on the available data, this review aims, first, to provide a detailed overview of the current state of knowledge and, second, to evaluate the currently known common principles/molecular mechanisms of how human pathogenic microbes, especially viruses and their regulatory proteins, exploit the host cell SUMO modification system.
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16
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Sánchez-Durán MA, Dallas MB, Ascencio-Ibañez JT, Reyes MI, Arroyo-Mateos M, Ruiz-Albert J, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Bejarano ER. Interaction between geminivirus replication protein and the SUMO-conjugating enzyme is required for viral infection. J Virol 2011; 85:9789-800. [PMID: 21775461 PMCID: PMC3196459 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02566-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are small DNA viruses that replicate in nuclei of infected plant cells by using plant DNA polymerases. These viruses encode a protein designated AL1, Rep, or AC1 that is essential for viral replication. AL1 is an oligomeric protein that binds to double-stranded DNA, catalyzes the cleavage and ligation of single-stranded DNA, and induces the accumulation of host replication machinery. It also interacts with several host proteins, including the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma-related protein (RBR), the DNA replication protein PCNA (proliferating cellular nuclear antigen), and the sumoylation enzyme that conjugates SUMO to target proteins (SUMO-conjugating enzyme [SCE1]). The SCE1-binding motif was mapped by deletion to a region encompassing AL1 amino acids 85 to 114. Alanine mutagenesis of lysine residues in the binding region either reduced or eliminated the interaction with SCE1, but no defects were observed for other AL1 functions, such as oligomerization, DNA binding, DNA cleavage, and interaction with AL3 or RBR. The lysine mutations reduced or abolished virus infectivity in plants and viral DNA accumulation in transient-replication assays, suggesting that the AL1-SCE1 interaction is required for viral DNA replication. Ectopic AL1 expression did not result in broad changes in the sumoylation pattern of plant cells, but specific changes were detected, indicating that AL1 modifies the sumoylation state of selected host proteins. These results established the importance of AL1-SCE1 interactions during geminivirus infection of plants and suggested that AL1 alters the sumoylation of selected host factors to create an environment suitable for viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Sánchez-Durán
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departmento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Mary B. Dallas
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7622
| | - José T. Ascencio-Ibañez
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7622
| | - Maria Ines Reyes
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7622
| | - Manuel Arroyo-Mateos
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departmento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departmento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Linda Hanley-Bowdoin
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7622
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departmento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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17
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Boutell C, Cuchet-Lourenço D, Vanni E, Orr A, Glass M, McFarlane S, Everett RD. A viral ubiquitin ligase has substrate preferential SUMO targeted ubiquitin ligase activity that counteracts intrinsic antiviral defence. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002245. [PMID: 21949651 PMCID: PMC3174244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic antiviral resistance represents the first line of intracellular defence against virus infection. During herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection this response can lead to the repression of viral gene expression but is counteracted by the viral ubiquitin ligase ICP0. Here we address the mechanisms by which ICP0 overcomes this antiviral response. We report that ICP0 induces the widespread proteasome-dependent degradation of SUMO-conjugated proteins during infection and has properties related to those of cellular SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs). Mutation of putative SUMO interaction motifs within ICP0 not only affects its ability to degrade SUMO conjugates, but also its capacity to stimulate HSV-1 lytic infection and reactivation from quiescence. We demonstrate that in the absence of this viral countermeasure the SUMO conjugation pathway plays an important role in mediating intrinsic antiviral resistance and the repression of HSV-1 infection. Using PML as a model substrate, we found that whilst ICP0 preferentially targets SUMO-modified isoforms of PML for degradation, it also induces the degradation of PML isoform I in a SUMO modification-independent manner. PML was degraded by ICP0 more rapidly than the bulk of SUMO-modified proteins in general, implying that the identity of a SUMO-modified protein, as well as the presence of SUMO modification, is involved in ICP0 targeting. We conclude that ICP0 has dual targeting mechanisms involving both SUMO- and substrate-dependent targeting specificities in order to counteract intrinsic antiviral resistance to HSV-1 infection. Viruses must evade several antiviral defences in order to establish a productive infection. These include antibody- and cell-mediated acquired immunity and interferon-regulated innate immunity. Recently, a third arm of antiviral defence has been discovered, so called intrinsic immunity. This aspect of antiviral resistance represents the first line of intracellular defence against virus infection and is mediated by pre-existing cellular factors that attempt to repress viral replication during the initial stages of infection. Like acquired and innate immunity, viruses have evolved mechanisms that overcome intrinsic defence. Here we show that in response to herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection an important aspect of intrinsic immunity is regulated by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation pathway. In response to this defence, the virus induces rapid degradation of specific SUMO-conjugated proteins, followed by widespread loss of SUMO-conjugated species in general. Inactivation of the SUMO pathway inhibits the cell’s ability to efficiently repress viral replication in the absence of this viral countermeasure. Our data identifies an important regulatory pathway that mediates intrinsic resistance to HSV-1 infection and describes the biochemical mechanism that the virus utilizes in order to counteract this antiviral defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Boutell
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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18
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Chen SC, Chang LY, Wang YW, Chen YC, Weng KF, Shih SR, Shih HM. Sumoylation-promoted enterovirus 71 3C degradation correlates with a reduction in viral replication and cell apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31373-84. [PMID: 21784861 PMCID: PMC3173077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.254896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a member of the Picornaviridae family, may cause serious clinical manifestations associated with the central nervous system. Enterovirus 3C protease is required for virus replication and can trigger host cell apoptosis via cleaving viral polyprotein precursor and cellular proteins, respectively. Although the role of the 3C protease in processing viral and cellular proteins has been established, very little is known about the modulation of EV71 3C function by host cellular factors. Here, we show that sumoylation promotes EV71 3C protein ubiquitination for degradation, correlating with a decrease of EV71 in virus replication and cell apoptosis. SUMO E2-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 was identified as an EV71 3C-interacting protein. Further studies revealed that EV71 3C can be SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier)-modified at residue Lys-52. Sumoylation down-regulated 3C protease activity in vitro and also 3C protein stability in cells, in agreement with data suggesting 3C K52R protein induced greater substrate cleavage and apoptosis in cells. More importantly, the recombinant EV71 3C K52R virus infection conferred more apoptotic phenotype and increased virus levels in culture cells, which also correlated with a mouse model showing increased levels of viral VP1 protein in intestine and neuron loss in the spinal cord with EV71 3C K52R recombinant viral infection. Finally, we show that EV71 3C amino acid residues 45-52 involved in Ubc9 interaction determined the extent of 3C sumoylation and protein stability. Our results uncover a previously undescribed cellular regulatory event against EV71 virus replication and host cell apoptosis by sumoylation at 3C protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chuan Chen
- From the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica
- the Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, and
| | - Luan-Yin Chang
- the Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan and
| | - Yi-Wei Wang
- From the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica
- the Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, and
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- From the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica
| | - Kuo-Feng Weng
- the Department of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- the Department of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ming Shih
- From the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica
- the Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, and
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19
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Diring J, Camuzeaux B, Donzeau M, Vigneron M, Rosa-Calatrava M, Kedinger C, Chatton B. A cytoplasmic negative regulator isoform of ATF7 impairs ATF7 and ATF2 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23351. [PMID: 21858082 PMCID: PMC3156760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing and post-translational modifications are processes that give rise to the complexity of the proteome. The nuclear ATF7 and ATF2 (activating transcription factor) are structurally homologous leucine zipper transcription factors encoded by distinct genes. Stress and growth factors activate ATF2 and ATF7 mainly via sequential phosphorylation of two conserved threonine residues in their activation domain. Distinct protein kinases, among which mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphorylate ATF2 and ATF7 first on Thr71/Thr53 and next on Thr69/Thr51 residues respectively, resulting in transcriptional activation. Here, we identify and characterize a cytoplasmic alternatively spliced isoform of ATF7. This variant, named ATF7-4, inhibits both ATF2 and ATF7 transcriptional activities by impairing the first phosphorylation event on Thr71/Thr53 residues. ATF7-4 indeed sequesters the Thr53-phosphorylating kinase in the cytoplasm. Upon stimulus-induced phosphorylation, ATF7-4 is poly-ubiquitinated and degraded, enabling the release of the kinase and ATF7/ATF2 activation. Our data therefore conclusively establish that ATF7-4 is an important cytoplasmic negative regulator of ATF7 and ATF2 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Diring
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Barbara Camuzeaux
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Mariel Donzeau
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Marc Vigneron
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine VirPath, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Claude Kedinger
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Bruno Chatton
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail:
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20
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Heaton PR, Deyrieux AF, Bian XL, Wilson VG. HPV E6 proteins target Ubc9, the SUMO conjugating enzyme. Virus Res 2011; 158:199-208. [PMID: 21510985 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human papillomavirus oncogenic protein, E6, interacts with a number of cellular proteins, and for some targets, E6 directs their degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Post-translational modification with ubiquitin-like modifiers, such as SUMO, also influences protein activities, protein-protein interactions, and protein stability. We report that the high risk HPVE6 proteins reduce the intracellular quantity of the sole SUMO conjugation enzyme, Ubc9, concomitant with decreased host sumoylation. E6 did not significantly influence transcription of Ubc9, indicating that the effects were likely at the protein level. Consistent with typical E6-mediated proteasomal degradation, E6 bound to Ubc9 in vitro, and required E6AP for reduction of Ubc9 levels. Under stable E6 expression conditions in differentiating keratinocytes there was a decrease in Ubc9 and a loss of numerous sumoylated targets indicating a significant perturbation of the normal sumoylation profile. While E6 is known to inhibit PIASy, a SUMO ligase, our results suggest that HPV E6 also targets the Ubc9 protein to modulate host cell sumoylation, suggesting that the sumoylation system may be an important target during viral reproduction and possibly the subsequent development of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Heaton
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
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21
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Kim JH, Sung KS, Jung SM, Lee YS, Kwon JY, Choi CY, Park SH. Pellino-1, an adaptor protein of interleukin-1 receptor/toll-like receptor signaling, is sumoylated by Ubc9. Mol Cells 2011; 31:85-9. [PMID: 21120624 PMCID: PMC3906868 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalent modifications of the Pellino-1 protein are essential for transmitting innate immune response signals downstream, as the phosphorylation and polyubiquitination of Pellino-1 mediated by the IRAK proteins appear to have roles in regulating Pellino-1 function. In this study, we demonstrate that the Pellino-1 protein is post-translationally modified by small-ubiquitin-related modifier-1 (SUMO-1). Sumoylation assays with Pellino-1 and SUMO-1 expression plasmids reveal that the Pellino-1 protein is sumoylated in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of SUMO-1 specific protease 1 (SENP1) inhibited the sumoylation of the Pellino-1 protein and a GST pull-down assay as well as a yeast two hybrid assay showed that Pellino-1 binds to the SUMO-conjugating enzyme, Ubc9. Furthermore, we identified the five lysine residues of the Pellino-1 protein where SUMO-1 covalently attaches. Some of the sumoylated sites overlap with previously identified ubiquitination sites, suggesting competition between sumoylation and ubiquitination, as well as suggesting that the sumoylated Pellino-1 protein may have a cellular function distinct from previously identified functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Ki Sa Sung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Seok Hee Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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22
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Hattersley N, Shen L, Jaffray EG, Hay RT. The SUMO protease SENP6 is a direct regulator of PML nuclear bodies. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 22:78-90. [PMID: 21148299 PMCID: PMC3016979 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-06-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that SUMO-specific protease SENP6 can cleave mixed SUMO-1 and SUMO-2/3 chains. Depletion of SENP6 results in accumulation of SUMO-2/3 and SUMO-1 conjugates in promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies. Inactivation of SENP6 results in its accumulation at the SUMO-2/3-rich core of PML nuclear bodies. Biochemical analysis indicates that SUMO-modified PML is a SENP6 substrate. Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is the core component of PML-nuclear bodies (PML NBs). The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) system (and, in particular, SUMOylation of PML) is a critical component in the formation and regulation of PML NBs. SUMO protease SENP6 has been shown previously to be specific for SUMO-2/3–modified substrates and shows preference for SUMO polymers. Here, we further investigate the substrate specificity of SENP6 and show that it is also capable of cleaving mixed chains of SUMO-1 and SUMO-2/3. Depletion of SENP6 results in accumulation of endogenous SUMO-2/3 and SUMO-1 conjugates, and immunofluorescence analysis shows accumulation of SUMO and PML in an increased number of PML NBs. Although SENP6 depletion drastically increases the size of PML NBs, the organizational structure of the body is not affected. Mutation of the catalytic cysteine of SENP6 results in its accumulation in PML NBs, and biochemical analysis indicates that SUMO-modified PML is a substrate of SENP6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Hattersley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD15EH Scotland, United Kingdom
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23
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Abstract
Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is one of the major factors resulting in the efficient infection rate and high level of virulence of influenza A virus. Although consisting of only approximately 230 amino acids, NS1 has the ability to interfere with several systems of the host viral defense. In the present study, we demonstrate that NS1 of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A/Duck/Hubei/L-1/2004 (H5N1) virus interacts with human Ubc9, which is the E2 conjugating enzyme for sumoylation, and we show that SUMO1 is conjugated to H5N1 NS1 in both transfected and infected cells. Furthermore, two lysine residues in the C terminus of NS1 were identified as SUMO1 acceptor sites. When the SUMO1 acceptor sites were removed by mutation, NS1 underwent rapid degradation. Studies of different influenza A virus strains of human and avian origin showed that the majority of viruses possess an NS1 protein that is modified by SUMO1, except for the recently emerged swine-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV) (H1N1). Interestingly, growth of a sumoylation-deficient WSN virus mutant was retarded compared to that of wild-type virus. Together, these results indicate that sumoylation enhances NS1 stability and thus promotes rapid growth of influenza A virus.
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24
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Abstract
The covalent attachment of SUMO (small ubiquitin-like protein modifier) to target proteins results in modifications in their activity, binding interactions, localization or half-life. The reversal of this modification is catalysed by SENPs (SUMO-specific processing proteases). Mammals contain four SUMO paralogues and six SENP enzymes. In the present paper, we describe a systematic analysis of human SENPs, integrating estimates of relative selectivity for SUMO1 and SUMO2, and kinetic measurements of recombinant C-terminal cSENPs (SENP catalytic domains). We first characterized the reaction of each endogenous SENP and cSENPs with HA-SUMO-VS [HA (haemagglutinin)-tagged SUMO-vinyl sulfones], active-site-directed irreversible inhibitors of SENPs. We found that all cSENPs and endogenous SENP1 react with both SUMO paralogues, whereas all other endogenous SENPs in mammalian cells and tissues display high selectivity for SUMO2-VS. To obtain more quantitative data, the kinetic properties of purified cSENPs were determined using SUMO1- or SUMO2-AMC (7-amino-4-methylcoumarin) as substrate. All enzymes bind their respective substrates with high affinity. cSENP1 and cSENP2 process either SUMO substrate with similar affinity and catalytic efficiency; cSENP5 and cSENP6 show marked catalytic specificity for SUMO2 as measured by Km and kcat, whereas cSENP7 works only on SUMO2. Compared with cSENPs, recombinant full-length SENP1 and SENP2 show differences in SUMO selectivity, indicating that paralogue specificity is influenced by the presence of the variable N-terminal domain of each SENP. Our data suggest that SUMO2 metabolism is more dynamic than that of SUMO1 since most SENPs display a marked preference for SUMO2.
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25
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Liu H, El Zein L, Kruse M, Guinamard R, Beckmann A, Bozio A, Kurtbay G, Mégarbané A, Ohmert I, Blaysat G, Villain E, Pongs O, Bouvagnet P. Gain-of-Function Mutations in
TRPM4
Cause Autosomal Dominant Isolated Cardiac Conduction Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 3:374-85. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.109.930867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Isolated cardiac conduction block is a relatively common condition in young and elderly populations. Genetic predisposing factors have long been suspected because of numerous familial case reports. Deciphering genetic predisposing factors of conduction blocks may give a hint at stratifying conduction block carriers in a more efficient way.
Methods and Results—
One Lebanese family and 2 French families with autosomal dominant isolated cardiac conduction blocks were used for linkage analysis. A maximum combined multipoint lod score of 10.5 was obtained on a genomic interval including more than 300 genes. After screening 12 genes of this interval for mutation, we found a heterozygous missense mutation of the
TRPM4
gene in each family (p.Arg164Trp, p.Ala432Thr, and p.Gly844Asp). This gene encodes the TRPM4 channel, a calcium-activated nonselective cation channel of the transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) ion channel family. All 3 mutations result in an increased current density. This gain of function is due to an elevated TRPM4 channel density at the cell surface secondary to impaired endocytosis and deregulation of Small Ubiquitin MOdifier conjugation (SUMOylation). Furthermore, we showed by immunohistochemistry that TRPM4 channel signal level is higher in atrial cardiomyocytes than in common ventricular cells, but is highest in Purkinje fibers. Small bundles of highly TRPM4-positive cells were found in the subendocardium and in rare intramural bundles.
Conclusions—
the
TRPM4
gene is a causative gene in isolated cardiac conduction disease with mutations resulting in a gain of function and TRPM4 channel being highly expressed in cardiac Purkinje fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- From Université de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4171, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Groupe Hospitalier Est, Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Bron, France; Institut für Neurale Signalverarbeitung (M.K., A.B., G.K., I.O., O.P.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Université de Caen (R.G.), Laboratoire d'Anesthésiologie Expérimentale et Physiologie Cellulaire, Equipe d'Accueil 3212, Caen,
| | - Loubna El Zein
- From Université de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4171, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Groupe Hospitalier Est, Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Bron, France; Institut für Neurale Signalverarbeitung (M.K., A.B., G.K., I.O., O.P.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Université de Caen (R.G.), Laboratoire d'Anesthésiologie Expérimentale et Physiologie Cellulaire, Equipe d'Accueil 3212, Caen,
| | - Martin Kruse
- From Université de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4171, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Groupe Hospitalier Est, Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Bron, France; Institut für Neurale Signalverarbeitung (M.K., A.B., G.K., I.O., O.P.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Université de Caen (R.G.), Laboratoire d'Anesthésiologie Expérimentale et Physiologie Cellulaire, Equipe d'Accueil 3212, Caen,
| | - Romain Guinamard
- From Université de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4171, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Groupe Hospitalier Est, Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Bron, France; Institut für Neurale Signalverarbeitung (M.K., A.B., G.K., I.O., O.P.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Université de Caen (R.G.), Laboratoire d'Anesthésiologie Expérimentale et Physiologie Cellulaire, Equipe d'Accueil 3212, Caen,
| | - Alf Beckmann
- From Université de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4171, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Groupe Hospitalier Est, Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Bron, France; Institut für Neurale Signalverarbeitung (M.K., A.B., G.K., I.O., O.P.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Université de Caen (R.G.), Laboratoire d'Anesthésiologie Expérimentale et Physiologie Cellulaire, Equipe d'Accueil 3212, Caen,
| | - André Bozio
- From Université de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4171, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Groupe Hospitalier Est, Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Bron, France; Institut für Neurale Signalverarbeitung (M.K., A.B., G.K., I.O., O.P.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Université de Caen (R.G.), Laboratoire d'Anesthésiologie Expérimentale et Physiologie Cellulaire, Equipe d'Accueil 3212, Caen,
| | - Güven Kurtbay
- From Université de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4171, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Groupe Hospitalier Est, Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Bron, France; Institut für Neurale Signalverarbeitung (M.K., A.B., G.K., I.O., O.P.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Université de Caen (R.G.), Laboratoire d'Anesthésiologie Expérimentale et Physiologie Cellulaire, Equipe d'Accueil 3212, Caen,
| | - André Mégarbané
- From Université de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4171, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Groupe Hospitalier Est, Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Bron, France; Institut für Neurale Signalverarbeitung (M.K., A.B., G.K., I.O., O.P.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Université de Caen (R.G.), Laboratoire d'Anesthésiologie Expérimentale et Physiologie Cellulaire, Equipe d'Accueil 3212, Caen,
| | - Iris Ohmert
- From Université de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4171, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Groupe Hospitalier Est, Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Bron, France; Institut für Neurale Signalverarbeitung (M.K., A.B., G.K., I.O., O.P.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Université de Caen (R.G.), Laboratoire d'Anesthésiologie Expérimentale et Physiologie Cellulaire, Equipe d'Accueil 3212, Caen,
| | - Gérard Blaysat
- From Université de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4171, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Groupe Hospitalier Est, Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Bron, France; Institut für Neurale Signalverarbeitung (M.K., A.B., G.K., I.O., O.P.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Université de Caen (R.G.), Laboratoire d'Anesthésiologie Expérimentale et Physiologie Cellulaire, Equipe d'Accueil 3212, Caen,
| | - Elisabeth Villain
- From Université de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4171, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Groupe Hospitalier Est, Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Bron, France; Institut für Neurale Signalverarbeitung (M.K., A.B., G.K., I.O., O.P.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Université de Caen (R.G.), Laboratoire d'Anesthésiologie Expérimentale et Physiologie Cellulaire, Equipe d'Accueil 3212, Caen,
| | - Olaf Pongs
- From Université de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4171, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Groupe Hospitalier Est, Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Bron, France; Institut für Neurale Signalverarbeitung (M.K., A.B., G.K., I.O., O.P.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Université de Caen (R.G.), Laboratoire d'Anesthésiologie Expérimentale et Physiologie Cellulaire, Equipe d'Accueil 3212, Caen,
| | - Patrice Bouvagnet
- From Université de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4171, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (H.L., L.E.Z., P.B.), Groupe Hospitalier Est, Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Bron, France; Institut für Neurale Signalverarbeitung (M.K., A.B., G.K., I.O., O.P.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Université de Caen (R.G.), Laboratoire d'Anesthésiologie Expérimentale et Physiologie Cellulaire, Equipe d'Accueil 3212, Caen,
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26
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Citro S, Chiocca S. Listeria monocytogenes: a bacterial pathogen to hit on the SUMO pathway. Cell Res 2010; 20:738-40. [PMID: 20531377 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2010.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Citro
- European Institute of Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
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27
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Abstract
SUMOylation is a highly transient post-translational protein modification. Attachment of SUMO to target proteins occurs via a number of specific activating and ligating enzymes that form the SUMO-substrate complex, and other SUMO-specific proteases that cleave the covalent bond, thus leaving both SUMO and target protein free for the next round of modification. SUMO modification has major effects on numerous aspects of substrate function, including subcellular localisation, regulation of their target genes, and interactions with other molecules. The modified SUMO-protein complex is a very transient state, and it thus facilitates rapid response and actions by the cell, when needed. Like phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination, SUMOylation has been associated with a number of cellular processes. In addition to its nuclear role, important sides of mitochondrial activity, stress response signalling and the decision of cells to undergo senescence or apoptosis, have now been shown to involve the SUMO pathway. With ever increasing numbers of reports linking SUMO to human disease, like neurodegeneration and cancer metastasis, it is highly likely that novel and equally important functions of components of the SUMOylation process in cell signalling pathways will be elucidated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemisia M Andreou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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28
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Roles for SUMO modification during senescence. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 694:160-71. [PMID: 20886763 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7002-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SUMOylation is a reversible post-translational modification, where a small peptide (SUMO) is covalently attached to a target protein and changes its activity, subcellular localization and/or interaction with other macromolecules. SUMOylation substrates are numerous and diverse and modification by SUMO is involved in many biological functions, including the response to stress. The SUMO pathway has recently been implicated in the process of cellular senescence, the irreversible loss of cell replication potential that occurs during aging in vivo and in vitro. SUMO peptides, a SUMO E3 ligase and a SUMO-specific peptidase can induce or hinder the onset of senescence, thus supporting an association of SUMOylation with cell growth arrest and organismal aging. Preliminary results on comparative analysis ofproteomics and mRNA levels between young and old human and murine tissues show elevated levels of global protein SUMOylation and a decrease in components of the SUMOylation process with age. Further connections between the SUMO pathway and the aging process remain to be elucidated.
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29
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Chang PC, Izumiya Y, Wu CY, Fitzgerald LD, Campbell M, Ellison TJ, Lam KS, Luciw PA, Kung HJ. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes a SUMO E3 ligase that is SIM-dependent and SUMO-2/3-specific. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5266-73. [PMID: 20034935 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.088088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sumoylation has emerged as a major post-translational modification of cellular proteins, affecting a variety of cellular processes. Viruses have exploited the sumoylation pathway to advance their own replication by evolving several ways to perturb the host sumoylation apparatus. However, there has been no report of virally encoded enzymes directly involved in catalyzing the sumoylation reaction. Here, we report that the K-bZIP protein encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a SUMO E3 ligase with specificity toward SUMO2/3. K-bZIP is a nuclear factor that functions to modulate viral gene expression and to prolong the G1 phase, allowing viral transcription and translation to proceed at the early stage of infection. In addition to functioning as a transcriptional factor, we show that K-bZIP carries a SIM (SUMO-interacting motif), which specifically binds to SUMO-2/3 but not SUMO-1. K-bZIP catalyzes its own SUMO modification as well as that of its interacting partners such as the cellular tumor suppressor proteins p53 and Rb, both in vitro and in vivo. This reaction depends on an intact SIM. Sumoylation of p53 leads to its activation and K-bZIP is recruited to several p53 target chromatin sites in a SIM-dependent manner. In addition to the identification of a viral SUMO-2/3 E3 ligase, our results provide additional insights into the mechanisms whereby K-bZIP induces cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ching Chang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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30
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Kim JH, Baek SH. Emerging roles of desumoylating enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:155-62. [PMID: 19162180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) controls diverse cellular processes including transcriptional regulation, nuclear transport, cell-cycle progression, DNA repair, and signal transduction pathway. Sumoylation is a highly dynamic process that is reversed by a family of Sentrin/SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs). Thus, desumoylation process must be important for regulation of the fate and function of SUMO-conjugated proteins as well as SUMOylation process. SENPs catalyze the removal of SUMO from SUMO-conjugated target proteins as well as the cleavage of SUMO from its precursor proteins. Since the first report of yeast desumoylating enzymes, many studies have revealed the structural and cellular biological properties of SENP family. This review focuses on the specificity of the SENPs' catalytic activities with regard to SUMO isoforms and their emerging roles as cellular regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwa Kim
- Department of Medical Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea.
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31
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Kruse M, Schulze-Bahr E, Corfield V, Beckmann A, Stallmeyer B, Kurtbay G, Ohmert I, Schulze-Bahr E, Brink P, Pongs O. Impaired endocytosis of the ion channel TRPM4 is associated with human progressive familial heart block type I. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2737-44. [PMID: 19726882 DOI: 10.1172/jci38292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive familial heart block type I (PFHBI) is a progressive cardiac bundle branch disease in the His-Purkinje system that exhibits autosomal-dominant inheritance. In 3 branches of a large South African Afrikaner pedigree with an autosomal-dominant form of PFHBI, we identified the mutation c.19G-->A in the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 4 gene (TRPM4) at chromosomal locus 19q13.3. This mutation predicted the amino acid substitution p.E7K in the TRPM4 amino terminus. TRPM4 encodes a Ca2+-activated nonselective cation (CAN) channel that belongs to the transient receptor potential melastatin ion channel family. Quantitative analysis of TRPM4 mRNA content in human cardiac tissue showed the highest expression level in Purkinje fibers. Cellular expression studies showed that the c.19G-->A missense mutation attenuated deSUMOylation of the TRPM4 channel. The resulting constitutive SUMOylation of the mutant TRPM4 channel impaired endocytosis and led to elevated TRPM4 channel density at the cell surface. Our data therefore revealed a gain-of-function mechanism underlying this type of familial heart block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kruse
- Institut für Neurale Signalverarbeitung, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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32
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Xu Z, Chan HY, Lam WL, Lam KH, Lam LSM, Ng TB, Au SWN. SUMO proteases: redox regulation and biological consequences. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:1453-84. [PMID: 19186998 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Small-ubiquitin modifier (SUMO) has emerged as a novel modification system that governs the activities of a wide spectrum of protein substrates. SUMO-specific proteases (SENP) are of particular interest, as they are responsible for both the maturation of SUMO precursors and for their deconjugation. The interruption of SENPs has been implicated in embryonic defects and carcinoma cells, indicating that a proper balance of SUMO conjugation and deconjugation is crucial. Recent advances in molecular and cellular biology have highlighted the distinct subcellular localization, and endopeptidase and isopeptidase activities of SENPs, suggesting that they are nonredundant. A better understanding of the molecular basis of SUMO recognition and hydrolytic cleavage has been obtained from the crystal structures of SENP-substrate complexes. While a number of proteomic studies have shown an upregulation of sumoylation, attention is now increasingly being directed towards the regulatory mechanism of sumoylation, in particular the oxidative effect. Findings on the oxidation-induced intermolecular disulfide of E1-E2 ligases and SENP1/2 have improved our understanding of the mechanism by which modification is switched up or down. More intriguingly, a growing body of evidence suggests that sumoylation cross-talks with other modifications, and that the upstream and downstream signaling pathway is co-regulated by more than one modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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33
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Transcriptional ERRgamma2-mediated activation is regulated by sentrin-specific proteases. Biochem J 2009; 419:167-76. [PMID: 19067653 DOI: 10.1042/bj20081556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Modification with SUMOs (small ubiquitin-related modifiers) has emerged as an important means of regulating the activity of transcription factors, often by repressing their activity. The ERRgamma [oestrogen receptor-related receptor gamma; ERR3 or NR3B3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group B, gene3)] is a constitutively active orphan nuclear receptor. A PDSM, (phosphorylation-dependent sumoylation motif) is located in the close vicinity of the N-terminally located ERRgamma2-specific AF-1 (activation function-1). Its function can be replaced by an NDSM (negatively charged amino acid-dependent sumoylation motif). A mutational analysis reveals that ERRgamma2 activity is modulated through sumoylation of a lysine residue at position 40, which in turn is regulated by phosphorylation. Phosphorylation at the +5 position relative to the sumoylation target is directly visualized by a high-resolution EMSA (electrophoretic mobility-shift assay). Sumoylation represses the activity of ERRgamma both with and without forced expression of the PGC-1beta (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1beta). Fusion proteins of a heterologous DNA-binding domain with the ERRgamma2 N-terminus demonstrate the function of the PDSM as the RF-1 (repression function-1) for the neighbouring AF-1. De-repression is achieved by co-expression of sentrin/SENP (sentrin-specific protease) family members. Together, our results demonstrate reversible phosphorylation-dependent sumoylation as a means to regulate the activity of an orphan nuclear receptor.
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34
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Camuzeaux B, Diring J, Hamard PJ, Oulad-Abdelghani M, Donzeau M, Vigneron M, Kedinger C, Chatton B. p38beta2-mediated phosphorylation and sumoylation of ATF7 are mutually exclusive. J Mol Biol 2008; 384:980-91. [PMID: 18950637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous activating transcription factor (ATF) 7 binds as a homodimer to the cAMP response element/TPA response element motifs present in the promoters of its target genes. ATF7 is homologous to ATF2 and heterodimerizes with Jun or Fos proteins, modulating their DNA-binding specificities. We previously demonstrated that TAF12, a component of the TFIID general transcription factor, mediates ATF7 transcriptional activity through direct interactions between the two proteins. By contrast, ATF7, but not ATF2, is modified in vivo by sumoylation, which restricts its subcellular localization, thereby inhibiting its transcriptional activity. In the present study, we dissect the mechanism of this functional switch. We characterized the multisite phosphorylation of the ATF7 activation domain and identified one of the involved kinase, p38beta2 mitogen-activated protein kinase. In addition, we show that epidermal growth factor treatment results in a two-step modification mechanism of ATF7 activation domain. The Thr53 residue is phosphorylated first by a presently unknown kinase, allowing p38beta2 mitogen-activated protein kinase to modify the Thr51 residue, excluding the sumoylation of ATF7 protein. The resulting activation of transcription is related to an increased association of TAF12 with this phosphorylated form of ATF7. Our data therefore conclusively establish that sumoylation and phosphorylation of ATF7 are two antagonistic posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Camuzeaux
- Université de Strasbourg I, Institut Gilbert Laustriat, CNRS-UMR7175, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France
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35
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Yates KE, Korbel GA, Shtutman M, Roninson IB, DiMaio D. Repression of the SUMO-specific protease Senp1 induces p53-dependent premature senescence in normal human fibroblasts. Aging Cell 2008; 7:609-21. [PMID: 18616636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferative lifespan of normal somatic human cells in culture terminates in a permanent growth-arrested state known as replicative senescence. In this study, we show that RNA interference-mediated repression of the genes encoding the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)-specific proteases, Senp1, Senp2, and Senp7, induced low passage primary human fibroblasts to senesce rapidly. Following Senp1 repression, we observed a global increase in sumoylated proteins and in the number and size of nuclear SUMO-containing promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies. SUMO/PML bodies also increased during replicative senescence. p53 transcriptional activity was enhanced towards known p53 target genes following repression of Senp1, and inhibition of p53 function prevented senescence after Senp1 repression. These data indicate that Senp1 repression induces p53-mediated premature senescence and that SUMO proteases may thus be required for proliferation of normal human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Yates
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA
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36
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Vethantham V, Rao N, Manley JL. Sumoylation regulates multiple aspects of mammalian poly(A) polymerase function. Genes Dev 2008; 22:499-511. [PMID: 18281463 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1628208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The addition of the poly(A) tail to the ends of eukaryotic mRNAs is catalyzed by poly(A) polymerase (PAP). PAP activity is known to be highly regulated, for example, by alternative splicing and phosphorylation. In this study we show that the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) plays multiple roles in regulating PAP function. Our discovery of SUMO-conjugated PAP began with the observation of a striking pattern of abundant higher-molecular-weight forms of PAP in certain mouse tissues and cell lines. PAP constitutes an unusual SUMO substrate in that, despite the absence of any consensus sumoylation sites, PAP interacts very strongly with the SUMO E2 enzyme ubc9 and can be extensively sumoylated both in vitro and in vivo. Six sites of sumoylation in PAP were identified, with two overlapping one of two nuclear localization signals (NLS). Strikingly, mutation of the two lysines at the NLS to arginines, or coexpression of a SUMO protease with wild-type PAP, caused PAP to be localized to the cytoplasm, demonstrating that sumoylation is required to facilitate PAP nuclear localization. Sumoylation also contributes to PAP stability, as down-regulation of sumoylation led to decreases in PAP levels. Finally, the activity of purified PAP was shown to be inhibited by in vitro sumoylation. Our study thus shows that SUMO regulates PAP in numerous distinct ways and is integral to normal PAP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasupradha Vethantham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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37
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Vu EH, Kraus RJ, Mertz JE. Phosphorylation-dependent sumoylation of estrogen-related receptor alpha1. Biochemistry 2007; 46:9795-804. [PMID: 17676930 DOI: 10.1021/bi700316g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that estrogen-related receptor alpha1 (ERRalpha1) can compete with estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) for binding to estrogen response elements (EREs), repressing transcription in the mammary carcinoma cell line MCF-7. Given that ERRalpha1 can function in the absence of ligands and exists as a phosphoprotein in vivo, we wished to determine sites of phosphorylation involved in regulating its transcriptional activity. Using a combination of electrophoretic mobility shift analysis, phospho-specific fluorescent dye staining, and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified two novel in vivo sites of phosphorylation in the A/B ligand-independent activation domain of ERRalpha1 at Ser19 and Ser22. Inhibition of phosphorylation at amino acid residue 22 did not have a significant effect on ERRalpha1's transcriptional activity. However, mutation of amino acid residue 19 from serine to alanine enhanced two-fold ERRalpha1's response to the coactivator GRIP-1. We also identified two sites of sumoylation at Lys14 and Lys403. We found that inhibition of sumoylation at Lys14 could enhance five-fold ERRalpha1's response to coactivator GRIP-1. Furthermore, phosphorylation of Ser19 enhanced the sumoylation at Lys14. Taken together, we conclude that phosphorylation at Ser19 and sumoylation at Lys14 within the A/B domain play roles in regulating ERRalpha1's transcriptional activities via affecting its response to coactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Vu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1599, USA
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38
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Ihara M, Koyama H, Uchimura Y, Saitoh H, Kikuchi A. Noncovalent binding of small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) protease to SUMO is necessary for enzymatic activities and cell growth. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16465-75. [PMID: 17428805 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610723200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMO proteases possess two enzymatic activities to hydrolyze the C-terminal region of SUMOs (hydrolase activity) and to remove SUMO from SUMO-conjugated substrates (isopeptidase activity). SUMO proteases bind to SUMOs noncovalently, but the physiological roles of the binding in the functions of SUMO proteases are not well understood. In this study we found that SUMO proteases (Axam, SENP1, and yeast Ulp1) show different preferences for noncovalent binding to various SUMOs (SUMO-1, -2, -3, and yeast Smt3) and that the hydrolase and isopeptidase activities of SUMO proteases are dependent on their binding to SUMOs through salt bridge. Expression of Smt3 suppressed the phenotype of yeast mutant lacking smt3, which exhibits growth arrest, and the binding of Ulp1 to Smt3 was essential for this rescue activity. Although expression of an Smt3 mutant (smt3R64E(GG)), which conjugates to substrate but loses the ability to bind to Ulp1, rescued the phenotype of yeast lacking smt3 partially, the mutant cells showed an increment in the doubling time and a delay of desumoylation of Smt3-conjugated Cdc3. These results indicate that the noncovalent binding of SUMO protease to SUMO through salt bridge is essential for the enzymatic activities and that the balance between sumoylation and desumoylation is important for cell growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motomasa Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Hamard PJ, Boyer-Guittaut M, Camuzeaux B, Dujardin D, Hauss C, Oelgeschläger T, Vigneron M, Kedinger C, Chatton B. Sumoylation delays the ATF7 transcription factor subcellular localization and inhibits its transcriptional activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:1134-44. [PMID: 17264123 PMCID: PMC1851647 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification has emerged as an important regulator of diverse pathways and activities including protein localization and transcriptional regulation. We identified a consensus sumoylation motif (IKEE), located within the N-terminal activation domain of the ATF7 transcription factor and thus investigated the role of this modification. ATF7 is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor, homologous to ATF2, that binds to CRE elements within specific promoters. This protein is able to heterodimerize with Jun or Fos proteins and its transcriptional activity is mediated by interaction with TAF12, a subunit of the general transcription factor TFIID. In the present article, we demonstrate that ATF7 is sumoylated in vitro (using RanBP2 as a E3-specific ligase) and in vivo. Moreover, we show that ATF7 sumoylation affects its intranuclear localization by delaying its entry into the nucleus. Furthermore, SUMO conjugation inhibits ATF7 transactivation activity by (i) impairing its association with TAF12 and (ii) blocking its binding-to-specific sequences within target promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Jacques Hamard
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Michaël Boyer-Guittaut
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Barbara Camuzeaux
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Denis Dujardin
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Charlotte Hauss
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Thomas Oelgeschläger
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Marc Vigneron
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Claude Kedinger
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Bruno Chatton
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +(33) 390 244 787; Fax+(33) 390 244 770;
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Kang H, Kim ET, Lee HR, Park JJ, Go YY, Choi CY, Ahn JH. Inhibition of SUMO-independent PML oligomerization by the human cytomegalovirus IE1 protein. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2181-2190. [PMID: 16847114 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In human cytomegalovirus-infected cells, the immediate-early IE1 protein disrupts the subnuclear structures known as the PML oncogenic domains or PODs, via the induction of PML desumoylation. This activity correlates with the functions of IE1 in transcriptional regulation and in the stimulation of lytic infection. Here, the effects of IE1 in induction of desumoylation of PML were characterized. IE1 did not interfere with the formation of sumoylated forms of PML in vitro. In in vitro assays using the sumoylated proteins, a SUMO-specific protease SENP1 desumoylated both PML and IE1. However, the IE1 proteins generated from bacteria or insect cells were unable to desumoylate PML in the same conditions. Although both IE1 and SUMO proteases such as SENP1, Axam and SuPr-1 efficiently desumoylated PML in co-transfection assays, they exerted different effects on the localization of PML. In cells transfected with either SENP1 or SuPr-1, the number of PML foci was reduced significantly and these remnant PML foci were devoid of SUMO-1 signals. However, in cells co-transfected with both SUMO proteases and IE1, these SUMO-independent PML foci were also completely disrupted. Furthermore, IE1, but not SENP1, was shown to disrupt the PML foci generated via transfection of a sumoylation-deficient mutant of PML. These data suggest that IE1 exhibits neither an inhibitory effect on sumoylation of PML nor intrinsic SUMO protease activity against PML in vitro. The finding that IE1 is capable of disrupting SUMO-independent PML aggregates suggests that inhibition of PML oligomerization by IE1 may play an important role in inducing PML desumoylation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 300 Cheoncheondong, Jangangu, Suwon, Gyeonggido 440-746, Korea
| | - Eui Tae Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 300 Cheoncheondong, Jangangu, Suwon, Gyeonggido 440-746, Korea
| | - Hye-Ra Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 300 Cheoncheondong, Jangangu, Suwon, Gyeonggido 440-746, Korea
| | - Jung-Jin Park
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 300 Cheoncheondong, Jangangu, Suwon, Gyeonggido 440-746, Korea
| | - Yoon Young Go
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Cheol Yong Choi
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 300 Cheoncheondong, Jangangu, Suwon, Gyeonggido 440-746, Korea
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Block GJ, Eskiw CH, Dellaire G, Bazett-Jones DP. Transcriptional regulation is affected by subnuclear targeting of reporter plasmids to PML nuclear bodies. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:8814-25. [PMID: 16966371 PMCID: PMC1636819 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00636-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas the PML protein has been reported to have both transcriptional coactivator and corepressor potential, the contribution of the PML nuclear body (PML NB) itself to transcriptional regulation is not well understood. Here we demonstrate that plasmid DNA artificially tethered to PML or the PML NB-targeting domain of Sp100 is preferentially localized to PML NBs. Using the tethering technique, we targeted a simian virus 40 promoter-driven luciferase reporter plasmid to PML NBs, resulting in the repression of the transgene transcriptional activity. Conversely, the tethering of a cytomegalovirus promoter-containing reporter plasmid resulted in activation. Targeting a minimal eukaryotic promoter did not affect its activity. The expression of targeted promoters could be modulated by altering the cellular concentration of PML NB components, including Sp100 and isoforms of the PML protein. Finally, we demonstrate that ICP0, the promiscuous herpes simplex virus transactivator, increases the level of transcriptional activation of plasmid DNA tethered to the PML NB. We conclude that when PML NB components are artificially tethered to reporter plasmids, the PML NB contributes to the regulation of the tethered DNA in a promoter-dependent manner. Our findings demonstrate that transient transcription assays are sensitive to the subnuclear localization of the transgene plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Block
- The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Itahana Y, Yeh ETH, Zhang Y. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling modulates activity and ubiquitination-dependent turnover of SUMO-specific protease 2. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:4675-89. [PMID: 16738331 PMCID: PMC1489137 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01830-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins are conjugated to numerous polypeptides in cells, and attachment of SUMO plays important roles in regulating the activity, stability, and subcellular localization of modified proteins. SUMO modification of proteins is a dynamic and reversible process. A family of SUMO-specific proteases catalyzes the deconjugation of SUMO-modified proteins. Members of the Sentrin (also known as SUMO)-specific protease (SENP) family have been characterized with unique subcellular localizations. However, little is known about the functional significance of or the regulatory mechanism derived from the specific localizations of the SENPs. Here we identify a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a CRM1-dependent nuclear export signal (NES) in the SUMO protease SENP2. Both the NLS and the NES are located in the nonhomologous domains of SENP2 and are not conserved among other members of the SENP family. Using a series of SENP2 mutants and a heterokaryon assay, we demonstrate that SENP2 shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and that the shuttling is blocked by mutations in the NES or by treating cells with leptomycin B. We show that SENP2 can be polyubiquitinated in vivo and degraded through proteolysis. Restricting SENP2 in the nucleus by mutations in the NES impairs its polyubiquitination, whereas a cytoplasm-localized SENP2 made by introducing mutations in the NLS can be efficiently polyubiquitinated, suggesting that SENP2 is ubiquitinated in the cytoplasm. Finally, treating cells with MG132 leads to accumulation of polyubiquitinated SENP2, indicating that SENP2 is degraded through the 26S proteolysis pathway. Thus, the function of SENP2 is regulated by both nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and polyubiquitin-mediated degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Itahana
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Box 7512, 101 Manning Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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43
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Boggio R, Chiocca S. Viruses and sumoylation: recent highlights. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006; 9:430-6. [PMID: 16815735 PMCID: PMC7108358 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1997, SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) has been implicated in a range of activities, indicating that this protein is as important in the cell as ubiquitin is. Although it can function throughout the cell, it appears to be involved more in nuclear functions. The growing list of substrates that are covalently modified by SUMO includes many viral proteins; SUMO appears to facilitate viral infection of cells, making it a possible target for antiviral therapies. It therefore is important to understand how viruses manipulate the cellular sumoylation system and how sumoylation affects viral functions.
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44
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Wu H, Sun L, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Shi B, Li R, Wang Y, Liang J, Fan D, Wu G, Wang D, Li S, Shang Y. Coordinated regulation of AIB1 transcriptional activity by sumoylation and phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:21848-21856. [PMID: 16760465 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603772200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AIB1, a member of the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) family that participates in gene transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors and other transcription factors, is required for animal growth and reproductive development and implicated in breast carcinogenesis. The mechanisms underlying the AIB1 pleiotropic functions are not fully understood and neither is the regulation of its activity. Here, we showed that AIB1 was a sumoylated protein and the sumoylation attenuated the transactivation activity of AIB1, which is in contrast to the sumoylation of its paralogs, GRIP1 and SRC-1. The transactivation activity of AIB1 is enhanced by its phosphorylation by several kinases, including mitogen-activated protein kinase. We demonstrated in this report that estrogen treatment led to an increased phosphorylation and decreased sumoylation of AIB1 and that the sumoylation coordinated with phosphorylation in regulating the transcriptional activity of AIB1, providing a mechanism for post-translational modifications in regulating the transcriptional output of AIB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijian Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Luyang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruifang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dongwei Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ge Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shaosi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yongfeng Shang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China.
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45
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Bailey D, O'Hare P. Comparison of the SUMO1 and ubiquitin conjugation pathways during the inhibition of proteasome activity with evidence of SUMO1 recycling. Biochem J 2006; 392:271-81. [PMID: 16117725 PMCID: PMC1316262 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate potential interplay between the SUMO1 (small ubiquitin-related modifier-1) and ubiquitin pathways of post-translational protein modification, we examined aspects of their localization and conjugation status during proteasome inhibition. Our results indicate that these pathways converge upon the discrete sub-nuclear domains known as PML (promyelocytic leukaemia protein) NBs (nuclear bodies). Proteasome inhibition generated an increased number of PML bodies, without any obvious increase in size. Using a cell line that constitutively expresses an epitope-tagged version of SUMO1, which was incorporated into high-molecular-mass conjugates, we observed SUMO1 accumulating in clusters around a subset of the NBs. Nuclear ubiquitin was initially observed in numerous speckles and foci, which bore no relationship to PML NBs in the absence of proteasome inhibition. However, during proteasome inhibition, total ubiquitin-conjugated species increased in the cell, as judged by Western blotting. Concomitantly the number of nuclear ubiquitin clusters decreased, and were almost quantitatively associated with the PML NBs, co-localizing with the SUMO-conjugated pool. Proteasome inhibition depleted the pool of free SUMO1 in the cell. Reversal of proteasome inhibition in the presence or absence of protein synthesis demonstrated that free SUMO1 was regenerated from the conjugated pool. The results indicate that a significant fraction of the free SUMO1 pool could be accounted for by recycling from the conjugated pool and indeed it may be that, as for ubiquitin, SUMO1 needs to be removed from conjugated species prior to processing by the proteasome. Taken together with other recent reports on the proteasome and PML NBs, these results suggest that the PML NBs may play an important role in integrating these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bailey
- Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 OTL, U.K
| | - Peter O'Hare
- Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 OTL, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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46
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Xu Z, Au S. Mapping residues of SUMO precursors essential in differential maturation by SUMO-specific protease, SENP1. Biochem J 2005; 386:325-30. [PMID: 15487983 PMCID: PMC1134797 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is a member of the ubiquitin-like protein family that regulates cellular function of a variety of target proteins. SUMO proteins are expressed as their precursor forms. Cleavage of the residues after the 'GG' region of these precursors by SUMO-specific proteases in maturation is a prerequisite for subsequent sumoylation. To understand further this proteolytic processing, we expressed and purified SENP1 (sentrin-specific protease 1), one of the SUMO-specific proteases, using an Escherichia coli expression system. We show that SENP1 is capable of processing all SUMO-1, -2 and -3 in vitro; however, the proteolytic efficiency of SUMO-1 is the highest followed by SUMO-2 and -3. We demonstrate further that the catalytic domain of SENP1 (SENP1C) alone can determine the substrate specificity towards SUMO-1, -2 and -3. Replacement of the C-terminal fragments after the 'GG' region of SUMO-1 and -2 precursors with that of the SUMO-3, indicates that the C-terminal fragment is essential for efficient maturation. In mutagenesis analysis, we further map two residues immediately after the 'GG' region, which determine the differential maturation. Distinct patterns of tissue distribution of SENP1, SUMO-1, -2 and -3 are characterized. Taken together, we suggest that the observed differential maturation process has its physiological significance in the regulation of the sumoylation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Shannon W. N. Au
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Boyer-Guittaut M, Birsoy K, Potel C, Elliott G, Jaffray E, Desterro JM, Hay RT, Oelgeschläger T. SUMO-1 Modification of Human Transcription Factor (TF) IID Complex Subunits. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:9937-45. [PMID: 15637059 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414149200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The TFIID complex is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and TBP-associated factors (TAFs) and is the only component of the general RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription machinery with intrinsic sequence-specific DNA-binding activity. Binding of transcription factor (TF) IID to the core promoter region of protein-coding genes is a key event in RNAP II transcription activation and is the first and rate-limiting step of transcription initiation complex assembly. Intense research efforts in the past have established that TFIID promoter-binding activity as well as the function of TFIID-promoter complexes is tightly regulated through dynamic TFIID interactions with positive- and negative-acting transcription regulatory proteins. However, very little is known about the role of post-translational modifications in the regulation of TFIID. Here we show that the human TFIID subunits hsTAF5 and hsTAF12 are modified by the small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO-1 in vitro and in human cells. We identify Lys-14 in hsTAF5 and Lys-19 in hsTAF12 as the primary SUMO-1 acceptor sites and show that SUMO conjugation has no detectable effect on nuclear import or intranuclear distribution of hsTAF5 and hsTAF12. Finally, we demonstrate that purified human TFIID complex can be SUMO-1-modified in vitro at both hsTAF5 and hsTAF12. We find that SUMO-1 conjugation at hsTAF5 interferes with binding of TFIID to promoter DNA, whereas modification of hsTAF12 has no detectable effect on TFIID promoter-binding activity. Our observations suggest that reversible SUMO modification at hsTAF5 contributes to the dynamic regulation of TFIID promoter-binding activity in human cells.
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48
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Boggio R, Colombo R, Hay RT, Draetta GF, Chiocca S. A mechanism for inhibiting the SUMO pathway. Mol Cell 2005; 16:549-61. [PMID: 15546615 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Revised: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The SUMO pathway parallels the classical ubiquitinylation pathway with three discrete steps: activation involving the enzyme E1, conjugation involving the E2 enzyme UBC9, and substrate modification through the cooperative association of UBC9 and E3 ligases. We report here that the adenoviral protein Gam1 inhibits the SUMO pathway by interfering with the activity of E1 (SAE1/SAE2). In vivo, Gam1 expression leads to SAE1/SAE2 inactivation, both SAE1/SAE2 and UBC9 disappearance, and overall inhibition of protein sumoylation. This results in transcriptional activation of some promoters and is directly linked to inhibition of sumoylation of the transcriptional activators involved. Our results identify a mechanism for interfering with the SUMO pathway and with transcription that could have an impact in the design of novel pharmaceutical agents. They also point out once again to the extraordinary ability of eukaryotic viruses to interfere with the biology of host cells by targeting fundamental biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Boggio
- European Institute of Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy
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49
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Abstract
The small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO posttranslationally modifies many proteins with roles in diverse processes including regulation of transcription, chromatin structure, and DNA repair. Similar to nonproteolytic roles of ubiquitin, SUMO modification regulates protein localization and activity. Some proteins can be modified by SUMO and ubiquitin, but with distinct functional consequences. It is possible that the effects of ubiquitination and SUMOylation are both largely due to binding of proteins bearing specific interaction domains. Both modifications are reversible, and in some cases dynamic cycles of modification may be required for activity. Studies of SUMO and ubiquitin in the nucleus are yielding new insights into regulation of gene expression, genome maintenance, and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Gill
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) family proteins function by becoming covalently attached to other proteins as post-translational modifications. SUMO modifies many proteins that participate in diverse cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, nuclear transport, maintenance of genome integrity, and signal transduction. Reversible attachment of SUMO is controlled by an enzyme pathway that is analogous to the ubiquitin pathway. The functional consequences of SUMO attachment vary greatly from substrate to substrate, and in many cases are not understood at the molecular level. Frequently SUMO alters interactions of substrates with other proteins or with DNA, but SUMO can also act by blocking ubiquitin attachment sites. An unusual feature of SUMO modification is that, for most substrates, only a small fraction of the substrate is sumoylated at any given time. This review discusses our current understanding of how SUMO conjugation is controlled, as well as the roles of SUMO in a number of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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