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Prieto-Ruiz F, Gómez-Gil E, Vicente-Soler J, Franco A, Soto T, Madrid M, Cansado J. Divergence of cytokinesis and dimorphism control by myosin II regulatory light chain in fission yeasts. iScience 2023; 26:107611. [PMID: 37664581 PMCID: PMC10470405 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle myosin II activation by regulatory light chain (Rlc1Sp) phosphorylation at Ser35 is crucial for cytokinesis during respiration in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We show that in the early divergent and dimorphic fission yeast S. japonicus non-phosphorylated Rlc1Sj regulates the activity of Myo2Sj and Myp2Sj heavy chains during cytokinesis. Intriguingly, Rlc1Sj-Myo2Sj nodes delay yeast to hyphae onset but are essential for mycelial development. Structure-function analysis revealed that phosphorylation-induced folding of Rlc1Sp α1 helix into an open conformation allows precise regulation of Myo2Sp during cytokinesis. Consistently, inclusion of bulky tryptophan residues in the adjacent α5 helix triggered Rlc1Sp shift and supported cytokinesis in absence of Ser35 phosphorylation. Remarkably, unphosphorylated Rlc1Sj lacking the α1 helix was competent to regulate S. pombe cytokinesis during respiration. Hence, early diversification resulted in two efficient phosphorylation-independent and -dependent modes of Rlc1 regulation of myosin II activity in fission yeasts, the latter being conserved through evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Prieto-Ruiz
- Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elisa Gómez-Gil
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jero Vicente-Soler
- Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Franco
- Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa Soto
- Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marisa Madrid
- Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Cansado
- Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
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Acs-Szabo L, Papp LA, Takacs S, Miklos I. Disruption of the Schizosaccharomyces japonicus lig4 Disturbs Several Cellular Processes and Leads to a Pleiotropic Phenotype. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050550. [PMID: 37233261 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting is a commonly used method to reveal the function of genes. Although it is an attractive tool for molecular studies, it can frequently be a challenge because its efficiency can be low and it requires the screening of a large number of transformants. Generally, these problems originate from the elevated level of ectopic integration caused by non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ). To eliminate this problem, NHEJ-related genes are frequently deleted or disrupted. Although these manipulations can improve gene targeting, the phenotype of the mutant strains raised the question of whether mutations have side effects. The aim of this study was to disrupt the lig4 gene in the dimorphic fission yeast, S. japonicus, and investigate the phenotypic changes of the mutant strain. The mutant cells have shown various phenotypic changes, such as increased sporulation on complete medium, decreased hyphal growth, faster chronological aging, and higher sensitivity to heat shock, UV light, and caffeine. In addition, higher flocculation capacity has been observed, especially at lower sugar concentrations. These changes were supported by transcriptional profiling. Many genes belonging to metabolic and transport processes, cell division, or signaling had altered mRNA levels compared to the control strain. Although the disruption improved the gene targeting, we assume that the lig4 inactivation can cause unexpected physiological side effects, and we have to be very careful with the manipulations of the NHEJ-related genes. To reveal the exact mechanisms behind these changes, further investigations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Acs-Szabo
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Attila Papp
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szonja Takacs
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ida Miklos
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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3
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New Strain of Cyphellophora olivacea Exhibits Striking Tolerance to Sodium Bicarbonate. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14121023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium strain Synechococcus cedrorum SAG 88.79 stock culture has fungal contamination stated by the Sammlung von Algenkulturen der Universität Göttingen itself. In this recent work, this particular fungal strain was isolated, identified, and morphologically characterised. The fungal strain AGSC12 belongs to the species Cyphellophora olivacea, with respect to the sequence similarity, phylogeny, and morphology of the strain. Colony morphology and growth capability were examined on SMA, EMMA, PDA, MEA, YEA, and YPA plates. Growth of the colonies was the most successful on YPA plates, followed by PDA and MEA containing plates. Surprisingly, the AGSC12 strain showed extreme tolerance to NaHCO3, albeit it, is is considered a general fungistatic compound. Moreover, positive association between the AGSC12 and SAG 88.79 strains was revealed, as the SAG 88.79 strain always attained higher cell density in co-cultures with the fungus than in mono-cultures. Besides, a taxonomic note on the SAG 88.79 strain itself was also stated.
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Papp LA, Ács-Szabó L, Batta G, Miklós I. Molecular and comparative genomic analyses reveal evolutionarily conserved and unique features of the Schizosaccharomyces japonicus mycelial growth and the underlying genomic changes. Curr Genet 2021; 67:953-968. [PMID: 34427722 PMCID: PMC8594269 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens, from phytopathogenic fungus to human pathogens, are able to alternate between the yeast-like form and filamentous forms. This morphological transition (dimorphism) is in close connection with their pathogenic lifestyles and with their responses to changing environmental conditions. The mechanisms governing these morphogenetic conversions are still not fully understood. Therefore, we studied the filamentous growth of the less-known, non-pathogenic dimorphic fission yeast, S. japonicus, which belongs to an ancient and early evolved branch of the Ascomycota. Its RNA sequencing revealed that several hundred genes were up- or down-regulated in the hyphae compared to the yeast-phase cells. These genes belonged to different GO categories, confirming that mycelial growth is a rather complex process. The genes of transport- and metabolic processes appeared especially in high numbers among them. High expression of genes involved in glycolysis and ethanol production was found in the hyphae, while other results pointed to the regulatory role of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. The homologues of 49 S. japonicus filament-associated genes were found by sequence alignments also in seven distantly related dimorphic and filamentous species. The comparative genomic analyses between S. japonicus and the closely related but non-dimorphic S. pombe shed some light on the differences in their genomes. All these data can contribute to a better understanding of hyphal growth and those genomic rearrangements that underlie it.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Attila Papp
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Lajos Ács-Szabó
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gyula Batta
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Ida Miklós
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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5
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Papp LA, Ács-Szabó L, Póliska S, Miklós I. A modified culture medium and hyphae isolation method can increase quality of the RNA extracted from mycelia of a dimorphic fungal species. Curr Genet 2021; 67:823-830. [PMID: 33837814 PMCID: PMC8405466 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The capability of RNA isolation with good efficiency and high quality is essential for a downstream application such as RNA sequencing. It requires successful cell culturing and an effective RNA isolation method. Although effective methods are available, production of the homogenous mycelia and extraction of good-quality mycelial RNA from true invasive hyphae, which penetrated into the agar plates, are difficult. To overcome these problems, the aim of this study was to develop technical modifications which allow production of homogenous mycelial biomass without extra stimuli agents and improve quality of the RNA extracted from the fungal hyphae. Our alternative culture medium was suitable for production both yeast-phase cells and hyphae of the Schizosaccharomyces japonicus and other dimorphic species, such as the Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Jaminaea angkorensis. To improve quality of the mycelial RNA, we developed an isolation procedure of the hyphal tip, which eliminated the unnecessary vacuoles-containing parts of the hyphae. To increase RNA quantity, we used glass beads in the RNA extraction protocol to achieve stronger breaking of the mycelial walls. All these modifications can also be useful for researchers working with other dimorphic fungi and can contribute to the higher comparability of the transcriptional data coming from yeast-phase cells and hyphae or even from different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Attila Papp
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lajos Ács-Szabó
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ida Miklós
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Bohnert KA, Rossi AM, Jin QW, Chen JS, Gould KL. Phosphoregulation of the cytokinetic protein Fic1 contributes to fission yeast growth polarity establishment. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs244392. [PMID: 32878942 PMCID: PMC7520453 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.244392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular polarization underlies many facets of cell behavior, including cell growth. The rod-shaped fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a well-established, genetically tractable system for studying growth polarity regulation. S. pombe cells elongate at their two cell tips in a cell cycle-controlled manner, transitioning from monopolar to bipolar growth in interphase when new ends established by the most recent cell division begin to extend. We previously identified cytokinesis as a critical regulator of new end growth and demonstrated that Fic1, a cytokinetic factor, is required for normal polarized growth at new ends. Here, we report that Fic1 is phosphorylated on two C-terminal residues, which are each targeted by multiple protein kinases. Endogenously expressed Fic1 phosphomutants cannot support proper bipolar growth, and the resultant defects facilitate the switch into an invasive pseudohyphal state. Thus, phosphoregulation of Fic1 links the completion of cytokinesis to the re-establishment of polarized growth in the next cell cycle. These findings broaden the scope of signaling events that contribute to regulating S. pombe growth polarity, underscoring that cytokinetic factors constitute relevant targets of kinases affecting new end growth.This article has an associated First Person interview with Anthony M. Rossi, joint first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Adam Bohnert
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Anthony M Rossi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Quan-Wen Jin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jun-Song Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Kathleen L Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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Abdul-Halim MF, Schulze S, DiLucido A, Pfeiffer F, Bisson Filho AW, Pohlschroder M. Lipid Anchoring of Archaeosortase Substrates and Midcell Growth in Haloarchaea. mBio 2020; 11:e00349-20. [PMID: 32209681 PMCID: PMC7157517 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00349-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The archaeal cytoplasmic membrane provides an anchor for many surface proteins. Recently, a novel membrane anchoring mechanism involving a peptidase, archaeosortase A (ArtA), and C-terminal lipid attachment of surface proteins was identified in the model archaeon Haloferax volcanii ArtA is required for optimal cell growth and morphogenesis, and the S-layer glycoprotein (SLG), the sole component of the H. volcanii cell wall, is one of the targets for this anchoring mechanism. However, how exactly ArtA function and regulation control cell growth and morphogenesis is still elusive. Here, we report that archaeal homologs to the bacterial phosphatidylserine synthase (PssA) and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (PssD) are involved in ArtA-dependent protein maturation. Haloferax volcanii strains lacking either HvPssA or HvPssD exhibited motility, growth, and morphological phenotypes similar to those of an ΔartA mutant. Moreover, we showed a loss of covalent lipid attachment to SLG in the ΔhvpssA mutant and that proteolytic cleavage of the ArtA substrate HVO_0405 was blocked in the ΔhvpssA and ΔhvpssD mutant strains. Strikingly, ArtA, HvPssA, and HvPssD green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions colocalized to the midcell position of H. volcanii cells, strongly supporting that they are involved in the same pathway. Finally, we have shown that the SLG is also recruited to the midcell before being secreted and lipid anchored at the cell outer surface. Collectively, our data suggest that haloarchaea use the midcell as the main surface processing hot spot for cell elongation, division, and shape determination.IMPORTANCE The subcellular organization of biochemical processes in space and time is still one of the most mysterious topics in archaeal cell biology. Despite the fact that haloarchaea largely rely on covalent lipid anchoring to coat the cell envelope, little is known about how cells coordinate de novo synthesis and about the insertion of this proteinaceous layer throughout the cell cycle. Here, we report the identification of two novel contributors to ArtA-dependent lipid-mediated protein anchoring to the cell surface, HvPssA and HvPssD. ArtA, HvPssA, and HvPssD, as well as SLG, showed midcell localization during growth and cytokinesis, indicating that haloarchaeal cells confine phospholipid processing in order to promote midcell elongation. Our findings have important implications for the biogenesis of the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Schulze
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony DiLucido
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Friedhelm Pfeiffer
- Computational Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexandre Wilson Bisson Filho
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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Kinnaer C, Dudin O, Martin SG. Yeast-to-hypha transition of Schizosaccharomyces japonicus in response to environmental stimuli. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:975-991. [PMID: 30726171 PMCID: PMC6589906 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fungal species are dimorphic, exhibiting both unicellular yeast-like and filamentous forms. Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, a member of the fission yeast clade, is one such dimorphic fungus. Here, we first identify fruit extracts as natural, stress-free, starvation-independent inducers of filamentation, which we use to describe the properties of the dimorphic switch. During the yeast-to-hypha transition, the cell evolves from a bipolar to a unipolar system with 10-fold accelerated polarized growth but constant width, vacuoles segregated to the nongrowing half of the cell, and hyper-lengthening of the cell. We demonstrate unusual features of S. japonicus hyphae: these cells lack a Spitzenkörper, a vesicle distribution center at the hyphal tip, but display more rapid cytoskeleton-based transport than the yeast form, with actin cables being essential for the transition. S. japonicus hyphae also remain mononuclear and undergo complete cell divisions, which are highly asymmetric: one daughter cell inherits the vacuole, the other the growing tip. We show that these elongated cells scale their nuclear size, spindle length, and elongation rates, but display altered division size controls. This establishes S. japonicus as a unique system that switches between symmetric and asymmetric modes of growth and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandre Kinnaer
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Omaya Dudin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie G. Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Nozaki S, Furuya K, Niki H. The Ras1-Cdc42 pathway is involved in hyphal development of Schizosaccharomyces japonicus. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:4939477. [PMID: 29566183 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimorphic yeasts transform into filamentous cells or hyphae in response to environmental cues. The mechanisms for the hyphal transition of dimorphic yeasts have mainly been studied in Candida albicans, an opportunistic human fungal pathogen. The Ras1-MAPK pathway is a major signal transduction pathway for hyphal transition in C. albicans. Recently, the non-pathogenic dimorphic yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus has also been used for genetic analyses of hyphal induction. We confirmed that Ras1-MAPK and other MAPK pathways exist in Sz. japonicus. To examine how hyphal transition is induced by environmental stress-triggered signal transduction, we studied the hyphal transition of deletion mutants of MAPK pathways in Sz. japonicus. We found that the MAPK pathways are not involved in hyphal induction, although the mating response is dependent on these pathways. However, only Ras1 deletion caused a severe defect in hyphal development via both DNA damage and environmental stressors. In fact, genes on the Cdc42 branch of the Ras1 (Ras1-Cdc42) pathway, efc25Sj, scd1Sj and scd2Sj, are required for hyphal development. Cell morphology analysis indicated that the apical growth of hyphal cells was inhibited in Ras1-Cdc42-pathway deletion mutants. Thus, the control of cell polarity by the Ras1-Cdc42 pathway is crucial for hyphal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nozaki
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Genetic Strains Research Center, National institute of Genetics, 1111, Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kanji Furuya
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hironori Niki
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Genetic Strains Research Center, National institute of Genetics, 1111, Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 1111, Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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Gu Y, Oliferenko S. Cellular geometry scaling ensures robust division site positioning. Nat Commun 2019; 10:268. [PMID: 30664646 PMCID: PMC6341079 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of a specific cell type may divide within a certain size range. Yet, functionally optimal cellular organization is typically maintained across different cell sizes, a phenomenon known as scaling. The mechanisms underlying scaling and its physiological significance remain elusive. Here we approach this problem by interfering with scaling in the rod-shaped fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus that relies on cellular geometry cues to position the division site. We show that S. japonicus uses the Cdc42 polarity module to adjust its geometry to changes in the cell size. When scaling is prevented resulting in abnormal cellular length-to-width aspect ratio, cells exhibit severe division site placement defects. We further show that despite the generally accepted view, a similar scaling phenomenon can occur in the sister species, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Our results demonstrate that scaling is required for normal cell function and delineate possible rules for cellular geometry maintenance in populations of proliferating cells. Cells divide within a given size range and can scale across differing cell sizes but mechanisms and function remain unclear. Here the authors show, despite the current dogma of fission yeast maintaining constant width, some fission yeast can scale their width and length, impacting the positioning of the cell division site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.,Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Snezhana Oliferenko
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK. .,Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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11
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Schizosaccharomyces japonicus: A Distinct Dimorphic Yeast among the Fission Yeasts. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2017; 2017:pdb.top082651. [PMID: 28733412 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top082651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genomic sequencing data and morphological properties demonstrate evolutionary relationships among groups of the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces Phylogenetically, S. japonicus is the furthest removed from other species of fission yeast. The basic characteristics of cell proliferation are shared among all fission yeast, including the process of binary fission during vegetative growth, conjugation and karyogamy with horsetail movement, mating-type switching, and sporulation. However, S. japonicus also exhibits characteristics that are unique to filamentous fungi. S. japonicus is a nonpathogenic yeast that exhibits dimorphism. Depending on the environmental conditions, S. japonicus transforms from yeast cells into filamentous cells (hyphae), and blue light triggers synchronous septation of hyphal cells. A rough version of the whole-genome sequence is now available, facilitating genetic manipulation of S. japonicus. Furthermore, the extensive genetic knowledge available for S. pombe is aiding the development of genetic tools for analyzing S. japonicus. S. japonicus will help shed light on the evolutionary relationships among the fission yeast.
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12
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Sasaki Y, Kojima A, Shibata Y, Mitsuzawa H. Filamentous invasive growth of mutants of the genes encoding ammonia-metabolizing enzymes in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186028. [PMID: 28982178 PMCID: PMC5628922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe undergoes a switch from yeast to filamentous invasive growth in response to certain environmental stimuli. Among them is ammonium limitation. Amt1, one of the three ammonium transporters in this yeast, is required for the ammonium limitation-induced morphological transition; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be understood. Cells lacking Amt1 became capable of invasive growth upon increasing concentrations of ammonium in the medium, suggesting that the ammonium taken up into the cell or a metabolic intermediate in ammonium assimilation might serve as a signal for the ammonium limitation-induced morphological transition. To investigate the possible role of ammonium-metabolizing enzymes in the signaling process, deletion mutants were constructed for the gdh1, gdh2, gln1, and glt1 genes, which were demonstrated by enzyme assays to encode NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase, NAD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase, respectively. Growth tests on various nitrogen sources revealed that a gln1Δ mutant was a glutamine auxotroph and that a gdh1Δ mutant had a defect in growth on ammonium, particularly at high concentrations. The latter observation indicates that the NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of S. pombe plays a major role in ammonium assimilation under high ammonium concentrations. Invasive growth assays showed that gdh1Δ and glt1Δ mutants underwent invasive growth to a lesser extent than did wild-type strains. Increasing the ammonium concentration in the medium suppressed the invasive growth defect of the glt1Δ mutant, but not the gdh1Δ mutant. These results suggest that the nitrogen status of the cell is important in the induction of filamentous invasive growth in S. pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Sasaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kojima
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuriko Shibata
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitsuzawa
- Department of Bioscience in Daily Life, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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13
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Pataki E, Sipiczki M, Miklos I. Schizosaccharomyces pombe rsv1 Transcription Factor and its Putative Homologues Preserved their Functional Homology and are Evolutionarily Conserved. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:710-717. [PMID: 28342076 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Environmental glucose is an important regulator of biological processes, as it can launch different cell processes depending on its concentration. Thus, low glucose concentration can induce entry into quiescence, which ensures long-term viability for the cells or in other cases mycelial growth in the dimorphic species, which, in turn, provides the cells with fresh nutrients. Several genes, such as the genes of cAMP cascade, are involved in glucose sensing and response. Since this signal transduction pathway seemed to be an evolutionarily conserved process, we assumed that its genes were also conserved and preserved their functional homology. To obtain evidence, Schizosaccharomyces pombe rsv1 and its orthologous genes were investigated using in silico and experimental approaches. Our results supported that the Rsv1 zinc-finger transcription factors of Schizosaccharomyces japonicus and Schizosaccharomyces octosporus and the Candida albicans cas5p were really functional homologues of the S. pombe Rsv1. Namely, the homologous proteins were able to restore mutant phenotype of the S. pombe rsv1-deleted cells. Bioinformatic anaysis revealed that the most conserved parts of the proteins always contained the C2H2 domains and the complementation abilities of the counterpart genes were not uniform regarding the investigated features, which can be in connection with the conserved regions outside C2H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Pataki
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Matthias Sipiczki
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Ida Miklos
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Papp L, Sipiczki M, Miklós I. Expression pattern and phenotypic characterization of the mutant strain reveals target genes and processes regulated by pka1 in the dimorphic fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus. Curr Genet 2016; 63:487-497. [PMID: 27678009 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The cAMP cascade plays an important role in several biological processes. Thus, study of its molecular details can contribute to a better understanding of these processes, treatment of diseases, or even finding antifungal drug targets. To gain further information about the PKA pathway, and its evolutionarily conserved and species-specific features, the central regulator pka1 gene, which encodes the cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, was studied in the less known haplontic, dimorphic fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus. Namely, this species belongs to a highly divergent phylogenetic branch of fungi. Furthermore, S. japonicus had only a single copy pka1 gene in contrast to the budding yeasts. Therefore, the pka1 deleted mutant was created, whose RNA sequencing and phenotypic studies revealed that the Pka1 regulated at least 373 genes, among them further kinases, phosphatases and transcriptional regulators. It regulated elongation of hyphae, cell size, aging and stress response. Furthermore, half of the pka1 target genes seemed to be conserved in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and S. japonicus. However, there were oppositely regulated genes in the two closely related species. The target genes suggest that this single gene must be able to fulfill all the functions of TPK1-3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thus, our results shed light on certain similarities and differences of the PKA pathway of S. japonicus compared to the budding yeasts and confirmed the multifunctionality of the pka1 gene, but further experiments are needed to prove its involvement in the metabolic processes and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Papp
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Matthias Sipiczki
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ida Miklós
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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15
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Hu QB, He Y, Zhou X. Construction and analysis of the cDNA subtraction library of yeast and mycelial phases of Sporothrix globosa isolated in China: identification of differentially expressed genes. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 16:991-7. [PMID: 26642182 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Species included in the Sporothrix schenckii complex are temperature-dependent with dimorphic growth and cause sporotrichosis that is characterized by chronic and fatal lymphocutaneous lesions. The putative species included in the Sporothrix complex are S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, S. mexicana, S. pallida, S. schenckii, and S. lurei. S. globosa is the causal agent of sporotrichosis in China, and its pathogenicity appears to be closely related to the dimorphic transition, i.e. from the mycelial to the yeast phase, it adapts to changing environmental conditions. To determine the molecular mechanisms of the switching process that mediates the dimorphic transition of S. globosa, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used to prepare a complementary DNA (cDNA) subtraction library from the yeast and mycelial phases. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to profile the relationship between differently expressed genes and the dimorphic transition. Two genes that were expressed at higher levels by the yeast form were selected, and their differential expression levels were verified using a quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). It is believed that these differently expressed genes are involved in the pathogenesis of S. globosa infection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-bi Hu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Department of Dermatology and Cosmetology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400021, China
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Niki H. Schizosaccharomyces japonicus
: the fission yeast is a fusion of yeast and hyphae. Yeast 2014; 31:83-90. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Niki
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Genetic Strains Research Centre National Institute of Genetics 1111 Yata Mishima Shizuoka 411‐8540 Japan
- Department of Genetics Graduate University for Advanced Studies Sokendai, 1111 Yata Mishima Shizuoka 411‐8540 Japan
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Display of active beta-glucosidase on the surface of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells using novel anchor proteins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4343-52. [PMID: 23385477 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate display of beta-glucosidase (BGL) on the surface of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells using novel anchor proteins. A total of four candidate anchor proteins (SPBC21D10.06c, SPBC947.04, SPBC19C7.05, and SPBC359.04c) were selected from among almost all of S. pombe membrane proteins. The C-terminus of each anchor protein was genetically fused to the N-terminus of BGL, and the fusion protein was expressed using S. pombe as a host. The highest cell surface-associated BGL activity (107 U/10(5) cells was achieved with SPBC359.04c serving as the anchor, followed by SPBC947.04 (44 U/10(5) cells) and SPBC21D10.06c (38 U/10(5) cells). S. pombe displaying BGL with SPBC359.04c as an anchor showed the highest growth on 2 % cellobiose (10.7 × 10(7) cells/mL after 41 h of cultivation from an initial density of 0.1 × 10(7) cells/mL). Additionally, culturing BGL-displaying S. pombe in medium containing cellobiose as the sole carbon source did not affect protein expression, and ethanol fermentation from cellobiose was successfully demonstrated using BGL-displaying S. pombe. This is the first report describing a cell surface display system for the functionalization of S. pombe.
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Furuya K, Niki H. Hyphal differentiation induced via a DNA damage checkpoint-dependent pathway engaged in crosstalk with nutrient stress signaling in Schizosaccharomyces japonicus. Curr Genet 2012; 58:291-303. [PMID: 23090706 PMCID: PMC3490063 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-012-0384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response includes DNA repair, nucleotide metabolism and even a control of cell fates including differentiation, cell death pathway or some combination of these. The responses to DNA damage differ from species to species. Here we aim to delineate the checkpoint pathway in the dimorphic fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, where DNA damage can trigger a differentiation pathway that is a switch from a bidirectional yeast growth mode to an apical hyphal growth mode, and the switching is regulated via a checkpoint kinase, Chk1. This Chk1-dependent switch to hyphal growth is activated with even low doses of agents that damage DNA; therefore, we reasoned that this switch may depend on other genes orthologous to the components of the classical Sz. pombe Chk1-dependent DNA checkpoint pathway. As an initial test of this hypothesis, we assessed the effects of mutations in Sz. japonicus orthologs of Sz. pombe checkpoint genes on this switch from bidirectional to hyphal growth. The same set of DNA checkpoint genes was confirmed in Sz. japonicus. We tested the effect of each DNA checkpoint mutants on hyphal differentiation by DNA damage. We found that the Sz. japonicus hyphal differentiation pathway was dependent on Sz. japonicus orthologs of Sz. pombe checkpoint genes-(SP)rad3, (SP)rad26, (SP)rad9, (SP)rad1, (SP)rad24, (SP)rad25, (SP)crb2, and (SP)chk1-that function in the DNA damage checkpoint pathway, but was not dependent on orthologs of two Sz. pombe genes-(SP)cds1 or (SP)mrc1-that function in the DNA replication checkpoint pathway. These findings indicated that although the role of each component of the DNA damage checkpoint and DNA replication checkpoint is mostly same between the two fission yeasts, the DNA damage checkpoint was the only pathway that governed DNA damage-dependent hyphal growth. We also examined whether DNA damage checkpoint signaling engaged in functional crosstalk with other hyphal differentiation pathways because hyphal differentiation can also be triggered by nutritional stress. Here, we discovered genetic interactions that indicated that the cAMP pathway engaged in crosstalk with Chk1-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Furuya
- Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Sokendai, Hayama, Miura District, Japan
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan
- Present Address: Department of Mutagenesis, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Niki
- Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Sokendai, Hayama, Miura District, Japan
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan
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19
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Furuya K, Aoki K, Niki H. Construction of an insertion marker collection of Sz. japonicus (IMACS) for genetic mapping and a fosmid library covering its genome. Yeast 2012; 29:241-9. [PMID: 22641476 DOI: 10.1002/yea.2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring relative genetic distances is one of the best ways to locate genetic loci. Here we report the construction of a strains set for genetic mapping in Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, which belongs to the genus Schizosaccharomyces together with the well-studied fission yeast Sz. pombe. We constructed 29 strains that bear a positive-negative selection marker at different loci. The marker was inserted every 500 kb in the genome of Sz. japonicus. Each marker thus becomes a 'scale mark' of a chromosome that behaves like a yardstick. By determining the genetic distances from the inserted markers, the relative location of a genomic mutation can be determined. We also constructed a fosmid library that covers an entire genome of Sz. japonicus. These tools together would facilitate identification and cloning of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Furuya
- Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Sokendai, Japan
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20
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Balazs A, Batta G, Miklos I, Acs-Szabo L, Vazquez de Aldana CR, Sipiczki M. Conserved regulators of the cell separation process in Schizosaccharomyces. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:235-49. [PMID: 22300943 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fission yeasts (Schizosaccharomyces) representing a highly divergent phylogenetic branch of Fungi evolved from filamentous ancestors by gradual transition from mycelial growth to yeast morphology. For the transition, a mechanism had been developed that separates the sister cells after the completion of cytokinesis. Numerous components of the separation mechanism have been characterised in Schizosaccharomycespombe, including the zinc-finger transcription factor Ace2p and the fork-head transcription factor Sep1p. Here we show that both regulators have regions conserved within the genus. The most conserved parts contain the DNA-binding domains whose amino-acid sequences perfectly reflect the phylogenetic positions of the species. The less conserved parts of the proteins contain sequence blocks specific for the whole genus or only for the species propagating predominantly or exclusively as yeasts. Inactivation of either gene in the dimorphic species Schizosaccharomycesjaponicus abolished cell separation in the yeast phase conferring hypha-like morphology but did not change the growth pattern to unipolar and did not cause extensive polar vacuolation characteristic of the true mycelium. Neither mutation affected the mycelial phase, but both mutations hampered the hyphal fragmentation at the mycelium-to-yeast transition. Ace2p(Sj) acts downstream of Sep1p(Sj) and regulates the orthologues of the Ace2p-dependent S.pombe genes agn1(+) (1,3-alpha-glucanase) and eng1(+) (1,3-beta-glucanase) but does not regulate the orthologue of cfh4(+) (chitin synthase regulatory factor). These results and the complementation of the cell separation defects of the ace2(-) and sep1(-) mutations of S.pombe by heterologously expressed ace2(Sj) and sep1(Sj) indicate that the cell separation mechanism is conserved in the Schizosaccharomyces genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Balazs
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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21
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Matsuzawa T, Morita T, Tanaka N, Tohda H, Takegawa K. Identification of a galactose-specific flocculin essential for non-sexual flocculation and filamentous growth in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Microbiol 2011; 82:1531-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Gori K, Knudsen PB, Nielsen KF, Arneborg N, Jespersen L. Alcohol-based quorum sensing plays a role in adhesion and sliding motility of the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. FEMS Yeast Res 2011; 11:643-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Gori
- Department of Food Science, Food Microbiology; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg; Denmark
| | - Peter B. Knudsen
- Department of Systems Biology; Center for Microbial Biotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby; Denmark
| | - Kristian F. Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology; Center for Microbial Biotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby; Denmark
| | - Nils Arneborg
- Department of Food Science, Food Microbiology; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg; Denmark
| | - Lene Jespersen
- Department of Food Science, Food Microbiology; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg; Denmark
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23
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Armstrong J. Yeast vacuoles: more than a model lysosome. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:580-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Reorganization of the growth pattern of Schizosaccharomyces pombe in invasive filament formation. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:1788-97. [PMID: 20870879 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00084-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The organization and control of polarized growth through the cell cycle of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a single-celled eukaryote, have been studied extensively. We have investigated the changes in these processes when S. pombe differentiates to form multicellular invasive mycelia and have found striking alterations to the behavior of some of the key regulatory proteins. Cells at the tips of invading filaments are considerably more elongated than cells growing singly and grow at one pole only. The filament tip follows a strict direction of growth through multiple cell cycles. A group of proteins involved in the growth process and actin regulation, comprising Spo20, Bgs4, activated Cdc42, and Crn1, are all concentrated at the growing tip, unlike their distribution at both ends of single cells. In contrast, several proteins implicated in microtubule-dependent organization of growth, including Tea1, Tea4, Mod5, and Pom1, all show the opposite effect and are relatively depleted at the growing end and enriched at the nongrowing end, although Tea1 appears to continue to be delivered to both ends. A third group acting at different stages of the cell cycle, including Bud6, Rga4, and Mid1, localize similarly in filaments and single cells, while Nif1 shows a reciprocal localization to Pom1.
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25
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The DNA damage checkpoint regulates a transition between yeast and hyphal growth in Schizosaccharomyces japonicus. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:2909-17. [PMID: 20368354 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00049-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimorphic yeasts change between unicellular growth and filamentous growth. Many dimorphic yeasts species are pathogenic for humans and plants, being infectious as invasive hypha. We have studied the determinants of the dimorphic switch in the nonpathogenic fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, which is evolutionarily close to the well-characterized fission yeast S. pombe. We report that camptothecin, an inhibitor of topoisomerase I, reversibly induced the unicellular to hyphal transition in S. japonicus at low concentrations of camptothecin that did not induce checkpoint arrest and the transition required the DNA checkpoint kinase Chk1. Furthermore, a mutation of chk1 induced hyphal transition without camptothecin. Thus, we identify a second function for Chk1 distinct from its role in checkpoint arrest. Activation of the switch from single cell bipolar growth to monopolar filamentous growth may assist cells to evade the source of DNA damage.
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26
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Röthlisberger S, Jourdain I, Johnson C, Takegawa K, Hyams JS. The dynamin-related protein Vps1 regulates vacuole fission, fusion and tubulation in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Fungal Genet Biol 2009; 46:927-35. [PMID: 19643199 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fission yeast cells lacking the dynamin-related protein (DRP) Vps1 had smaller vacuoles with reduced capacity for both fusion and fission in response to hypotonic and hypertonic conditions respectively. vps1Delta cells showed normal vacuolar protein sorting, actin organisation and endocytosis. Over-expression of vps1 transformed vacuoles from spherical to tubular. Tubule formation was enhanced in fission conditions and required the Rab protein Ypt7. Vacuole tubulation by Vps1 was more extensive in the absence of a second DRP, Dnm1. Both dnm1Delta and the double mutant vps1Delta dnm1Delta showed vacuole fission defects similar to that of vps1Delta. Over-expression of vps1 in dnm1Delta, or of dnm1 in vps1Delta failed to rescue this phenotype. Over-expression of dnm1 in wild-type cells, on the other hand, induced vacuole fission. Our results are consistent with a model of vacuole fission in which Vps1 creates a tubule of an appropriate diameter for subsequent scission by Dnm1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Röthlisberger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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27
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Furuya K, Niki H. Isolation of heterothallic haploid and auxotrophic mutants ofSchizosaccharomyces japonicus. Yeast 2009; 26:221-33. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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28
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Dickinson JR. Filament formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae--a review. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2008; 53:3-14. [PMID: 18481212 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-008-0001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many yeasts can produce filamentous elongated cells identifiable as hyphae, pseudohyphae or invasive filaments. Filament formation has been understood as a foraging response that occurs in nutrient-poor conditions. However, fusel alcohols were observed to induce filament formation in rich nutrient conditions in every yeast species examined. Fusel alcohols, e.g., 3-methyl-1-butanol (3Me-BuOH; 'isoamyl alcohol'), 2-methyl-1-propanol (isobutyl alcohol), (-)-2-methyl-1-butanol ('active amyl alcohol'), 2-phenylethanol and 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)indole (tryptophol) (the end products of leucine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and tryptophan catabolism, respectively) are the end products of amino acid catabolism that accumulate when nutrients become limiting. Thus, yeast responds to its own metabolic by-products. Considerable effort was made to define the cell biological and biochemical changes that take place during 3Me-BuOH-induced filamentation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae filaments contain significantly greater mitochondrial mass and increased chitin content in comparison with yeast-form cells. The global transcriptional response of S. cerevisiae during the early stages of 3Me-BuOH-induced filament formation has been described. Four ORFs displayed very significant (more than 10-fold) increases in their RNA species, and 12 ORFs displayed increases in transcription of more than 5-fold. The transcription of five genes (all of which encode transporters) decreased by similar amounts. Where examined, the activity of the proteins encoded reflected the transcriptional pattern of their respective mRNAs. To understand this regulation, studies were performed to see whether deletion or overexpression of key genes affects the ability to filament and invade solid YEPD medium. This has led to identification of those proteins that are essential for filament formation, repressors and those which are simply not required. It also leads to the conclusion that 3Me-BuOH-induced filament formation is not a foraging response but a response to reduced growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Dickinson
- Cardiff School of Bioscences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK.
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29
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Enczi K, Yamaguchi M, Sipiczki M. Morphology transition genes in the dimorphic fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2007; 92:143-54. [PMID: 17610143 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-007-9142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the saprophytic fungus Schizosaccharomyces japonicus to alternate between unicellular yeast form and multicellular true mycelium makes this organism an attractive non-pathogenic model for the investigation of di- and polymorphism critical for pathogenicity in many pathogenic fungi. In a previous work we described three mutations that made the cells unable to form hyphae. Here we report on the isolation of additional mycelium-minus mutants and show that the mutations represent seven genes. Apart from the inhibition of the yeast-to-mycelium transition, the mutations also cause drastic changes in the yeast phase. Cells of myc3-34 and myc4-35 grow isotropically with apolar distribution of actin and randomised localisation of division planes. The mutants myc1-4, myc1-10, myc1-36, myc5-39 and myc6-43 form sep-like, branching microhyphae containing bipolarly growing cells. All mutants are defective in the polarisation of vacuole distribution, and myc3-34, myc4-35 and myc7-56 are also defective in vacuole fusion. The diversity of the mutant phenotypes indicates that several cellular processes must take place simultaneously for the transition from the yeast phase into the mycelial phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Enczi
- Department of Genetics, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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30
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Amoah-Buahin E, Bone N, Armstrong J. Hyphal Growth in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2005; 4:1287-97. [PMID: 16002654 PMCID: PMC1168962 DOI: 10.1128/ec.4.7.1287-1297.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe grows in a single-celled form or can mate and undergo meiosis and sporulation. Here we show that wild-type S. pombe can also differentiate to form elaborately branched hyphae which invade deep into solid medium. Branches appear in the hyphae adjacent to unseparated septa. Electron microscopy reveals unusual multivesicular structures within the hyphae. Nitrogen deprivation appears to be the main stimulus for hyphal growth. No mitogen-activated protein kinase is necessary for the response. Inhibition of cyclic AMP (cAMP) production or signaling prevents the response, and exogenous cAMP promotes it, suggesting that detection of a good carbon source is required for hyphal growth but not for mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Amoah-Buahin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, England
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Bozsik A, Szilagyi Z, Benko Z, Sipiczki M. Marker construction and cloning of a cut1-like sequence with ARS activity in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus. Yeast 2002; 19:485-98. [PMID: 11921097 DOI: 10.1002/yea.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dimorphic fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus has proved to be an excellent experimental model for the investigation of the eukaryotic cell. Here we show that it has a haplontic life cycle, in which the diploid phase is confined to the zygote. To make it amenable to genetic and molecular analysis, we generated genetic markers and cloned a genomic sequence which acts as ars when integrated into a plasmid. Diploids suitable for testing complementation and recombination between markers can be formed by protoplast fusion. The complementation tests and the recombination frequencies determined in octads of spores identified 28 non-allelic groups (genes) of mutations of the auxotrophic and mycelium-negative mutants. Two groups of linked markers were also identified. The cloned fragment, which expresses ars activity, encodes a putative amino acid sequence highly similar to a conserved domain of proteins Cut1 (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), BimB (Aspergillus nidulans) and Esp1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniko Bozsik
- Department of Genetics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Sipiczki M, Yamaguchi M, Grallert A, Takeo K, Zilahi E, Bozsik A, Miklos I. Role of cell shape in determination of the division plane in Schizosaccharomyces pombe: random orientation of septa in spherical cells. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:1693-701. [PMID: 10692375 PMCID: PMC94467 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.6.1693-1701.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of growth polarity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells is a combined function of the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton and the shape of the cell wall inherited from the mother cell. The septum that divides the cylindrical cell into two siblings is formed midway between the growing poles and perpendicularly to the axis that connects them. Since the daughter cells also extend at their ends and form their septa at right angles to the longitudinal axis, their septal (division) planes lie parallel to those of the mother cell. To gain a better understanding of how this regularity is ensured, we investigated septation in spherical cells that do not inherit morphologically predetermined cell ends to establish poles for growth. We studied four mutants (defining four novel genes), over 95% of whose cells displayed a completely spherical morphology and a deficiency in mating and showed a random distribution of cytoplasmic microtubules, Tea1p, and F-actin, indicating that the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton was poorly polarized or apolar. Septum positioning was examined by visualizing septa and division scars by calcofluor staining and by the analysis of electron microscopic images. Freeze-substitution, freeze-etching, and scanning electron microscopy were used. We found that the elongated bipolar shape is not essential for the determination of a division plane that can separate the postmitotic nuclei. However, it seems to be necessary for the maintenance of the parallel orientation of septa over the generations. In the spherical cells, the division scars and septa usually lie at angles to each other on the cell surface. We hypothesize that the shape of the cell indirectly affects the positioning of the septum by directing the extension of the spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sipiczki
- Department of Genetics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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