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Liew JJM, Wicht DK, Gonzalez R, Dowling DP, Ellis HR. Current understanding of enzyme structure and function in bacterial two-component flavin-dependent desulfonases: Cleaving C-S bonds of organosulfur compounds. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 758:110048. [PMID: 38848996 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The inherent structural properties of enzymes are critical in defining catalytic function. Often, studies to evaluate the relationship between structure and function are limited to only one defined structural element. The two-component flavin-dependent desulfonase family of enzymes involved in bacterial sulfur acquisition utilize a comprehensive range of structural features to carry out the desulfonation of organosulfur compounds. These metabolically essential two-component FMN-dependent desulfonase systems have been proposed to utilize oligomeric changes, protein-protein interactions for flavin transfer, and common mechanistic steps for carbon-sulfur bond cleavage. This review is focused on our current functional and structural understanding of two-component FMN-dependent desulfonase systems from multiple bacterial sources. Mechanistic and structural comparisons from recent independent studies provide fresh insights into the overall functional properties of these systems and note areas in need of further investigation. The review acknowledges current studies focused on evaluating the structural properties of these enzymes in relationship to their distinct catalytic function. The role of these enzymes in maintaining adequate sulfur levels, coupled with the conserved nature of these enzymes in diverse bacteria, underscore the importance in understanding the functional and structural nuances of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J M Liew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Denyce K Wicht
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry, Environment, and Physics, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, 02108, USA
| | - Reyaz Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Daniel P Dowling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Holly R Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
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2
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Liang D, Xiao C, Song F, Li H, Liu R, Gao J. Complete Genome Sequence and Function Gene Identify of Prometryne-Degrading Strain Pseudomonas sp. DY-1. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061261. [PMID: 34200754 PMCID: PMC8230428 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Pseudomonas is widely recognized for its potential for environmental remediation and plant growth promotion. Pseudomonas sp. DY-1 was isolated from the agricultural soil contaminated five years by prometryne, it manifested an outstanding prometryne degradation efficiency and an untapped potential for plant resistance improvement. Thus, it is meaningful to comprehend the genetic background for strain DY-1. The whole genome sequence of this strain revealed a series of environment adaptive and plant beneficial genes which involved in environmental stress response, heavy metal or metalloid resistance, nitrate dissimilatory reduction, riboflavin synthesis, and iron acquisition. Detailed analyses presented the potential of strain DY-1 for degrading various organic compounds via a homogenized pathway or the protocatechuate and catechol branches of the β-ketoadipate pathway. In addition, heterologous expression, and high efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC) confirmed that prometryne could be oxidized by a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) encoded by a gene in the chromosome of strain DY-1. The result of gene knock-out suggested that the sulfate starvation-induced (SSI) genes in this strain might also involve in the process of prometryne degradation. These results would provide the molecular basis for the application of strain DY-1 in various fields and would contribute to the study of prometryne biodegradation mechanism as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (D.L.); (C.X.); (H.L.)
| | - Changyixin Xiao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (D.L.); (C.X.); (H.L.)
| | - Fuping Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Haitao Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (D.L.); (C.X.); (H.L.)
| | - Rongmei Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (D.L.); (C.X.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (J.G.); Tel.: +86-133-5999-0992 (J.G.)
| | - Jiguo Gao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (D.L.); (C.X.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (J.G.); Tel.: +86-133-5999-0992 (J.G.)
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3
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Grillo-Puertas M, Villegas JM, Pankievicz VCS, Tadra-Sfeir MZ, Teles Mota FJ, Hebert EM, Brusamarello-Santos L, Pedraza RO, Pedrosa FO, Rapisarda VA, Souza EM. Transcriptional Responses of Herbaspirillum seropedicae to Environmental Phosphate Concentration. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:666277. [PMID: 34177845 PMCID: PMC8222739 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.666277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbaspirillum seropedicae is a nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacterium associated with important cereal crops, which promotes plant growth, increasing their productivity. The understanding of the physiological responses of this bacterium to different concentrations of prevailing nutrients as phosphate (Pi) is scarce. In some bacteria, culture media Pi concentration modulates the levels of intracellular polyphosphate (polyP), modifying their cellular fitness. Here, global changes of H. seropedicae SmR1 were evaluated in response to environmental Pi concentrations, based on differential intracellular polyP levels. Cells grown in high-Pi medium (50 mM) maintained high polyP levels in stationary phase, while those grown in sufficient Pi medium (5 mM) degraded it. Through a RNA-seq approach, comparison of transcriptional profiles of H. seropedicae cultures revealed that 670 genes were differentially expressed between both Pi growth conditions, with 57% repressed and 43% induced in the high Pi condition. Molecular and physiological analyses revealed that aspects related to Pi metabolism, biosynthesis of flagella and chemotaxis, energy production, and polyhydroxybutyrate metabolism were induced in the high-Pi condition, while those involved in adhesion and stress response were repressed. The present study demonstrated that variations in environmental Pi concentration affect H. seropedicae traits related to survival and other important physiological characteristics. Since environmental conditions can influence the effectiveness of the plant growth-promoting bacteria, enhancement of bacterial robustness to withstand different stressful situations is an interesting challenge. The obtained data could serve not only to understand the bacterial behavior in respect to changes in rhizospheric Pi gradients but also as a base to design strategies to improve different bacterial features focusing on biotechnological and/or agricultural purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Grillo-Puertas
- Instituto de Química Biológica, “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Josefina M. Villegas
- Instituto de Química Biológica, “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Vânia C. S. Pankievicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Michelle Z. Tadra-Sfeir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Francisco J. Teles Mota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Elvira M. Hebert
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Raul O. Pedraza
- Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Fabio O. Pedrosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Viviana A. Rapisarda
- Instituto de Química Biológica, “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Emanuel M. Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Mavrodi OV, McWilliams JR, Peter JO, Berim A, Hassan KA, Elbourne LDH, LeTourneau MK, Gang DR, Paulsen IT, Weller DM, Thomashow LS, Flynt AS, Mavrodi DV. Root Exudates Alter the Expression of Diverse Metabolic, Transport, Regulatory, and Stress Response Genes in Rhizosphere Pseudomonas. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:651282. [PMID: 33936009 PMCID: PMC8079746 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.651282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants live in association with microorganisms that positively influence plant development, vigor, and fitness in response to pathogens and abiotic stressors. The bulk of the plant microbiome is concentrated belowground at the plant root-soil interface. Plant roots secrete carbon-rich rhizodeposits containing primary and secondary low molecular weight metabolites, lysates, and mucilages. These exudates provide nutrients for soil microorganisms and modulate their affinity to host plants, but molecular details of this process are largely unresolved. We addressed this gap by focusing on the molecular dialog between eight well-characterized beneficial strains of the Pseudomonas fluorescens group and Brachypodium distachyon, a model for economically important food, feed, forage, and biomass crops of the grass family. We collected and analyzed root exudates of B. distachyon and demonstrated the presence of multiple carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, and phenolic compounds. The subsequent screening of bacteria by Biolog Phenotype MicroArrays revealed that many of these metabolites provide carbon and energy for the Pseudomonas strains. RNA-seq profiling of bacterial cultures amended with root exudates revealed changes in the expression of genes encoding numerous catabolic and anabolic enzymes, transporters, transcriptional regulators, stress response, and conserved hypothetical proteins. Almost half of the differentially expressed genes mapped to the variable part of the strains’ pangenome, reflecting the importance of the variable gene content in the adaptation of P. fluorescens to the rhizosphere lifestyle. Our results collectively reveal the diversity of cellular pathways and physiological responses underlying the establishment of mutualistic interactions between these beneficial rhizobacteria and their plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Mavrodi
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Janiece R McWilliams
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Jacob O Peter
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Anna Berim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Karl A Hassan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Liam D H Elbourne
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa K LeTourneau
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - David R Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David M Weller
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Linda S Thomashow
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Alex S Flynt
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Dmitri V Mavrodi
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
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Mobilization of Iron Stored in Bacterioferritin Is Required for Metabolic Homeostasis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9120980. [PMID: 33255203 PMCID: PMC7760384 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9120980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis offers a significant bacterial vulnerability because pathogens obtain essential iron from their mammalian hosts, but host-defenses maintain vanishingly low levels of free iron. Although pathogens have evolved mechanisms to procure host-iron, these depend on well-regulated iron homeostasis. To disrupt iron homeostasis, our work has targeted iron mobilization from the iron storage protein bacterioferritin (BfrB) by blocking a required interaction with its cognate ferredoxin partner (Bfd). The blockade of the BfrB–Bfd complex by deletion of the bfd gene (Δbfd) causes iron to irreversibly accumulate in BfrB. In this study we used mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy to compare the proteomic response and the levels of key intracellular metabolites between wild type (wt) and isogenic ΔbfdP. aeruginosa strains. We find that the irreversible accumulation of unusable iron in BfrB leads to acute intracellular iron limitation, even if the culture media is iron-sufficient. Importantly, the iron limitation and concomitant iron metabolism dysregulation trigger a cascade of events that lead to broader metabolic homeostasis disruption, which includes sulfur limitation, phenazine-mediated oxidative stress, suboptimal amino acid synthesis and altered carbon metabolism.
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Non-Mammalian Prdx6 Enzymes (Proteins with 1-Cys Prdx Mechanism) Display PLA₂ Activity Similar to the Human Orthologue. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8030052. [PMID: 30832204 PMCID: PMC6466579 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian peroxiredoxin class 6 (Prdx6) are bifunctional enzymes. Non-mammalian Prdx6 enzymes display Cys-based peroxidase activity, but to date their putative phospholipase A2 (PLA2 activities) has not been experimentally investigated. Initially, we observed that five non-mammalian Prdx6 enzymes (enzymes from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPER1), Triticum aestivum (TaPER1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PaLsfA) and Aspergillus fumigatus (AfPrx1 and AfPrxC)) present features compatible with PLA2 activities in mammalian Prdx6 by amino acid sequences alignment and tertiary structure modeling. Employing unilamellar liposomes with tracer amounts of [3H]-1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and thin layer chromatography, all the tested non-mammalian Prdx6 enzymes displayed PLA2 activities, with values ranging from 3.4 to 6.1 nmol/min/mg protein. It was previously shown that Thr177 phosphorylation of human Prdx6 increases its PLA2 activity, especially at neutral pH. Therefore, we investigated if human Erk2 kinase could also phosphorylate homologous Thr residues in non-mammalian Prdx6 proteins. We observed phosphorylation of the conserved Thr in three out of the five non-mammalian Prdx enzymes by mass spectrometry. In the case of the mitochondrial Prdx6 from A. fumigatus (AfPrxC), we also observed phosphorylation by western blot, and as a consequence, the PLA2 activity was increased in acidic and neutral conditions by the human Erk2 kinase treatment. The possible physiological meanings of these PLA2 activities described open new fields for future research.
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McFarlane JS, Hagen RA, Chilton AS, Forbes DL, Lamb AL, Ellis HR. Not as easy as π: An insertional residue does not explain the π-helix gain-of-function in two-component FMN reductases. Protein Sci 2018; 28:123-134. [PMID: 30171650 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The π-helix located at the tetramer interface of two-component FMN-dependent reductases contributes to the structural divergence from canonical FMN-bound reductases within the NADPH:FMN reductase family. The π-helix in the SsuE FMN-dependent reductase of the alkanesulfonate monooxygenase system has been proposed to be generated by the insertion of a Tyr residue in the conserved α4-helix. Variants of Tyr118 were generated, and their X-ray crystal structures determined, to evaluate how these alterations affect the structural integrity of the π-helix. The structure of the Y118A SsuE π-helix was converted to an α-helix, similar to the FMN-bound members of the NADPH:FMN reductase family. Although the π-helix was altered, the FMN binding region remained unchanged. Conversely, deletion of Tyr118 disrupted the secondary structural properties of the π-helix, generating a random coil region in the middle of helix 4. Both the Y118A and Δ118 SsuE SsuE variants crystallize as a dimer. The MsuE FMN reductase involved in the desulfonation of methanesulfonates is structurally similar to SsuE, but the π-helix contains a His insertional residue. Exchanging the π-helix insertional residue of each enzyme did not result in equivalent kinetic properties. Structure-based sequence analysis further demonstrated the presence of a similar Tyr residue in an FMN-bound reductase in the NADPH:FMN reductase family that is not sufficient to generate a π-helix. Results from the structural and functional studies of the FMN-dependent reductases suggest that the insertional residue alone is not solely responsible for generating the π-helix, and additional structural adaptions occur to provide the altered gain of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S McFarlane
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Richard A Hagen
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849
| | - Annemarie S Chilton
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Dianna L Forbes
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849
| | - Audrey L Lamb
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Holly R Ellis
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849
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Fellner M, Hausinger RP, Hu J. A structural perspective on the PP-loop ATP pyrophosphatase family. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:607-622. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1516728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fellner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert P. Hausinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Mortimer M, Devarajan N, Li D, Holden PA. Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Induce More Pronounced Transcriptomic Responses in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PG201 than Graphene, Exfoliated Boron Nitride, or Carbon Black. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2728-2740. [PMID: 29455524 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous and boron nitride (BN) nanomaterials have similar applications and hydrophobic properties suggesting common release pathways and exposure to bacteria. While high nanomaterial concentrations can be bactericidal or growth-inhibitory, little is known regarding bacterial transcriptional responses to non-growth-inhibitory nanomaterial concentrations. Here, using one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-a clinically and environmentally important bacterial taxon-we analyzed the comparative transcriptomic response to carbonaceous or BN nanomaterials. We show that, at non-growth-inhibitory, equal mass concentrations (10 mg/L), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) induced differential regulation of 111 genes in P. aeruginosa, while graphene, BN, and carbon black caused differential regulation of 44, 26, and 25 genes, respectively. MWCNTs caused the upregulation of genes encoding general stress response (9 genes), sulfur metabolism (15), and transport of small molecules (7) and downregulation of genes encoding flagellar basal-body rod proteins and other virulence-related factors (6), nitrogen metabolism (7), and membrane proteins (12), including a two-component regulatory system CzcS/R. Because two-component systems are associated with antibiotic resistance, the antibiotic susceptibility of P. aeruginosa was tested following MWCNT exposure. In MWCNT-treated cultures, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of meropenem and imipenem decreased from 0.06 to 0.03 μg/mL and from 0.25 to 0.125 μg/mL, respectively. Taken together, whole genome analysis indicated that, in the absence of growth inhibition, nanomaterials can alter bacterial physiology and metabolism. For MWCNTs, such alterations may include downregulation of antibiotic resistance pathways, suggesting that pre-exposure to MWCNTs could potentially render bacteria more susceptible to carbapenems which are often the last resort for the globally concerning, highly antibiotic resistant P. aeruginosa.
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Cheng G, Karunakaran R, East AK, Poole PS. Multiplicity of Sulfate and Molybdate Transporters and Their Role in Nitrogen Fixation in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Rlv3841. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:143-52. [PMID: 26812045 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-15-0215-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobium leguminosarum Rlv3841 contains at least three sulfate transporters, i.e., SulABCD, SulP1 and SulP2, and a single molybdate transporter, ModABC. SulABCD is a high-affinity transporter whose mutation prevented growth on a limiting sulfate concentration, while SulP1 and SulP2 appear to be low-affinity sulfate transporters. ModABC is the sole high-affinity molybdate transport system and is essential for growth with NO3(-) as a nitrogen source on limiting levels of molybdate (<0.25 μM). However, at 2.5 μM molybdate, a quadruple mutant with all four transporters inactivated, had the longest lag phase on NO3(-), suggesting these systems all make some contribution to molybdate transport. Growth of Rlv3841 on limiting levels of sulfate increased sulB, sulP1, modB, and sulP2 expression 313.3-, 114.7-, 6.2-, and 4.0-fold, respectively, while molybdate starvation increased only modB expression (three- to 7.5-fold). When grown in high-sulfate but not low-sulfate medium, pea plants inoculated with LMB695 (modB) reduced acetylene at only 14% of the wild-type rate, and this was not further reduced in the quadruple mutant. Overall, while modB is crucial to nitrogen fixation at limiting molybdate levels in the presence of sulfate, there is an unidentified molybdate transporter also capable of sulfate transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Cheng
- 1 College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2 Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K.; and
| | - Ramakrishnan Karunakaran
- 2 Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K.; and
| | - Alison K East
- 2 Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K.; and
- 3 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, U.K
| | - Philip S Poole
- 2 Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K.; and
- 3 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, U.K
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Jung J, Jang IA, Ahn S, Shin B, Kim J, Park C, Jee SC, Sung JS, Park W. Molecular Mechanisms of Enhanced Bacterial Growth on Hexadecane with Red Clay. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 70:912-921. [PMID: 25956940 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Red clay was previously used to enhance bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil. It was speculated that the enhanced degradation of diesel was due to increased bacterial growth. In this study, we selected Acinetobacter oleivorans DR1, a soil-borne degrader of diesel and alkanes, as a model bacterium and performed transcriptional analysis using RNA sequencing to investigate the cellular response during hexadecane utilization and the mechanism by which red clay promotes hexadecane degradation. We confirmed that red clay promotes the growth of A. oleivorans DR1 on hexadecane, a major component of diesel, as a sole carbon source. Addition of red clay to hexadecane-utilizing DR1 cells highly upregulated β-oxidation, while genes related to alkane oxidation were highly expressed with and without red clay. Red clay also upregulated genes related to oxidative stress defense, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutaredoxin genes, suggesting that red clay supports the response of DR1 cells to oxidative stress generated during hexadecane utilization. Increased membrane fluidity in the presence of red clay was confirmed by fatty acid methyl ester analysis at different growth phases, suggesting that enhanced growth on hexadecane could be due to increased uptake of hexadecane coupled with upregulation of downstream metabolism and oxidative stress defense. The monitoring of the bacterial community in soil with red clay for a year revealed that red clay stabilized the community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaejoon Jung
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ae Jang
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungeun Ahn
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Shin
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulwoo Park
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Jee
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Suk Sung
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojun Park
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Pereira CT, Moutran A, Fessel M, Balan A. The sulfur/sulfonates transport systems in Xanthomonas citri pv. citri. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:524. [PMID: 26169280 PMCID: PMC4501297 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (X. citri) is a phytopathogenic bacterium that infects different species of citrus plants where it causes canker disease. The adaptation to different habitats is related to the ability of the cells to metabolize and to assimilate diverse compounds, including sulfur, an essential element for all organisms. In Escherichia coli, the necessary sulfur can be obtained by a set of proteins whose genes belong to the cys regulon. Although the cys regulon proteins and their importance have been described in many other bacteria, there are no data related to these proteins in X. citri or in the Xanthomonas genus. The study of the relevance of these systems in these phytopathogenic bacteria that have distinct mechanisms of infection is one essential step toward understanding their physiology. In this work, we used bioinformatics, molecular modeling and transcription analysis (RT-PCR) to identify and characterize the putative cys regulon genes in X. citri. Results We showed that the ATP Binding Cassette Transporter (ABC transporter) SbpCysUWA for sulfate uptake is conserved in X. citri and translated in presence of sulfate. On the other hand, differently from what is predicted in databases, according molecular modeling and phylogenetic analysis, X. citri does not show a proper taurine transporter, but two different ABC systems related to the alkanesulfonate/sulfonate transport that were recently acquired during evolution. RT-PCR analysis evidenced that these genes and their putative transcriptional regulator CysB are rather transcripted in XAM1, a medium with defined concentration of sulfate, than LB. Conclusions The presence of at least three distinct systems for sulfate and sulfonates assimilation in X. citri evidenced the importance of these compounds for the bacterium. The transcription of genes involved with alkanesulfonate/sulfur compounds in XAM1 along to CysB suggests that despite the differences in the transporters, the regulation of these systems might be similar to the described for E. coli. Altogether, these results will serve as a foundation for further studies aimed to understanding the relevance of sulfur in growth, virulence and pathogenesis of X. citri and related bacteria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1736-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Tambascia Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil. .,Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro de Pesquisas em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Moutran
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro de Pesquisas em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Melissa Fessel
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro de Pesquisas em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Andrea Balan
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
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Kaihami GH, de Almeida JRF, dos Santos SS, Netto LES, de Almeida SR, Baldini RL. Involvement of a 1-Cys peroxiredoxin in bacterial virulence. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004442. [PMID: 25329795 PMCID: PMC4199769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The killing of bacterial pathogens by macrophages occurs via the oxidative burst and bacteria have evolved to overcome this challenge and survive, using several virulence and defense strategies, including antioxidant mechanisms. We show here that the 1-Cys peroxiredoxin LsfA from the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is endowed with thiol-dependent peroxidase activity that protects the bacteria from H(2)O(2) and that this protein is implicated in pathogenicity. LsfA belongs to the poorly studied Prx6 subfamily of peroxiredoxins. The function of these peroxiredoxins has not been characterized in bacteria, and their contribution to host-pathogen interactions remains unknown. Infection of macrophages with the lsfA mutant strains resulted in higher levels of the cytokine TNF-α production due to the activation of the NF-kB and MAPK pathways, that are partially inhibited by the wild-type P. aeruginosa strain. A redox fluorescent probe was more oxidized in the lsfA mutant-infected macrophages than it was in the macrophages infected with the wild-type strain, suggesting that the oxidative burst was overstimulated in the absence of LsfA. Although no differences in the phagocytosis rates were observed when macrophages were infected with wild-type and mutant bacteria in a gentamicin exclusion assay, a higher number of wild-type bacterial cells was found in the supernatant. This difference was not observed when macrophages were pre-treated with a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, confirming the role of LsfA in the bacterial resistance to ROS generated via NADPH oxidase. In an acute pneumonia model, mice infected with the mutant strains presented higher cytokine release in the lungs and increased activated neutrophil recruitment, with reduced bacterial burden and improved survival rates compared to mice infected with the wild-type bacteria. LsfA is the first bacterial 1-Cys Prx shown to modulate host immune responses and its characterization will allow a better understanding of the role of redox signaling in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Hideo Kaihami
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Suelen Silvana dos Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Soares Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Rogério de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Lúcia Baldini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Guo H, Chen C, Lee DJ, Wang A, Ren N. Proteomic analysis of sulfur-nitrogen-carbon removal by Pseudomonas sp. C27 under micro-aeration condition. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 56:20-7. [PMID: 24564898 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas sp. C27 is a facultative autotrophic bacterium (FAB) that can effectively conduct mixotrophic and heterotrophic denitrifying sulfide removal (DSR) reactions under anaerobic condition using organic matters and sulfide as electron donors. Micro-aeration was proposed to enhance DSR reaction by FAB; however, there is no experimental proof on the effects of micro-aeration on capacity of denitrifying sulfide removal of FAB on proteomic levels. The proteome in total C27 cell extracts was observed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Differentially expressed protein spots and specifically expressed protein spots were identified by MALDI TOF/TOF MS. We identified 55 microaerobic-responsive protein spots, representing 55 unique proteins. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that 75% of the proteins were up-regulated, and 5% of the proteins were specifically expressed under micro-aerobic conditions. These enzymes were mainly involved in membrane transport, protein folding and metabolism. The noted expression changes of the microaerobic-responsive proteins suggests that C27 strain has a highly efficient enzyme system to conduct DSR reactions under micro-aerobic condition. Additionally, micro-aeration can increase the rates of protein synthesis and cell growth, and enhance cell defensive system of the strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Aijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Role for ferredoxin:NAD(P)H oxidoreductase (FprA) in sulfate assimilation and siderophore biosynthesis in Pseudomonads. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:3876-87. [PMID: 23794620 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00528-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylate) (PDTC), produced by certain pseudomonads, is a sulfur-containing siderophore that binds iron, as well as a wide range of transition metals, and it affects the net hydrolysis of the environmental contaminant carbon tetrachloride. The pathway of PDTC biosynthesis has not been defined. Here, we performed a transposon screen of Pseudomonas putida DSM 3601 to identify genes necessary for PDTC production (Pdt phenotype). Transposon insertions within genes for sulfate assimilation (cysD, cysNC, and cysG [cobA2]) dominated the collection of Pdt mutations. In addition, two insertions were within the gene for the LysR-type transcriptional activator FinR (PP1637). Phenotypic characterization indicated that finR mutants were cysteine bradytrophs. The Pdt phenotype of finR mutants could be complemented by the known target of FinR regulation, fprA (encoding ferredoxin:NADP(+) oxidoreductase), or by Escherichia coli cysJI (encoding sulfite reductase). These data indicate that fprA is necessary for effective sulfate assimilation by P. putida and that the effect of finR mutation on PDTC production was due to deficient expression of fprA and sulfite reduction. fprA expression in both P. putida and P. aeruginosa was found to be regulated by FinR, but in a manner dependent upon reduced sulfur sources, implicating FinR in sulfur regulatory physiology. The genes and phenotypes identified in this study indicated a strong dependence upon intracellular reduced sulfur/cysteine for PDTC biosynthesis and that pseudomonads utilize sulfite reduction enzymology distinct from that of E. coli and possibly similar to that of chloroplasts and other proteobacteria.
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Guo H, Chen C, Lee DJ, Wang A, Ren N. Sulfur–nitrogen–carbon removal of Pseudomonas sp. C27 under sulfide stress. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 53:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Robinson CV, Elkins MR, Bialkowski KM, Thornton DJ, Kertesz MA. Desulfurization of mucin by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: influence of sulfate in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:1644-1653. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.047167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla V. Robinson
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Mark R. Elkins
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - David J. Thornton
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Michael A. Kertesz
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Lecoutere E, Verleyen P, Haenen S, Vandersteegen K, Noben JP, Robben J, Schoofs L, Ceyssens PJ, Volckaert G, Lavigne R. A theoretical and experimental proteome map of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Microbiologyopen 2012; 1:169-81. [PMID: 22950023 PMCID: PMC3426416 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A total proteome map of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 proteome is presented, generated by a combination of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and protein identification by mass spectrometry. In total, 1128 spots were visualized, and 181 protein spots were characterized, corresponding to 159 different protein entries. In particular, protein chaperones and enzymes important in energy conversion and amino acid biosynthesis were identified. Spot analysis always resulted in the identification of a single protein, suggesting sufficient spot resolution, although the same protein may be detected in two or more neighboring spots, possibly indicating posttranslational modifications. Comparison to the theoretical proteome revealed an underrepresentation of membrane proteins, though the identified proteins cover all predicted subcellular localizations and all functional classes. These data provide a basis for subsequent comparative studies of the biology and metabolism of P. aeruginosa, aimed at unraveling global regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Lecoutere
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering,, Division of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenBelgium
| | - Peter Verleyen
- Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenBelgium
| | - Steven Haenen
- Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenBelgium
| | - Katrien Vandersteegen
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering,, Division of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenBelgium
| | | | - Johan Robben
- Biomedical Research Institute, UHasseltBelgium
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenBelgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenBelgium
| | - Pieter-Jan Ceyssens
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering,, Division of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenBelgium
| | - Guido Volckaert
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering,, Division of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenBelgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering,, Division of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenBelgium
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Cregut M, Piutti S, Slezack-Deschaumes S, Benizri E. Compartmentalization and regulation of arylsulfatase activities in Streptomyces sp., Microbacterium sp. and Rhodococcus sp. soil isolates in response to inorganic sulfate limitation. Microbiol Res 2012; 168:12-21. [PMID: 22921900 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Arylsulfatases allow microorganisms to satisfy their sulfur (S) requirements as inorganic sulfate after sulfate ester hydrolysis. Our objectives were to investigate the arylsulfatase activities among soil isolates, especially Streptomyces sp., Microbacterium sp. and Rhodococcus sp., because such investigations are limited for these bacteria, which often live in sulfate-limited conditions. Physiological and biochemical analyses indicated that these isolates possessed strong specific arylsulfatase activities ranging from 6 to 8 U. Moreover, for Streptomyces sp., an arylsulfatase localization study revealed 2 forms of arylsulfatases. A first form was located in the membrane, and a second form was located in the intracellular compartment. Both arylsulfatases had different patterns of induction. Indeed, the intracellular arylsulfatase was strictly induced by inorganic sulfate limitation, whereas the membrane arylsulfatase was induced both by substrate presence or S demand independently. For Microbacterium and Rhodococcus isolates, only a membrane arylsulfatase was found. Consequently, our results suggest the presence of a previously undescribed arylsulfatase in these microorganisms that allows them to develop an alternative strategy to fulfill their S requirements compared to bacteria previously studied in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Cregut
- Nantes University, PRES UNAM, Campus de la Courtaisière-IUT, UMR CNRS 6144 GEPEA, CBAC, 18 Bvd Gaston Defferre, 85035 La Roche sur Yon cedex, France.
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20
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Ellis HR. Mechanism for sulfur acquisition by the alkanesulfonate monooxygenase system. Bioorg Chem 2011; 39:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Goldová J, Ulrych A, Hercík K, Branny P. A eukaryotic-type signalling system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contributes to oxidative stress resistance, intracellular survival and virulence. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:437. [PMID: 21880152 PMCID: PMC3224232 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contains at least three genes encoding eukaryotic-type Ser/Thr protein kinases, one of which, ppkA, has been implicated in P. aeruginosa virulence. Together with the adjacent pppA phosphatase gene, they belong to the type VI secretion system (H1-T6SS) locus, which is important for bacterial pathogenesis. To determine the biological function of this protein pair, we prepared a pppA-ppkA double mutant and characterised its phenotype and transcriptomic profiles. RESULTS Phenotypic studies revealed that the mutant grew slower than the wild-type strain in minimal media and exhibited reduced secretion of pyoverdine. In addition, the mutant had altered sensitivity to oxidative and hyperosmotic stress conditions. Consequently, mutant cells had an impaired ability to survive in murine macrophages and an attenuated virulence in the plant model of infection. Whole-genome transcriptome analysis revealed that pppA-ppkA deletion affects the expression of oxidative stress-responsive genes, stationary phase σ-factor RpoS-regulated genes, and quorum-sensing regulons. The transcriptome of the pppA-ppkA mutant was also analysed under conditions of oxidative stress and showed an impaired response to the stress, manifested by a weaker induction of stress adaptation genes as well as the genes of the SOS regulon. In addition, expression of either RpoS-regulated genes or quorum-sensing-dependent genes was also affected. Complementation analysis confirmed that the transcription levels of the differentially expressed genes were specifically restored when the pppA and ppkA genes were expressed ectopically. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that in addition to its crucial role in controlling the activity of P. aeruginosa H1-T6SS at the post-translational level, the PppA-PpkA pair also affects the transcription of stress-responsive genes. Based on these data, it is likely that the reduced virulence of the mutant strain results from an impaired ability to survive in the host due to the limited response to stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Goldová
- Cell and Molecular Microbiology Division, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Ulrych
- Cell and Molecular Microbiology Division, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Hercík
- Cell and Molecular Microbiology Division, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pavel Branny
- Cell and Molecular Microbiology Division, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Linares JF, Moreno R, Fajardo A, Martínez-Solano L, Escalante R, Rojo F, Martínez JL. The global regulator Crc modulates metabolism, susceptibility to antibiotics and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environ Microbiol 2011; 12:3196-212. [PMID: 20626455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of a bacterial pathogen to produce a disease in a treated host depends on the former's virulence and resistance to antibiotics. Several scattered pieces of evidence suggest that these two characteristics can be influenced by bacterial metabolism. This potential relationship is particularly important upon infection of a host, a situation that demands bacteria adapt their physiology to their new environment, making use of newly available nutrients. To explore the potential cross-talk between bacterial metabolism, antibiotic resistance and virulence, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa model was used. This species is an important opportunistic pathogen intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics. The role of Crc, a global regulator that controls the metabolism of carbon sources and catabolite repression in Pseudomonas, was analysed to determine its contribution to the intrinsic antibiotic resistance and virulence of P. aeruginosa. Using proteomic analyses, high-throughput metabolic tests and functional assays, the present work shows the virulence and antibiotic resistance of this pathogen to be linked to its physiology, and to be under the control (directly or indirectly) of Crc. A P. aeruginosa strain lacking the Crc regulator showed defects in type III secretion, motility, expression of quorum sensing-regulated virulence factors, and was less virulent in a Dictyostelium discoideum model. In addition, this mutant strain was more susceptible to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fosfomycin and rifampin. Crc might therefore be a good target in the search for new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Linares
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Aguilar-Barajas E, Díaz-Pérez C, Ramírez-Díaz MI, Riveros-Rosas H, Cervantes C. Bacterial transport of sulfate, molybdate, and related oxyanions. Biometals 2011; 24:687-707. [PMID: 21301930 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Aguilar-Barajas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana, Edificio B-3, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030 Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
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Molina-Henares MA, de la Torre J, García-Salamanca A, Molina-Henares AJ, Herrera MC, Ramos JL, Duque E. Identification of conditionally essential genes for growth ofPseudomonas putidaKT2440 on minimal medium through the screening of a genome-wide mutant library. Environ Microbiol 2010; 12:1468-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Park S, Ely RL. Whole-genome transcriptional and physiological responses ofNitrosomonas europaeato cyanide: Identification of cyanide stress response genes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:1645-53. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bhattacharyya S, Solakyildirim K, Zhang Z, Chen ML, Linhardt RJ, Tobacman JK. Cell-bound IL-8 increases in bronchial epithelial cells after arylsulfatase B silencing due to sequestration with chondroitin-4-sulfate. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 42:51-61. [PMID: 19346317 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0482oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine IL-8 is critically important in inflammatory processes in human tissues, and IL-8 interactions with sulfated glycosaminoglycans have been implicated in modification of inflammatory responses in bronchial epithelium. To determine the role of chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S) in mediating effects of IL-8, we silenced the enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (arylsulfatase B [ASB]) that removes the 4-sulfate group from C4S, in the IB3-1 and C38 bronchial epithelial cell lines and in normal primary bronchial epithelial cells. When ASB was silenced and IL-8 production stimulated by exposure to TNF-alpha, ASB activity declined by roughly 75%, cellular C4S content increased by over 7.5 microg/mg protein, cell-bound IL-8 increased by over 530 pg/mg protein, and secreted IL-8 declined by over 520 pg/mg protein in all cell lines (P < 0.001). When cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with C4S antibody after ASB silencing and TNF-alpha, the IL-8 content of the immunoprecipitate was approximately 500 pg/mg protein, indicating that most of the cell-bound IL-8 was associated with C4S. Cell fractionation demonstrated that the IL-8 content associated with the cell membranes was about twice that of the cytosolic fraction. Also, ASB appeared to localize in the cell membrane, as well as in lysosomes. Neutrophil attraction to the cell lysates increased after ASB silencing, consistent with increased attraction to the cell-bound IL-8. These findings provide evidence for the influential role of ASB and C4S in the regulation of IL-8 secretion, and suggest that changes in ASB activity and C4S content may have a significant impact on IL-8-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bhattacharyya
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Viti C, Decorosi F, Mini A, Tatti E, Giovannetti L. Involvement of the oscA gene in the sulphur starvation response and in Cr(VI) resistance in Pseudomonas corrugata 28. Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 155:95-105. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.021873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas corrugata28 is a Cr(VI)-hyper-resistant bacterium. A Cr(VI)-sensitive mutant was obtained by insertional mutagenesis using EZ-Tn5<R6Kγori/KAN-2>Tnp. The mutant strain was impaired in a gene, here namedoscA(organosulphurcompounds), which encoded a hypothetical small protein of unknown function. The gene was located upstream of a gene cluster that encodes the components of the sulphate ABC transporter, and it formed a transcriptional unit withsbp, which encoded the periplasmic binding protein of the transporter. TheoscA–sbptranscriptional unit was strongly and quickly overexpressed after chromate exposure, suggesting the involvement ofoscAin chromate resistance, which was further confirmed by means of a complementation experiment. Phenotype MicroArray (PM) analysis made it possible to assay 1536 phenotypes and also indicated that theoscAgene was involved in the utilization of organosulphur compounds as a sole source of sulphur. This is believed to be the first evidence thatoscAplays a role in activating a sulphur starvation response, which is required to cope with oxidative stress induced by chromate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Viti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Sez. Microbiologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 24, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Decorosi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Sez. Microbiologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 24, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Annalisa Mini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Sez. Microbiologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 24, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Enrico Tatti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Sez. Microbiologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 24, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Luciana Giovannetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Sez. Microbiologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 24, 50144 Firenze, Italy
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Transcription factors CysB and SfnR constitute the hierarchical regulatory system for the sulfate starvation response in Pseudomonas putida. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:4521-31. [PMID: 18456803 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00217-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida DS1 is able to utilize dimethyl sulfone as a sulfur source. Expression of the sfnFG operon responsible for dimethyl sulfone oxygenation is directly regulated by a sigma(54)-dependent transcriptional activator, SfnR, which is encoded within the sfnECR operon. We investigated the transcription mechanism for the sulfate starvation-induced expression of these sfn operons. Using an in vivo transcription assay and in vitro DNA-binding experiments, we revealed that SfnR negatively regulates the expression of sfnECR by binding to the downstream region of the transcription start point. Additionally, we demonstrated that a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, CysB, directly activates the expression of sfnECR by binding to its upstream region. CysB is a master regulator that controls the sulfate starvation response of the sfn operons, as is the case for the sulfonate utilization genes of Escherichia coli, although CysB(DS1) appeared to differ from that of E. coli CysB in terms of the effect of O-acetylserine on DNA-binding ability. Furthermore, we investigated what effector molecules repress the expression of sfnFG and sfnECR in vivo by using the disruptants of the sulfate assimilatory genes cysNC and cysI. The measurements of mRNA levels of the sfn operons in these gene disruptants suggested that the expression of sfnFG is repressed by sulfate itself while the expression of sfnECR is repressed by the downstream metabolites in the sulfate assimilatory pathway, such as sulfide and cysteine. These results indicate that SfnR plays a role independent of CysB in the sulfate starvation-induced expression of the sfn operons.
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Tralau T, Vuilleumier S, Thibault C, Campbell BJ, Hart CA, Kertesz MA. Transcriptomic analysis of the sulfate starvation response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:6743-50. [PMID: 17675390 PMCID: PMC2045191 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00889-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a number of infections in humans, but is best known for its association with cystic fibrosis. It is able to use a wide range of sulfur compounds as sources of sulfur for growth. Gene expression in response to changes in sulfur supply was studied in P. aeruginosa E601, a cystic fibrosis isolate that displays mucin sulfatase activity, and in P. aeruginosa PAO1. A large family of genes was found to be upregulated by sulfate limitation in both isolates, encoding sulfatases and sulfonatases, transport systems, oxidative stress proteins, and a sulfate-regulated TonB/ExbBD complex. These genes were localized in five distinct islands on the genome and encoded proteins with a significantly reduced content of cysteine and methionine. Growth of P. aeruginosa E601 with mucin as the sulfur source led not only to a sulfate starvation response but also to induction of genes involved with type III secretion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewes Tralau
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Bldg., Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PT, England
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30
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Small DA, Chang W, Toghrol F, Bentley WE. Comparative global transcription analysis of sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:1093-105. [PMID: 17624526 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Disinfectants are routinely used in hospitals and health care facilities for surface sterilization. However, the mechanisms by which these disinfectants kill and the extent to which bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are resistant remains unclear. Consequently, P. aeruginosa nosocomial infections result in considerable casualties and economic hardship. Previously, DNA microarrays were utilized to analyze the genome-wide transcription changes in P. aeruginosa after oxidative antimicrobial (sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide) exposure. Simultaneous analysis of these transcriptome datasets provided a comprehensive understanding of the differential responses to these disinfectants. An analysis of variance, functional classification analysis, metabolic pathway analysis, Venn diagram analysis, and principal component analysis revealed that sodium hypochlorite exposure resulted in more genome-wide changes than either peracetic acid or hydrogen peroxide exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Small
- Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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31
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D'Argenio DA, Wu M, Hoffman LR, Kulasekara HD, Déziel E, Smith EE, Nguyen H, Ernst RK, Larson Freeman TJ, Spencer DH, Brittnacher M, Hayden HS, Selgrade S, Klausen M, Goodlett DR, Burns JL, Ramsey BW, Miller SI. Growth phenotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lasR mutants adapted to the airways of cystic fibrosis patients. Mol Microbiol 2007; 64:512-33. [PMID: 17493132 PMCID: PMC2742308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa undergoes genetic change during chronic airway infection of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. One common change is a mutation inactivating lasR, which encodes a transcriptional regulator that responds to a homoserine lactone signal to activate expression of acute virulence factors. Colonies of lasR mutants visibly accumulated the iridescent intercellular signal 4-hydroxy-2-heptylquinoline. Using this colony phenotype, we identified P. aeruginosa lasR mutants that emerged in the airway of a CF patient early during chronic infection, and during growth in the laboratory on a rich medium. The lasR loss-of-function mutations in these strains conferred a growth advantage with particular carbon and nitrogen sources, including amino acids, in part due to increased expression of the catabolic pathway regulator CbrB. This growth phenotype could contribute to selection of lasR mutants both on rich medium and within the CF airway, supporting a key role for bacterial metabolic adaptation during chronic infection. Inactivation of lasR also resulted in increased beta-lactamase activity that increased tolerance to ceftazidime, a widely used beta-lactam antibiotic. Loss of LasR function may represent a marker of an early stage in chronic infection of the CF airway with clinical implications for antibiotic resistance and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A D'Argenio
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Roy U, Nair D. Biodiversity of organotin resistant Pseudomonas from west coast of India. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2007; 16:253-61. [PMID: 17131180 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-006-0125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Five bacterial isolates were screened for resistance to organotin compound, i.e. tributyltin chloride (TBTC) up to 2 mM. The optimum pH, temperature and salinity for the growth of the isolates were found to be 7, 28 degrees C and 2.5%, respectively. The isolates were tested for survival tolerance to heavy metals (mercury, cadmium and zinc) and co-resistance to antibiotics viz. ampicillin, kanamycin, rifampicin, streptomycin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, nalidixic acid and neomycin. Although our earlier study reported that these five bacterial strains are of different species of Pseudomonas, our present 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that all the strains are Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One of five isolates P. aeruginosa strain 25W could grow in mineral salt medium with 2 mM of TBTC as a sole source of carbon and survive up to 5 mM of TBTC. In presence of 2 mM of TBTC there was comparable up-regulation of 45 kDa protein in the cell extract of the 25W isolate was found indicating involvement of certain enzymes in TBTC resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upal Roy
- Department of Microbiology, Goa University, Taleigaon Plateau, Goa, India.
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33
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Krause K, Kothe E. Use of RNA fingerprinting to identify fungal genes specifically expressed during ectomycorrhizal interaction. J Basic Microbiol 2006; 46:387-99. [PMID: 17009294 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200610153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ecosystem soil is characterized by interactions between microorganisms and plants including mycorrhiza--mutualistic interactions between fungi and plant roots. Species of the basidiomycete genus Tricholoma form ectomycorrhiza with tree roots which is characterized by morphological and metabolic changes of both partners, yet molecular mechanisms of the interaction are poorly understood. We performed differential display with arbitrarily primed RT-PCR using ectomycorrhiza between the basidiomycete Tricholoma vaccinum and its compatible host spruce (Picea abies) to isolate mycorrhiza-specific fungal gene fragments. 76 differentially expressed PCR fragments were verified and checked for plant or fungal origin and expression pattern. Of 20 fungal fragments with mycorrhiza-specific expression, sequence analyses were performed to identify homologs with known function of the encoded protein. Among the genes identified were orthologs to an aldehyde dehydrogenase, an alcohol dehydrogenase and a protein of the MATE transporter family, all with possible function in plant pathogen response. A phospholipase B, a beta-glucosidase and a binding protein of basic amino acids might play a role in nutrient exchange and growth in planta. A protein similar to inactive E2 compounds of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes like CROC-1 and MMS2, a Ras protein and an APS kinase were placed in signal transduction and two retrotransposons of the Ty3-gypsy and the Ty1-copia family are expressed most likely due to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Krause
- University of Jena, Dept. Microbiology, Microbial Phytopathology, Neugasse 25, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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34
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Small DA, Chang W, Toghrol F, Bentley WE. Toxicogenomic analysis of sodium hypochlorite antimicrobial mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 74:176-85. [PMID: 17021869 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is routinely used in hospitals and health care facilities for surface sterilization; however, the mechanism of action by which this disinfectant kills and the extent to which Pseudomonas aeruginosa is resistant to sodium hypochlorite have not been elucidated. Consequently, nosocomial infections from P. aeruginosa result in considerable casualties and economic hardship. We report the genome-wide transcriptome response of P. aeruginosa to sodium hypochlorite-induced oxidative stress via the use of DNA microarrays. In addition to a general oxidative stress response, our data revealed a downregulation of virtually all genes related to oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport and an upregulation of many organic sulfur transport and metabolism genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Small
- Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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35
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Iwanicka-Nowicka R, Zielak A, Cook AM, Thomas MS, Hryniewicz MM. Regulation of sulfur assimilation pathways in Burkholderia cenocepacia: identification of transcription factors CysB and SsuR and their role in control of target genes. J Bacteriol 2006; 189:1675-88. [PMID: 16997956 PMCID: PMC1855706 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00592-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two genes encoding transcriptional regulators involved in sulfur assimilation pathways in Burkholderia cenocepacia strain 715j have been identified and characterized functionally. Knockout mutations in each of the B. cenocepacia genes were constructed and introduced into the genome of 715j by allelic replacement. Studies on the utilization of various sulfur sources by 715j and the obtained mutants demonstrated that one of the B. cenocepacia regulators, designated CysB, is preferentially involved in the control of sulfate transport and reduction, while the other, designated SsuR, is required for aliphatic sulfonate utilization. Using transcriptional promoter-lacZ fusions and DNA-binding experiments, we identified several target promoters for positive control by CysB and/or SsuR--sbpp (preceding the sbp cysT cysW cysA ssuR cluster), cysIp (preceding the cysI cysD1 cysN cysH cysG cluster), cysD2p (preceding a separate cluster, cysD2 cysNC), and ssuDp (located upstream of the ssuDCB operon)--and we demonstrated overlapping functions of CysB and SsuR at particular promoters. We also demonstrated that the cysB gene is negatively controlled by both CysB and SsuR but the ssuR gene itself is not significantly regulated as a separate transcription unit. The function of B. cenocepacia CysB (in vivo and in vitro) appeared to be independent of the presence of acetylserine, the indispensable coinducer of the CysB regulators of Escherichia coli and Salmonella. The phylogenetic relationships among members of the "CysB family" in the gamma and beta subphyla are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roksana Iwanicka-Nowicka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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36
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Hagelueken G, Adams TM, Wiehlmann L, Widow U, Kolmar H, Tümmler B, Heinz DW, Schubert WD. The crystal structure of SdsA1, an alkylsulfatase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, defines a third class of sulfatases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:7631-6. [PMID: 16684886 PMCID: PMC1472496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510501103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is both a ubiquitous environmental bacterium and an opportunistic human pathogen. A remarkable metabolic versatility allows it to occupy a multitude of ecological niches, including wastewater treatment plants and such hostile environments as the human respiratory tract. P. aeruginosa is able to degrade and metabolize biocidic SDS, the detergent of most commercial personal hygiene products. We identify SdsA1 of P. aeruginosa as a secreted SDS hydrolase that allows the bacterium to use primary sulfates such as SDS as a sole carbon or sulfur source. Homologues of SdsA1 are found in many pathogenic and some nonpathogenic bacteria. The crystal structure of SdsA1 reveals three distinct domains. The N-terminal catalytic domain with a binuclear Zn2+ cluster is a distinct member of the metallo-beta-lactamase fold family, the central dimerization domain ensures resistance to high concentrations of SDS, whereas the C-terminal domain provides a hydrophobic groove, presumably to recruit long aliphatic substrates. Crystal structures of apo-SdsA1 and complexes with substrate analog and products indicate an enzymatic mechanism involving a water molecule indirectly activated by the Zn2+ cluster. The enzyme SdsA1 thus represents a previously undescribed class of sulfatases that allows P. aeruginosa to survive and thrive under otherwise bacteriocidal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Hagelueken
- *Division of Structural Biology, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thorsten M. Adams
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Klinische Forschergruppe OE 6711, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Lutz Wiehlmann
- Klinische Forschergruppe OE 6711, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Ute Widow
- *Division of Structural Biology, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Clemens-Schoepf-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt University of Technology, Petersenstrasse 22, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Burkhard Tümmler
- Klinische Forschergruppe OE 6711, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Dirk W. Heinz
- *Division of Structural Biology, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolf-Dieter Schubert
- *Division of Structural Biology, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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37
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Koch DJ, Rückert C, Albersmeier A, Hüser AT, Tauch A, Pühler A, Kalinowski J. The transcriptional regulator SsuR activates expression of the Corynebacterium glutamicum sulphonate utilization genes in the absence of sulphate. Mol Microbiol 2005; 58:480-94. [PMID: 16194234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study, the putative regulatory gene cg0012 was shown to belong to the regulon of McbR, a global transcriptional regulator of sulphur metabolism in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032. A deletion of cg0012, now designated ssuR (sulphonate sulphur utilization regulator), led to the mutant strain C. glutamicum DK100, which was shown to be blocked in the utilization of sulphonates as sulphur sources. According to DNA microarray hybridizations, transcription of the ssu and seu genes, encoding the sulphonate utilization system of C. glutamicum, was considerably decreased in C. glutamicum DK100 when compared with the wild-type strain. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with purified SsuR protein demonstrated that the upstream regions of ssuI, seuABC, ssuD2 and ssuD1CBA contain SsuR binding sites. A nucleotide sequence alignment of the four DNA fragments containing the SsuR binding sites revealed a common 21 bp motif consisting of T-, GC- and A-rich domains. Mapping of the transcriptional start sites in front of ssuI, seuABC, ssuD2 and ssuD1CBA indicated that the SsuR binding sites are located directly upstream of identified promoter sequences and that the ssu genes are expressed by leaderless transcripts. Binding of the SsuR protein to its operator was shown to be diminished in vitro by the effector substance sulphate and its direct assimilation products adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate, sulphite and sulphide. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction experiments verified that the expression of the ssu and seu genes was also repressed in vivo by the presence of sulphate or sulphite. Therefore, the regulatory protein SsuR activates the expression of the ssu and seu genes in C. glutamicum in the absence of the preferred sulphur source sulphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Koch
- Institut für Genomforschung, Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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38
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Endoh T, Habe H, Nojiri H, Yamane H, Omori T. The sigma54-dependent transcriptional activator SfnR regulates the expression of the Pseudomonas putida sfnFG operon responsible for dimethyl sulphone utilization. Mol Microbiol 2005; 55:897-911. [PMID: 15661012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida DS1 is able to utilize dimethyl sulphide through dimethyl sulphoxide, dimethyl sulphone (DMSO2), methanesulphonate (MSA) and sulphite as a sulphur source. We previously demonstrated that sfnR encoding a sigma54-dependent transcriptional regulator is essential for DMSO2 utilization by P. putida DS1. To identify the target genes of SfnR, we carried out transposon mutagenesis on an sfnR disruptant (DMSO2-utilization-defective phenotype) using mini-Tn5, which contains two outward-facing constitutively active promoters; as a result, we obtained a mutant that restored the ability to utilize DMSO2. The DMSO2-positive mutant carried a mini-Tn5 insertion in the intergenic region between two opposite-facing operons, sfnAB and sfnFG. Both sfnA and sfnB products were similar to acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family proteins, whereas sfnF and sfnG encoded a putative NADH-dependent FMN reductase (SfnF) and an FMNH2-dependent monooxygenase (SfnG). Disruption and complementation of the sfn genes indicated that the sfnG product is essential for DMSO2 utilization by P. putida DS1. Furthermore, an enzyme assay demonstrated that SfnG is an FMNH2-dependent DMSO2 monooxygenase that converts DMSO2 to MSA. It was revealed that the expression of the sfnFG operon is directly activated by the binding of SfnR at its upstream region. Site-directed mutagenesis of the SfnR binding sequences allowed us to define a potential recognition sequence for SfnR. These results provided insight into regulation of sulphate starvation-induced genes in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Endoh
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8657 Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Hanson SR, Best MD, Wong CH. Sulfatases: Structure, Mechanism, Biological Activity, Inhibition, and Synthetic Utility. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43:5736-63. [PMID: 15493058 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200300632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases, which cleave sulfate esters in biological systems, play a key role in regulating the sulfation states that determine the function of many physiological molecules. Sulfatase substrates range from small cytosolic steroids, such as estrogen sulfate, to complex cell-surface carbohydrates, such as the glycosaminoglycans. The transformation of these molecules has been linked with important cellular functions, including hormone regulation, cellular degradation, and modulation of signaling pathways. Sulfatases have also been implicated in the onset of various pathophysiological conditions, including hormone-dependent cancers, lysosomal storage disorders, developmental abnormalities, and bacterial pathogenesis. These findings have increased interest in sulfatases and in targeting them for therapeutic endeavors. Although numerous sulfatases have been identified, the wide scope of their biological activity is only beginning to emerge. Herein, accounts of the diversity and growing biological relevance of sulfatases are provided along with an overview of the current understanding of sulfatase structure, mechanism, and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC 357, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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40
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Hanson SR, Best MD, Wong CH. Sulfatasen: Struktur, Mechanismus, biologische Aktivität, Inhibition, Anwendung in Synthesen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200300632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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41
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Ramírez P, Guiliani N, Valenzuela L, Beard S, Jerez CA. Differential protein expression during growth of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans on ferrous iron, sulfur compounds, or metal sulfides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:4491-8. [PMID: 15294777 PMCID: PMC492426 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.8.4491-4498.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 04/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of proteins that changed their levels of synthesis during growth of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 19859 on metal sulfides, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, and ferrous iron was characterized by using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. N-terminal amino acid sequencing and mass spectrometry analysis of these proteins allowed their identification and the localization of the corresponding genes in the available genomic sequence of A. ferrooxidans ATCC 23270. The genomic context around several of these genes suggests their involvement in the energetic metabolism of A. ferrooxidans. Two groups of proteins could be distinguished. The first consisted of proteins highly upregulated by growth on sulfur compounds (and downregulated by growth on ferrous iron): a 44-kDa outer membrane protein, an exported 21-kDa putative thiosulfate sulfur transferase protein, a 33-kDa putative thiosulfate/sulfate binding protein, a 45-kDa putative capsule polysaccharide export protein, and a putative 16-kDa protein of unknown function. The second group of proteins comprised those downregulated by growth on sulfur (and upregulated by growth on ferrous iron): rusticyanin, a cytochrome c(552), a putative phosphate binding protein (PstS), the small and large subunits of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase, and a 30-kDa putative CbbQ protein, among others. The results suggest in general a separation of the iron and sulfur utilization pathways. Rusticyanin, in addition to being highly expressed on ferrous iron, was also newly synthesized, as determined by metabolic labeling, although at lower levels, during growth on sulfur compounds and iron-free metal sulfides. During growth on metal sulfides containing iron, such as pyrite and chalcopyrite, both proteins upregulated on ferrous iron and those upregulated on sulfur compounds were synthesized, indicating that the two energy-generating pathways are induced simultaneously depending on the kind and concentration of oxidizable substrates available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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42
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Pinto R, Tang QX, Britton WJ, Leyh TS, Triccas JA. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis cysD and cysNC genes form a stress-induced operon that encodes a tri-functional sulfate-activating complex. Microbiology (Reading) 2004; 150:1681-1686. [PMID: 15184554 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur metabolism has been implicated in the virulence, antibiotic resistance and anti-oxidant defence ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite its human disease relevance, sulfur metabolism in mycobacteria has not yet been fully characterized. ATP sulfurylase catalyses the synthesis of activated sulfate (adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate, APS), the first step in the reductive assimilation of sulfate. Expression of theM. tuberculosis cysDgene, predicted to encode the adenylyl-transferase subunit of ATP sulfurylase, is upregulated by the bacilli inside its preferred host, the macrophage. This study demonstrates thatcysDandcysNCorthologues exist inM. tuberculosisand constitute an operon whose expression is induced by sulfur limitation and repressed by the presence of cysteine, a major end-product of sulfur assimilation. ThecysDNCgenes are also induced upon exposure to oxidative stress, suggesting regulation of sulfur assimilation byM. tuberculosisin response to toxic oxidants. To ensure that thecysDNCoperon encoded the activities predicted by its primary sequence, and to begin to characterize the products of the operon, they were expressed inEscherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, and tested for their catalytic activities. The CysD and CysNC proteins were shown to form a multifunctional enzyme complex that exhibits the three linked catalytic activities that constitute the sulfate activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pinto
- Mycobacterial Research Group, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Locked Bag no. 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Quing Xui Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461-1926, USA
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Mycobacterial Research Group, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Locked Bag no. 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Thomas S Leyh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461-1926, USA
| | - James A Triccas
- Mycobacterial Research Group, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Locked Bag no. 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
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Farmer KL, Thomas MS. Isolation and characterization of Burkholderia cenocepacia mutants deficient in pyochelin production: pyochelin biosynthesis is sensitive to sulfur availability. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:270-7. [PMID: 14702294 PMCID: PMC305768 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.2.270-277.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Burkholderia cenocepacia produces the yellow-green fluorescent siderophore, pyochelin. To isolate mutants which do not produce this siderophore, we mutagenized B. cenocepacia with the transposon mini-Tn5Tp. Two nonfluorescent mutants were identified which were unable to produce pyochelin. In both mutants, the transposon had integrated into a gene encoding an orthologue of CysW, a component of the sulfate/thiosulfate transporter. The cysW gene was located within a putative operon encoding other components of the transporter and a polypeptide exhibiting high homology to the LysR-type regulators CysB and Cbl. Sulfate uptake assays confirmed that both mutants were defective in sulfate transport. Growth in the presence of cysteine, but not methionine, restored the ability of the mutants to produce pyochelin, suggesting that the failure to produce the siderophore was the result of a depleted intracellular pool of cysteine, a biosynthetic precursor of pyochelin. Consistent with this, the wild-type strain did not produce pyochelin when grown in the presence of lower concentrations of sulfate that still supported efficient growth. We also showed that whereas methionine and certain organosulfonates can serve as sole sulfur sources for this bacterium, they do not facilitate pyochelin biosynthesis. These observations suggest that, under conditions of sulfur depletion, cysteine cannot be spared for production of pyochelin even under iron starvation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Farmer
- Division of Genomic Medicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
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Endoh T, Habe H, Yoshida T, Nojiri H, Omori T. A CysB-regulated and sigma54-dependent regulator, SfnR, is essential for dimethyl sulfone metabolism of Pseudomonas putida strain DS1. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2003; 149:991-1000. [PMID: 12686641 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida strain DS1 utilizes dimethyl sulfide (DMS) as a sulfur source, and desulfurizes it via dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl sulfone (DMSO(2)) and methanesulfonate (MSA). Its Tn5 mutant, Dfi74J, no longer utilized DMS, DMSO and DMSO(2), but could oxidize DMS to DMSO(2), suggesting that the conversion of DMSO(2) to MSA was interrupted in the mutant. Sequencing of the Tn5 flanking region of Dfi74J demonstrated that a gene, sfnR (designated for dimethyl sulfone utilization), encoding a transcriptional regulator containing an ATP-dependent sigma(54)-association domain and a DNA-binding domain, was disrupted. sfnR is part of an operon with two other genes, sfnE and sfnC, located immediately upstream of sfnR and in the same orientation. The genes encode NADH-dependent FMN reductase (SfnE) and FMNH(2)-dependent monooxygenase (SfnC). Complementation of Dfi74J with an sfnR-expressing plasmid led to restoration of its growth on DMS, DMSO and DMSO(2). An rpoN-defective mutant of strain DS1, which lacks the sigma(54) factor, grew on MSA, but not on DMS, DMSO and DMSO(2), indicating that SfnR controls expression of gene(s) involved in DMSO(2) metabolism by interaction with sigma(54)-RNA polymerase. Northern hybridization and a reporter gene assay with an sfn-lacZ transcriptional fusion elucidated that expression of the sfnECR operon was induced under sulfate limitation and was dependent on a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, CysB. This is believed to be the first report that a sigma(54)-dependent transcriptional regulator induced under sulfate limitation is involved in sulfur assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Endoh
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Habe
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takako Yoshida
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nojiri
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Toshio Omori
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Sutherland TD, Horne I, Harcourt RL, Russell RJ, Oakeshott JG. Isolation and characterization of a Mycobacterium strain that metabolizes the insecticide endosulfan. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:380-9. [PMID: 12174035 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize a bacterium capable of metabolizing endosulfan. METHODS AND RESULTS A endosulfan-degrading bacterium (strain ESD) was isolated from soil inoculum after repeated culture with the insecticide as the sole source of sulfur. Analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence, and morphological and physiological characteristics revealed it to be a new fast-growing Mycobacterium, closely related to other Mycobacterium species with xenobiotic-degrading capabilities. Degradation of endosulfan by strain ESD involved both oxidative and sulfur-separation reactions. Strain ESD did not degrade endosulfan when sulfite, sulphate or methionine were present in the medium along with the insecticide. Partial degradation occurred when the culture was grown, with endosulfan, in the presence of MOPS (3-(N-morpholino)propane sulphonic acid), DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), cysteine or sulphonane and complete degradation occurred in the presence of gutathione. When both beta-endosulfan and low levels of sulphate were provided as the only sources of sulfur, biphasic exponential growth was observed with endosulfan metabolism being restricted to the latter phase of exponential growth. CONCLUSIONS This study isolated a Mycobacterium strain (strain ESD) capable of metabolizing endosulfan by both oxidative and sulfur-separation reactions. The endosulfan-degrading reactions are a result of the sulfur-starvation response of this bacterium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This describes the isolation of a Mycobacterium strain capable of degrading the insecticide endosulfan. This bacterium is a valuable source of enzymes for use in enzymatic bioremediation of endosulfan residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Sutherland
- CSIRO, Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601 Australia.
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Bykowski T, van der Ploeg JR, Iwanicka-Nowicka R, Hryniewicz MM. The switch from inorganic to organic sulphur assimilation in Escherichia coli: adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate (APS) as a signalling molecule for sulphate excess. Mol Microbiol 2002; 43:1347-58. [PMID: 11918818 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of organosulphur compounds as sources of sulphur by Escherichia coli is strongly repressed by sulphate. To search for the signal enabling E. coli to alternate gene expression according to the sulphur source, we investigated the transcriptional control of the ssuEADCB operon, required for the transport and desulphonation of aliphatic sulphonates. We demonstrate that, of the two LysR-type regulators involved in expression from the ssu promoter, Cbl acts as a direct and sufficient activator of transcription in vivo and in vitro, whereas CysB downregulates the promoter efficiency. Most importantly, the Cbl-mediated transcription initiation at the ssu promoter in vitro is abolished in the presence of an early metabolite of the sulphate assimilatory pathway, adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate (APS). This role for APS was confirmed in vivo by measuring the expression of beta-galactosidase from a transcriptional ssu-lacZ fusion in strains containing different mutations blocking the synthesis and consumption of APS. Our data comprise the first evidence that APS may act as the negative cofactor of the transcriptional regulator Cbl, and that APS, and not sulphate itself, serves as the signalling molecule for sulphate excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Bykowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Studer A, Stupperich E, Vuilleumier S, Leisinger T. Chloromethane: tetrahydrofolate methyl transfer by two proteins from Methylobacterium chloromethanicum strain CM4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 268:2931-8. [PMID: 11358510 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cmuA and cmuB genes are required for growth of Methylobacterium chloromethanicum strain CM4 with chloromethane as the sole carbon source. While CmuB was previously shown to possess methylcobalamin:tetrahydrofolate methyltransferase activity, sequence analysis indicated that CmuA represented a novel and so far unique two-domain methyltransferase/corrinoid-binding protein involved in methyl transfer from chloromethane to a corrin moiety. CmuA was purified from wild-type M. chloromethanicum strain CM4 and characterized as a monomeric, cobalt-containing and zinc-containing enzyme of molecular mass 67 kDa with a bound vitamin B12 cofactor. In combination, CmuA and CmuB proteins catalyze the in vitro transfer of the methyl group of chloromethane to tetrahydrofolate, thus affording a direct link between chloromethane dehalogenation and core C1 metabolism of Methylobacterium. Chloromethane dehalogenase activity in vitro is limited by CmuB, as formation of methyltetrahydrofolate from chloromethane displays apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to methylated CmuA, with an apparent Km of 0.27 microM and a Vmax of 0.45 U x mg(-1). This contrasts with sequence-related systems for methyl transfer from methanogens, which involve methyltransferase and corrinoid protein components in well-defined stoichiometric ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Studer
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, ETH-Zentrum, Zürich, Switzerland
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Boltes I, Czapinska H, Kahnert A, von Bülow R, Dierks T, Schmidt B, von Figura K, Kertesz MA, Usón I. 1.3 A structure of arylsulfatase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa establishes the catalytic mechanism of sulfate ester cleavage in the sulfatase family. Structure 2001; 9:483-91. [PMID: 11435113 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00609-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfatases constitute a family of enzymes with a highly conserved active site region including a Calpha-formylglycine that is posttranslationally generated by the oxidation of a conserved cysteine or serine residue. The crystal structures of two human arylsulfatases, ASA and ASB, along with ASA mutants and their complexes led to different proposals for the catalytic mechanism in the hydrolysis of sulfate esters. RESULTS The crystal structure of a bacterial sulfatase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAS) has been determined at 1.3 A. Fold and active site region are strikingly similar to those of the known human sulfatases. The structure allows a precise determination of the active site region, unequivocally showing the presence of a Calpha-formylglycine hydrate as the key catalytic residue. Furthermore, the cation located in the active site is unambiguously characterized as calcium by both its B value and the geometry of its coordination sphere. The active site contains a noncovalently bonded sulfate that occupies the same position as the one in para-nitrocatecholsulfate in previously studied ASA complexes. CONCLUSIONS The structure of PAS shows that the resting state of the key catalytic residue in sulfatases is a formylglycine hydrate. These structural data establish a mechanism for sulfate ester cleavage involving an aldehyde hydrate as the functional group that initiates the reaction through a nucleophilic attack on the sulfur atom in the substrate. The alcohol is eliminated from a reaction intermediate containing pentacoordinated sulfur. Subsequent elimination of the sulfate regenerates the aldehyde, which is again hydrated. The metal cation involved in stabilizing the charge and anchoring the substrate during catalysis is established as calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Boltes
- Lehrstuhl für Strukturchemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Coppée JY, Auger S, Turlin E, Sekowska A, Le Caer JP, Labas V, Vagner V, Danchin A, Martin-Verstraete I. Sulfur-limitation-regulated proteins in Bacillus subtilis: a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis study. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:1631-1640. [PMID: 11390694 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-6-1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the genes and enzymes involved in sulfur assimilation in Bacillus subtilis, or about the regulation of their expression or activity. To identify genes regulated by sulfur limitation, the authors used two- dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis to compare the proteome of a wild-type strain grown with either sulfate or glutathione as sole sulfur source. A total of 15 proteins whose synthesis is modified under these two conditions were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI TOF) mass spectrometry. In the presence of sulfate, an increased amount of proteins involved in the metabolism of C(1) units (SerA, GlyA, FolD) and in the biosynthesis of purines (PurQ, Xpt) and pyrimidines (Upp, PyrAA, PyrF) was observed. In the presence of glutathione, the synthesis of two uptake systems (DppE, SsuA), an oxygenase (SsuD), cysteine synthase (CysK) and two proteins of unknown function (YtmI, YurL) was increased. The changes in expression of the corresponding genes, in the presence of sulfate and glutathione, were monitored using slot-blot analyses and lacZ fusions. The ytmI gene is part of a locus of 12 genes which are co-regulated in response to sulfur availability. This putative operon is activated by a LysR-like regulator, YTLI: This is the first regulator involved in the control of expression in response to sulfur availability to be identified in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Coppée
- Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France1
| | - Sandrine Auger
- Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France1
| | - Evelyne Turlin
- Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France1
| | - Agnieszka Sekowska
- Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France1
| | - Jean-Pierre Le Caer
- Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7637, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France2
| | - Valérie Labas
- Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7637, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France2
| | | | - Antoine Danchin
- Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France1
| | - Isabelle Martin-Verstraete
- Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France1
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Abstract
Microorganisms require sulfur for growth, and obtain it either from inorganic sulfate or from organosulfur compounds such as sulfonates, sulfate esters, or sulfur-containing amino acids. Transport of sulfate into the cell is catalyzed either by ATP binding cassette (ABC)-type transporters (SulT family) or by major facilitator superfamily-type transporters (SulP family). By contrast, the sulfonate and sulfate ester transporters identified to date are all ABC-type systems, whose synthesis is tightly regulated by the sulfur supply to the cell, mediated by the CysB protein and other transcriptional regulators of the LysR-family.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kertesz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
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