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Barh A, Sharma K, Bhatt P, Annepu SK, Nath M, Shirur M, Kumari B, Kaundal K, Kamal S, Sharma VP, Gupta S, Sharma A, Gupta M, Dutta U. Identification of Key Regulatory Pathways of Basidiocarp Formation in Pleurotus spp. Using Modeling, Simulation and System Biology Studies. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101073. [PMID: 36294638 PMCID: PMC9604897 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus (Oyster mushroom) is an important cultivated edible mushroom across the world. It has several therapeutic effects as it contains various useful bio-molecules. The cultivation and crop management of these basidiomycete fungi depends on many extrinsic and intrinsic factors such as substrate composition, growing environment, enzymatic properties, and the genetic makeup, etc. Moreover, for efficient crop production, a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental properties viz. intrinsic–extrinsic factors and genotype-environment interaction analysis is required. The present study explores the basidiocarp formation biology in Pleurotus mushroom using an in silico response to the environmental factors and involvement of the major regulatory genes. The predictive model developed in this study indicates involvement of the key regulatory pathways in the pinhead to fruit body development process. Notably, the major regulatory pathways involved in the conversion of mycelium aggregation to pinhead formation and White Collar protein (PoWC1) binding flavin-chromophore (FAD) to activate respiratory enzymes. Overall, cell differentiation and higher expression of respiratory enzymes are the two important steps for basidiocarp formation. PoWC1 and pofst genes were participate in the structural changes process. Besides this, the PoWC1 gene is also involved in the respiratory requirement, while the OLYA6 gene is the triggering point of fruiting. The findings of the present study could be utilized to understand the detailed mechanism associated with the basidiocarp formation and to cultivate mushrooms at a sustainable level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Barh
- ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan 173 213, India
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Kanika Sharma
- ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan 173 213, India
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Sudheer Kumar Annepu
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Center, Udhagamandalam 643 006, India
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Manoj Nath
- ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan 173 213, India
| | - Mahantesh Shirur
- National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE), Hyderabad 500 030, India
| | - Babita Kumari
- ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan 173 213, India
| | - Kirti Kaundal
- ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan 173 213, India
| | - Shwet Kamal
- ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan 173 213, India
| | | | - Sachin Gupta
- Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180 009, India
| | - Annu Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan 173 230, India
| | - Moni Gupta
- Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180 009, India
| | - Upma Dutta
- Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180 009, India
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Sánchez C. A review of the role of biosurfactants in the biodegradation of hydrophobic organopollutants: production, mode of action, biosynthesis and applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:216. [PMID: 36056983 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The increasing influence of human activity and industrialization has adversely impacted the environment via pollution with organic contaminants, which are minimally soluble in water. These hydrophobic organopollutants may be present in sediment, water or biota and have created concern due to their toxic effects in mammals. The ability of microorganisms to degrade pollutants makes their use the most effective, inexpensive and ecofriendly method for environmental remediation. Microorganisms have the ability to produce natural surfactants (biosurfactants) that increase the bioavailability of hydrophobic organopollutants, which enables their use as carbon and energy sources. Due to microbial diversity in production, and the biodegradability, nontoxicity, stability and specific activity of the surfactants, the use of microbial surfactants has the potential to overcome problems associated with contamination by hydrophobic organopollutants.This review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding microbial surfactant production, mode of action in the biodegradation of hydrophobic organopollutants and biosynthetic pathways as well as their applications using emergent strategy tools to remove organopollutants from the environment. It is also specified for the first time that biosurfactants are produced either as growth-associated products or secondary metabolites, and are produced in different amounts by a wide range of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sánchez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, C.P. 90120, Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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Evolutionary Morphogenesis of Sexual Fruiting Bodies in Basidiomycota: Toward a New Evo-Devo Synthesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 86:e0001921. [PMID: 34817241 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00019-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of sexual fruiting bodies is one of the most complex morphogenetic processes in fungi. Mycologists have long been fascinated by the morphological and developmental diversity of fruiting bodies; however, evolutionary developmental biology of fungi still lags significantly behind that of animals or plants. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge on fruiting bodies of mushroom-forming Basidiomycota, focusing on phylogenetic and developmental biology. Phylogenetic approaches have revealed a complex history of morphological transformations and convergence in fruiting body morphologies. Frequent transformations and convergence is characteristic of fruiting bodies in contrast to animals or plants, where main body plans are highly conserved. At the same time, insights into the genetic bases of fruiting body development have been achieved using forward and reverse genetic approaches in selected model systems. Phylogenetic and developmental studies of fruiting bodies have each yielded major advances, but they have produced largely disjunct bodies of knowledge. An integrative approach, combining phylogenetic, developmental, and functional biology, is needed to achieve a true fungal evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) synthesis for fungal fruiting bodies.
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Mohammed Ali Al-Harrasi M, Mohammed Al-Sadi A, Al-Tamimi AM, Al-Sabahi JN, Velazhahan R. In vitro production of antifungal phenolic acids by Hypomyces perniciosus, the causal agent of wet bubble disease of Agaricus bisporus. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1987340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Afrah Mohammed Al-Tamimi
- Central Instrumentation Laboratory, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Jamal Nasser Al-Sabahi
- Central Instrumentation Laboratory, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Rethinasamy Velazhahan
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Xu D, Wang Y, Keerio AA, Ma A. Identification of hydrophobin genes and their physiological functions related to growth and development in Pleurotus ostreatus. Microbiol Res 2021; 247:126723. [PMID: 33636611 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are small secreted proteins with important physiological functions and potential applications. Here, Pleurotus ostreatus hydrophobin genes were systematically analyzed: they were characterized, classified, and their expression profiles and gene functions were explored. In total, 40 P. ostreatus hydrophobin genes were found and showed genetic diversity, of which 15 were newly identified. The hydrophobin protein sequences were diverse but all contained eight cysteine residues with a conserved spacing pattern, and 33 of them were class I hydrophobins. The expression profile analyses showed that Vmh3 and Hydph20 were abundant in monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelia, whereas Hydph17, Po.hyd16, Hydph8 were specifically expressed in monokaryotic mycelia and Po.hyd10 were specific in dikaryotic mycelia. Furthermore, Vmh3, Hydph20, Po.hyd7, and Po.hyd10 were abundant when dikaryotic mycelia cultivated on PDA, which are different from on substrate (Vmh2, Vmh3, Hydph7, Po.hyd3, Po.hyd7, Po.hyd9); Hydph12, POH1, and Po.hyd4 can be induced by natural light and cold stimulation during development from mycelia to primordia; Vmh3, FBH1, Hydph12, Po.hyd1-Po.hyd5, and Po.hyd8 were highly expressed in primordia and young fruiting bodies; Hydph12, Po.hyd1, Po.hyd4, and Po.hyd5 were specifically expressed in pilei. In addition, RNAi transformants of FBH1 exhibited slower growth rates and had fewer primordia and fruiting bodies, which suggests FBH1 affects the growth rate and primordia formation of P. ostreatus. Therefore, P. ostreatus hydrophobin genes belong to a large family and are temporally and spatially expressed to meet the developmental needs of mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyun Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aafaque Ahmed Keerio
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aimin Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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Sánchez C. Fungal potential for the degradation of petroleum-based polymers: An overview of macro- and microplastics biodegradation. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 40:107501. [PMID: 31870825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Petroleum-based plastic materials as pollutants raise concerns because of their impact on the global ecosystem and on animal and human health. There is an urgent need to remove plastic waste from the environment to overcome the environmental crisis of plastic pollution. This review describes the natural and unique ability of fungi to invade substrates by using enzymes that have the capacity to detoxify pollutants and are able to act on nonspecific substrates, the fungal ability to produce hydrophobins for surface coating to attach hyphae to hydrophobic substrates, and hyphal ability to penetrate three dimensional substrates. Fungal studies on macro- and microplastics biodegradation have shown that fungi are able to use these materials as the sole carbon and energy source. Further research is required on novel isolates from plastisphere ecosystems, on the use of molecular techniques to characterize plastic-degrading fungi and enhance enzymatic activity levels, and on the use of omics-based technologies to accelerate plastic waste biodegradation processes. The addition of pro-oxidants species (photosensitizers) and the reduction of biocides and antioxidant stabilizers used in the plastic manufacturing process should also be considered to promote biodegradation. Interdisciplinary research and innovative fungal strategies for plastic waste biodegradation, as well as ecofriendly manufacturing of petroleum-based plastics, may help to reduce the negative impacts of plastic waste pollution in the biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sánchez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Ixtacuixtla, C.P. 90120 Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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7
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Chang HJ, Lee M, Na S. Investigation of the role hydrophobin monomer loops using hybrid models via molecular dynamics simulation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 173:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Wu B, Xu Z, Knudson A, Carlson A, Chen N, Kovaka S, LaButti K, Lipzen A, Pennachio C, Riley R, Schakwitz W, Umezawa K, Ohm RA, Grigoriev IV, Nagy LG, Gibbons J, Hibbett D. Genomics and Development of Lentinus tigrinus: A White-Rot Wood-Decaying Mushroom with Dimorphic Fruiting Bodies. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:3250-3261. [PMID: 30398645 PMCID: PMC6305247 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentinus tigrinus is a species of wood-decaying fungi (Polyporales) that has an agaricoid form (a gilled mushroom) and a secotioid form (puffball-like, with enclosed spore-bearing structures). Previous studies suggested that the secotioid form is conferred by a recessive allele of a single locus. We sequenced the genomes of one agaricoid (Aga) strain and one secotioid (Sec) strain (39.53–39.88 Mb, with 15,581–15,380 genes, respectively). We mated the Sec and Aga monokaryons, genotyped the progeny, and performed bulked segregant analysis (BSA). We also fruited three Sec/Sec and three Aga/Aga dikaryons, and sampled transcriptomes at four developmental stages. Using BSA, we identified 105 top candidate genes with nonsynonymous SNPs that cosegregate with fruiting body phenotype. Transcriptome analyses of Sec/Sec versus Aga/Aga dikaryons identified 907 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) along four developmental stages. On the basis of BSA and DEGs, the top 25 candidate genes related to fruiting body development span 1.5 Mb (4% of the genome), possibly on a single chromosome, although the precise locus that controls the secotioid phenotype is unresolved. The top candidates include genes encoding a cytochrome P450 and an ATP-dependent RNA helicase, which may play a role in development, based on studies in other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Wu
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Zhangyi Xu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alicia Knudson
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Alexis Carlson
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Naiyao Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sam Kovaka
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Kurt LaButti
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Christa Pennachio
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Robert Riley
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Wendy Schakwitz
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Kiwamu Umezawa
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | - Robin A Ohm
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley
| | - László G Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, BRC-HAS, Szeged, Hungary
| | - John Gibbons
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - David Hibbett
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
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9
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Pharmaceutic Prodigy of Ergosterol and Protein Profile of Ganoderma lucidum. Fungal Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02622-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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11
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Zhang C, Kakishima M, Xu J, Wang Q, Li Y. The effect of Hypomyces perniciosus on the mycelia and basidiomes of Agaricus bisporus. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1273-1282. [PMID: 28857033 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypomyces perniciosus has been reported as a destructive pathogen of Agaricus bisporus. Previous research suggested that the pathogenesis may not only be perpetuated by H. perniciosus, but also by bacteria. Clarification of the interaction between A. bisporus and H. perniciosus is a prerequisite for the development of effective control measures against wet bubble disease. Here, the effects of H. perniciosus on A. bisporus mycelia are examined in dual culture on agar media and in open-ended test tubes. During disease development, the putative causal agents and cytology of wet bubble-diseased mushrooms were followed microscopically. The interaction between H. perniciosus and the basidiome of A. bisporus was also studied using dual-cultured H. perniciosus and basidiome tissues. Dual-cultured mycelia from both fungi showed that growth continued even after contact was made, without any observable antagonistic lines or cytoplasmic changes of A. bisporus mycelia. Hypomyces perniciosus could be isolated from diseased basidiomes any time after inoculation, but bacteria were only recovered after the basidiomes of A. bisporus had been killed by H. perniciosus. Dual culture of the basidiome tissue of A. bisporus and H. perniciosus on agar media established that H. perniciosus can independently and rapidly degrade the basidiomes of A. bisporus. We conclude that H. perniciosus has no pathogenic activity on the mycelial stage of A. bisporus, but it can destroy A. bisporus basidiomes in the absence of bacteria. Wet bubble disease is evidently not caused by bacteria, but by the fungus, although bacteria likely participate in the disease after invasion by the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Makoto Kakishima
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Jize Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Changchun, 130200 Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin Province, PR China
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Rineau F, Lmalem H, Ahren D, Shah F, Johansson T, Coninx L, Ruytinx J, Nguyen H, Grigoriev I, Kuo A, Kohler A, Morin E, Vangronsveld J, Martin F, Colpaert JV. Comparative genomics and expression levels of hydrophobins from eight mycorrhizal genomes. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:383-396. [PMID: 28066872 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are small secreted proteins that are present as several gene copies in most fungal genomes. Their properties are now well understood: they are amphiphilic and assemble at hydrophilic/hydrophobic interfaces. However, their physiological functions remain largely unexplored, especially within mycorrhizal fungi. In this study, we identified hydrophobin genes and analysed their distribution in eight mycorrhizal genomes. We then measured their expression levels in three different biological conditions (mycorrhizal tissue vs. free-living mycelium, organic vs. mineral growth medium and aerial vs. submerged growth). Results confirmed that the size of the hydrophobin repertoire increased in the terminal orders of the fungal evolutionary tree. Reconciliation analysis predicted that in 41% of the cases, hydrophobins evolved from duplication events. Whatever the treatment and the fungal species, the pattern of expression of hydrophobins followed a reciprocal function, with one gene much more expressed than others from the same repertoire. These most-expressed hydrophobin genes were also among the most expressed of the whole genome, which suggests that they play a role as structural proteins. The fine-tuning of the expression of hydrophobin genes in each condition appeared complex because it differed considerably between species, in a way that could not be explained by simple ecological traits. Hydrophobin gene regulation in mycorrhizal tissue as compared with free-living mycelium, however, was significantly associated with a calculated high exposure of hydrophilic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rineau
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology group, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - H Lmalem
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology group, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - D Ahren
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62, Lund, SE, Sweden
| | - F Shah
- Department of food and environmental sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Johansson
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62, Lund, SE, Sweden
| | - L Coninx
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology group, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - J Ruytinx
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology group, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - H Nguyen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology group, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - I Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - A Kuo
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - A Kohler
- Laboratory of Excellence Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems (ARBRE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, University of Lorraine, UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
| | - E Morin
- Laboratory of Excellence Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems (ARBRE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, University of Lorraine, UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
| | - J Vangronsveld
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology group, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - F Martin
- Laboratory of Excellence Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems (ARBRE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, University of Lorraine, UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
| | - J V Colpaert
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology group, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
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Santana Nunes J, Rocha de Brito M, Cunha Zied D, Aparecida das Graças Leite E, Souza Dias E, Alves E. Evaluation of the infection process by Lecanicillium fungicola in Agaricus bisporus by scanning electron microscopy. Rev Iberoam Micol 2017; 34:36-42. [PMID: 28169109 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lecanicillium fungicola causes dry bubble disease in Agaricus bisporus mushrooms leading to significant economic losses in commercial production. AIMS To monitor the infection process of L. fungicola in Brazilian strains of A. bisporus. METHODS The interaction between the mycelium of L. fungicola (LF.1) and three strains of A. bisporus (ABI 7, ABI 11/14 and ABI 11/21) was studied. Electron microscopy and X-ray microanalyses of vegetative growth and basidiocarp infection were evaluated. RESULTS Micrographs show that the vegetative mycelium of the Brazilian strains of A. bisporus is not infected by the parasite. The images show that the pathogen can interlace the hyphae of A. bisporus without causing damage, which contributes to the presence of L. fungicola during the substrate colonization, allowing their presence during primordial formation of A. bisporus. In the basidiocarp, germ tubes form within 16h of infection with L. fungicola and the beginning of penetration takes place within 18h, both without the formation of specialized structures. CONCLUSIONS Scanning electron microscopy enabled the process of colonization and reproduction to be observed within the formation of phialides, conidiophores and verticils of L. fungicola. The formation of calcium oxalate crystals by the pathogen was also visible using the X-ray microanalysis, both at the hyphae in the Petri plate and at basidiocarp infection site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diego Cunha Zied
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Câmpus de Dracena, 17900-000 Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eduardo Alves
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil.
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14
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Peñas MM, Aranguren J, Ramírez L, Pisabarro AG. Structure of gene coding for the fruit body-specific hydrophobin Fbh1 of the edible basidiomycetePleurotus ostreatus. Mycologia 2017; 96:75-82. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antonio G. Pisabarro
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain
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15
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Karlsson M, Stenlid J, Olson Å. Two hydrophobin genes from the conifer pathogen Heterobasidion annosum are expressed in aerial hyphae. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2007.11832582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Åke Olson
- Department of Forest Mycology & Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. 7026, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Schor M, Reid JL, MacPhee CE, Stanley-Wall NR. The Diverse Structures and Functions of Surfactant Proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:610-620. [PMID: 27242193 PMCID: PMC4929970 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Surface tension at liquid–air interfaces is a major barrier that needs to be surmounted by a wide range of organisms; surfactant and interfacially active proteins have evolved for this purpose. Although these proteins are essential for a variety of biological processes, our understanding of how they elicit their function has been limited. However, with the recent determination of high-resolution 3D structures of several examples, we have gained insight into the distinct shapes and mechanisms that have evolved to confer interfacial activity. It is now a matter of harnessing this information, and these systems, for biotechnological purposes. Interfacially active proteins fulfill a wide range of biological functions in organisms ranging from bacteria and fungi to mammals. Their physicochemical properties make interfacially active proteins attractive for biotechnological applications; for example, as coatings on nanodevices or medical implants and as emulsifiers in food and personal-care products. High-resolution 3D structures show that the mechanisms by which interfacially active proteins achieve their function are highly diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Schor
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jack L Reid
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Cait E MacPhee
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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17
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Niu B, Gong Y, Gao X, Xu H, Qiao M, Li W. The functional role of Cys3-Cys4 loop in hydrophobin HGFI. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2615-25. [PMID: 25240738 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are a large group of low-molecular weight proteins. These proteins are highly surface-active and can form amphipathic membranes by self-assembling at hydrophobic-hydrophilic interfaces. Based on physical properties and hydropathy profiles, hydrophobins are divided into two classes. Upon the analysis of amino acid sequences and higher structures, some models suggest that the Cys3-Cys4 loop regions in class I and II hydrophobins can exhibit remarkable difference in their alignment and conformation, and have a critical role in the rodlets structure formation. To examine the requirement for the Cys3-Cys4 loop in class I hydrophobins, we used protein fusion technology to obtain a mutant protein HGFI-AR by replacing the amino acids between Cys3 and Cys4 of the class I hydrophobin HGFI from Grifola frondosa with those ones between Cys3 and Cys4 of the class II hydrophobin HFBI from Trichoderma reesei. The gene of the mutant protein HGFI-AR was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris. Water contact angle (WCA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements demonstrated that the purified HGFI-AR could form amphipathic membranes by self-assembling at mica and hydrophobic polystyrene surfaces. This property enabled them to alter the surface wettabilities of polystyrene and mica and change the elemental composition of siliconized glass. In comparison to recombinant class I hydrophobin HGFI (rHGFI), the membranes formed on hydrophobic surfaces by HGFI-AR were not robust enough to resist 1 % hot SDS washing. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements indicated that unlike rHGFI, no rodlet structure was observed on the mutant protein HGFI-AR coated mica surface. In addition, when compared to rHGFI, no secondary structural change was detected by Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy after HGFI-AR self-assembled at the water-air interface. HGFI-AR could not either be deemed responsible for the fluorescence intensity increase of Thioflavin T (THT) and the Congo Red (CR) absorption spectra shift (after the THT(CR)/HGFI-AR mixed aqueous solution was drastically vortexed). Remarkably, replacement of the Cys3-Cys4 loop could impair the rodlet formation of the class I hydrophobin HGFI. So, it could be speculated that the Cys3-Cys4 loop plays an important role in conformation and functionality, when the class I hydrophobin HGFI self-assembles at hydrophobic-hydrophilic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China
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18
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Paslay LC, Falgout L, Savin DA, Heinhorst S, Cannon GC, Morgan SE. Kinetics and Control of Self-Assembly of ABH1 Hydrophobin from the Edible White Button Mushroom. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2283-93. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400407c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leo Falgout
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, The University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Wang M, Gu B, Huang J, Jiang S, Chen Y, Yin Y, Pan Y, Yu G, Li Y, Wong BHC, Liang Y, Sun H. Transcriptome and proteome exploration to provide a resource for the study of Agrocybe aegerita. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56686. [PMID: 23418592 PMCID: PMC3572045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agrocybe aegerita, the black poplar mushroom, has been highly valued as a functional food for its medicinal and nutritional benefits. Several bioactive extracts from A. aegerita have been found to exhibit antitumor and antioxidant activities. However, limited genetic resources for A. aegerita have hindered exploration of this species. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To facilitate the research on A. aegerita, we established a deep survey of the transcriptome and proteome of this mushroom. We applied high-throughput sequencing technology (Illumina) to sequence A. aegerita transcriptomes from mycelium and fruiting body. The raw clean reads were de novo assembled into a total of 36,134 expressed sequences tags (ESTs) with an average length of 663 bp. These ESTs were annotated and classified according to Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathways. Gene expression profile analysis showed that 18,474 ESTs were differentially expressed, with 10,131 up-regulated in mycelium and 8,343 up-regulated in fruiting body. Putative genes involved in polysaccharide and steroid biosynthesis were identified from A. aegerita transcriptome, and these genes were differentially expressed at the two stages of A. aegerita. Based on one-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1-DGE) coupled with electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem MS (LC-ESI-MS/MS), we identified a total of 309 non-redundant proteins. And many metabolic enzymes involved in glycolysis were identified in the protein database. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study on transcriptome and proteome analyses of A. aegerita. The data in this study serve as a resource of A. aegerita transcripts and proteins, and offer clues to the applications of this mushroom in nutrition, pharmacy and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bianli Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Molecular Diagnosis Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Barry Hon Cheung Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Eastwood DC, Herman B, Noble R, Dobrovin-Pennington A, Sreenivasaprasad S, Burton KS. Environmental regulation of reproductive phase change in Agaricus bisporus by 1-octen-3-ol, temperature and CO₂. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 55:54-66. [PMID: 23354075 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive phase change from vegetative mycelium to the initiation of fruiting in Agaricus bisporus is regulated in large part by the sensing of environmental conditions. A model is proposed in which three separate environmental factors exert control at different stages of the reproductive developmental process change. The eight carbon volatile 1-octen-3-ol controls the early differentiation from vegetative hyphae to multicellular knots; temperature reduction is essential for the later differentiation of primodia; and carbon dioxide level exerts quantitative control on the number of fruiting bodies developed. Analysis of transcriptomic changes during the reproductive phase change was carried out with initiation-specific microarrays, and the newly published A. bisporus genome was used to analyse the promoter regions of differentially regulated genes. Our studies have shown there to be both early and late initiation responses relating to sensing of eight carbon volatiles and temperature respectively. A subset of 45 genes was transcriptionally regulated during the reproductive phase change which exhibited a range of functions including cell structure, nitrogen and carbon metabolism, and sensing and signalling. Three gene clusters linking increased transcription with developmental stage were identified. Analysis of promoter regions revealed cluster-specific conserved motifs indicative of co-ordinated regulation of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Eastwood
- Department of Bioscience, University of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom.
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21
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Invernizzi G, Papaleo E, Sabate R, Ventura S. Protein aggregation: mechanisms and functional consequences. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1541-54. [PMID: 22713792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying protein misfolding and aggregation has become a central issue in biology and medicine. Compelling evidence show that the formation of amyloid aggregates has a negative impact in cell function and is behind the most prevalent human degenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases or type 2 diabetes. Surprisingly, the same type of macromolecular assembly is used for specialized functions by different organisms, from bacteria to human. Here we address the conformational properties of these aggregates, their formation pathways, their role in human diseases, their functional properties and how bioinformatics tools might be of help to study these protein assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Invernizzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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22
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Grunér MS, Szilvay GR, Berglin M, Lienemann M, Laaksonen P, Linder MB. Self-assembly of class II hydrophobins on polar surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:4293-4300. [PMID: 22315927 DOI: 10.1021/la300501u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are structural proteins produced by filamentous fungi that are amphiphilic and function through self-assembling into structures such as membranes. They have diverse roles in the growth and development of fungi, for example in adhesion to substrates, for reducing surface tension to allow aerial growth, in forming protective coatings on spores and other structures. Hydrophobin membranes at the air-water interface and on hydrophobic solids are well studied, but understanding how hydrophobins can bind to a polar surface to make it more hydrophobic has remained unresolved. Here we have studied different class II hydrophobins for their ability to bind to polar surfaces that were immersed in buffer solution. We show here that the binding under some conditions results in a significant increase of water contact angle (WCA) on some surfaces. The highest contact angles were obtained on cationic surfaces where the hydrophobin HFBI has an average WCA of 62.6° at pH 9.0, HFBII an average of 69.0° at pH 8.0, and HFBIII had an average WCA of 61.9° at pH 8.0. The binding of the hydrophobins to the positively charged surface was shown to depend on both pH and ionic strength. The results are significant for understanding the mechanism for formation of structures such as the surface of mycelia or fungal spore coatings as well as for possible technical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias S Grunér
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Biotechnology, Espoo, Finland
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23
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Self-assembly of functional, amphipathic amyloid monolayers by the fungal hydrophobin EAS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E804-11. [PMID: 22308366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114052109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrophobin EAS from the fungus Neurospora crassa forms functional amyloid fibrils called rodlets that facilitate spore formation and dispersal. Self-assembly of EAS into fibrillar rodlets occurs spontaneously at hydrophobic:hydrophilic interfaces and the rodlets further associate laterally to form amphipathic monolayers. We have used site-directed mutagenesis and peptide experiments to identify the region of EAS that drives intermolecular association and formation of the cross-β rodlet structure. Transplanting this region into a nonamyloidogenic hydrophobin enables it to form rodlets. We have also determined the structure and dynamics of an EAS variant with reduced rodlet-forming ability. Taken together, these data allow us to pinpoint the conformational changes that take place when hydrophobins self-assemble at an interface and to propose a model for the amphipathic EAS rodlet structure.
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24
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Lunkenbein S, Takenberg M, Nimtz M, Berger RG. Characterization of a hydrophobin of the ascomycete Paecilomyces farinosus. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 51:404-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Novel hydrophobins from Trichoderma define a new hydrophobin subclass: protein properties, evolution, regulation and processing. J Mol Evol 2011; 72:339-51. [PMID: 21424760 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-011-9438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are small proteins, characterised by the presence of eight positionally conserved cysteine residues, and are present in all filamentous asco- and basidiomycetes. They are found on the outer surfaces of cell walls of hyphae and conidia, where they mediate interactions between the fungus and the environment. Hydrophobins are conventionally grouped into two classes (class I and II) according to their solubility in solvents, hydropathy profiles and spacing between the conserved cysteines. Here we describe a novel set of hydrophobins from Trichoderma spp. that deviate from this classification in their hydropathy, cysteine spacing and protein surface pattern. Phylogenetic analysis shows that they form separate clades within ascomycete class I hydrophobins. Using T. atroviride as a model, the novel hydrophobins were found to be expressed under conditions of glucose limitation and to be regulated by differential splicing.
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26
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Zampieri F, Wösten HAB, Scholtmeijer K. Creating Surface Properties Using a Palette of Hydrophobins. MATERIALS 2010; 3:4607-4625. [PMID: 28883343 PMCID: PMC5445765 DOI: 10.3390/ma3094607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Small secreted proteins called hydrophobins play diverse roles in the life cycle of filamentous fungi. For example, the hydrophobin SC3 of Schizophyllum commune is involved in aerial hyphae formation, cell-wall assembly and attachment to hydrophobic surfaces. Hydrophobins are capable of self-assembly at a hydrophilic-hydrophobic interface, resulting in the formation of an amphipathic film. This amphipathic film can make hydrophobic surfaces of a liquid or a solid material wettable, while a hydrophilic surface can be turned into a hydrophobic one. These properties, among others, make hydrophobins of interest for medical and technical applications. For instance, hydrophobins can be used to purify proteins from complex mixtures; to reduce the friction of materials; to increase the biocompatibility of medical implants; to increase the solubility of water insoluble drugs; and to immobilize enzymes, for example, biosensor surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zampieri
- Microbiology, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
| | - Han A B Wösten
- Microbiology, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin Scholtmeijer
- Microbiology, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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27
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Berendsen RL, Baars JJP, Kalkhove SIC, Lugones LG, Wösten HAB, Bakker PAHM. Lecanicillium fungicola: causal agent of dry bubble disease in white-button mushroom. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:585-95. [PMID: 20695998 PMCID: PMC6640384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Lecanicillium fungicola causes dry bubble disease in commercially cultivated mushroom. This review summarizes current knowledge on the biology of the pathogen and the interaction between the pathogen and its most important host, the white-button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. The ecology of the pathogen is discussed with emphasis on host range, dispersal and primary source of infection. In addition, current knowledge on mushroom defence mechanisms is reviewed. TAXONOMY Lecanicillium fungicola (Preuss) Zare and Gams: Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Subphylum Pezizomycotina; Class Sordariomycetes; Subclass Hypocreales; Order Hypocreomycetidae; Family Cordycipitaceae; genus Lecanicillium. HOST RANGE Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis and Pleurotus ostreatus. Although its pathogenicity for other species has not been established, it has been isolated from numerous other basidiomycetes. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Disease symptoms vary from small necrotic lesions on the caps of the fruiting bodies to partially deformed fruiting bodies, called stipe blow-out, or totally deformed and undifferentiated masses of mushroom tissue, called dry bubble. The disease symptoms and severity depend on the time point of infection. Small necrotic lesions result from late infections on the fruiting bodies, whereas stipe blow-out and dry bubble are the result of interactions between the pathogen and the host in the casing layer. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Lecanicillium fungicola is a devastating pathogen in the mushroom industry and causes significant losses in the commercial production of its main host, Agaricus bisporus. Annual costs for mushroom growers are estimated at 2-4% of total revenue. Reports on the disease originate mainly from North America and Europe. Although China is the main producer of white-button mushrooms in the world, little is known in the international literature about the impact of dry bubble disease in this region. CONTROL The control of L. fungicola relies on strict hygiene and the use of fungicides. Few chemicals can be used for the control of dry bubble because the host is also sensitive to fungicides. Notably, the development of resistance of L. fungicola has been reported against the fungicides that are used to control dry bubble disease. In addition, some of these fungicides may be banned in the near future. USEFUL WEBSITES http://www.mycobank.org; http://www.isms.biz; http://www.cbs.knaw.nl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland L Berendsen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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28
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Wang Z, Feng S, Huang Y, Li S, Xu H, Zhang X, Bai Y, Qiao M. Expression and characterization of a Grifola frondosa hydrophobin in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 72:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Haas Jimoh Akanbi M, Post E, Meter-Arkema A, Rink R, Robillard GT, Wang X, Wösten HA, Scholtmeijer K. Use of hydrophobins in formulation of water insoluble drugs for oral administration. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 75:526-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Mikus M, Hatvani L, Neuhof T, Komoń-Zelazowska M, Dieckmann R, Schwecke T, Druzhinina IS, von Döhren H, Kubicek CP. Differential regulation and posttranslational processing of the class II hydrophobin genes from the biocontrol fungus Hypocrea atroviridis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3222-9. [PMID: 19329667 PMCID: PMC2681635 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01764-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobins are small extracellular proteins, unique to and ubiquitous in filamentous fungi, which mediate interactions between the fungus and environment. The mycoparasitic fungus Hypocrea atroviridis has recently been shown to possess 10 different class II hydrophobin genes, which is a much higher number than that of any other ascomycete investigated so far. In order to learn the potential advantage of this hydrophobin multiplicity for the fungus, we have investigated their expression patterns under different physiological conditions (e.g., vegetative growth), various conditions inducing sporulation (light, carbon starvation, and mechanical injury-induced stress), and confrontation with potential hosts for mycoparasitism. The results show that the 10 hydrophobins display different patterns of response to these conditions: one hydrophobin (encoded by hfb-2b) is constitutively induced under all conditions, whereas other hydrophobins were formed only under conditions of carbon starvation (encoded by hfb-1c and hfb-6c) or light plus carbon starvation (encoded by hfb-2c, hfb-6a, and hfb-6b). The hydrophobins encoded by hfb-1b and hfb-5a were primarily formed during vegetative growth and under mechanical injury-provoked stress. hfb-22a was not expressed under any conditions and is likely a pseudogene. None of the 10 genes showed a specific expression pattern during mycoparasitic interaction. Most, but not all, of the expression patterns under the three different conditions of sporulation were dependent on one or both of the two blue-light regulator proteins BLR1 and BLR2, as shown by the use of respective loss-of-function mutants. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry of mycelial solvent extracts provided sets of molecular ions corresponding to HFB-1b, HFB-2a, HFB-2b, and HFB-5a in their oxidized and processed forms. These in silico-deduced sequences of the hydrophobins indicate cleavages at known signal peptide sites as well as additional N- and C-terminal processing. Mass peaks observed during confrontation with plant-pathogenic fungi indicate further proteolytic attack on the hydrophobins. Our study illustrates both divergent and redundant functions of the 10 hydrophobins of H. atroviridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Mikus
- FB Gentechnik und Angewandte Biochemie, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik, Umwelttechnik und Technische Biowissenschaften, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9-166, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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31
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Toluene gas phase biofiltration by Paecilomyces lilacinus and isolation and identification of a hydrophobin protein produced thereof. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:147-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Nanostructured carbon electrodes for laccase-catalyzed oxygen reduction without added mediators. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Ma A, Shan L, Wang N, Zheng L, Chen L, Xie B. Characterization of aPleurotus ostreatus fruiting body-specific hydrophobin gene,Po.hyd. J Basic Microbiol 2007; 47:317-24. [PMID: 17647210 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200710317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are a family of small, moderately hydrophobic proteins with eight cysteine residues arranged in a conserved pattern. A full-length cDNA, designated Po.hyd, corresponding to a hydrophobin gene of Pleurotus ostreatus was obtained in our previous work. The Po.hyd gene contains a 333 bp open reading frame (ORF), which is interrupted by two typical classI introns. There was no consensus signal for a polyA tail detected in the 3'untranslated region. However, an analogous T- or TG-rich motif was observed that probably influence the formation of the mRNA 3' end. We assign the putative Po.HYD protein to the classI hydrophobins since its sequence arrangement and hydropathy pattern has a high consensus to other known class I hydrophobins. Northern analysis showed that the Po.hyd gene was abundantly expressed throughout the fruiting process (from primordium to mature fruiting body) but silenced during vegetative growth of the mycelium. Southern blot analysis showed Po.hyd to be a single copy gene in the genome of dikaryotic strain likely to locate at the same locus within the two parental genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
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Partial characterization of a hydrophobin protein Po.HYD1 purified from the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hektor HJ, Scholtmeijer K. Hydrophobins: proteins with potential. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007; 16:434-9. [PMID: 15950452 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Revised: 05/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are self-assembling proteins of fungal origin. Their ability to self-assemble into an amphipathic membrane is of interest for many different applications, ranging from medical and technical coatings to the production of proteinaceous glue and cosmetics. Assembled hydrophobins can modify surface characteristics, thus controling the binding properties of the surface; for example, enzymes can be actively and non-covalently immobilized on electrode surfaces and medical coatings can be improved for biocompatibility. Over the past few years research on hydrophobins has contributed to a better understanding of the self-assembly process and is generating more handles to control and manipulate the process. This knowledge could have an immediate effect on production levels, which are not yet adequate, and provide the boost needed for hydrophobins to reach their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm J Hektor
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Corvis Y, Walcarius A, Rink R, Mrabet NT, Rogalska E. Preparing catalytic surfaces for sensing applications by immobilizing enzymes via hydrophobin layers. Anal Chem 2007; 77:1622-30. [PMID: 15762565 DOI: 10.1021/ac048897w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple and reliable immobilization techniques that preserve the activity of enzymes are of interest in many technologies based on catalysis. Here, two redox enzymes, glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger and horseradish peroxidase, were immobilized by physisorption on glassy carbon electrodes coated with Schizophyllum commune hydrophobin. Hydrophobins are small, interfacially active proteins that have the remarkable property of adhering to almost any surface. We showed recently that these proteins can be used to immobilize small, electroactive molecules. The results obtained in this work show a way to easily manufacture stable, enzyme-based catalytic surfaces for applications in biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Corvis
- Groupe d'Etude des Vecteurs Supramoléculaires du Médicament UMR 7565 CNRS/Université Henri Poincaré Nancy 1, Faculté des Sciences, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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37
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Vergara-Fernández A, Van Haaren B, Revah S. Phase partition of gaseous hexane and surface hydrophobicity of Fusarium solani when grown in liquid and solid media with hexanol and hexane. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:2011-7. [PMID: 17021662 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus, Fusarium solani, was grown in liquid and solid culture with glucose, glycerol, 1-hexanol and n-hexane. The partition coefficient with gaseous hexane (HPC) in the biomass was lower when grown in liquid medium with 1-hexanol (0.4) than with glycerol (0.8) or glucose (1) The HPC for surface growth were 0.2 for 1-hexanol, 0.5 for glycerol, 0.6 for glucose, and 0.2 for F. solani biomass obtained from a biofilter fed with gaseous n-hexane. These values show a 200-fold increase in n-hexane solubility when compared to water (HPC = 42). Lower HPC values can be partially explained by increased lipid accumulation with 1-hexanol, 10.5% (w/w) than with glycerol (8.5% w/w) or glucose (7.1% w/w). The diameter of the hyphae diminished from 3 microm to 2 microm when F. solani was grown on solid media with gaseous n-hexane thereby doubling the surface area for gaseous substrate exchange. The surface hydrophobicity of the mycelia increased consistently with more hydrophobic substrates and the contact angle of a drop of water on the mycelial mat was 113 degrees when grown on n-hexane as compared to 75 degrees with glucose. The fungus thus adapts to hydrophobic conditions and these changes may explain the higher uptake of gaseous hydrophobic substances by fungi in biofilters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vergara-Fernández
- Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, c/o IPH, UAM-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, 09340, México, DF, México.
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38
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Fan H, Wang X, Zhu J, Robillard GT, Mark AE. Molecular dynamics simulations of the hydrophobin SC3 at a hydrophobic/hydrophilic interface. Proteins 2006; 64:863-73. [PMID: 16770796 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are small ( approximately 100 aa) proteins that have an important role in the growth and development of mycelial fungi. They are surface active and, after secretion by the fungi, self-assemble into amphipathic membranes at hydrophobic/hydrophilic interfaces, reversing the hydrophobicity of the surface. In this study, molecular dynamics simulation techniques have been used to model the process by which a specific class I hydrophobin, SC3, binds to a range of hydrophobic/hydrophilic interfaces. The structure of SC3 used in this investigation was modeled based on the crystal structure of the class II hydrophobin HFBII using the assumption that the disulfide pairings of the eight conserved cysteine residues are maintained. The proposed model for SC3 in aqueous solution is compact and globular containing primarily beta-strand and coil structures. The behavior of this model of SC3 was investigated at an air/water, an oil/water, and a hydrophobic solid/water interface. It was found that SC3 preferentially binds to the interfaces via the loop region between the third and fourth cysteine residues and that binding is associated with an increase in alpha-helix formation in qualitative agreement with experiment. Based on a combination of the available experiment data and the current simulation studies, we propose a possible model for SC3 self-assembly on a hydrophobic solid/water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fan
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Corvis Y, Brezesinski G, Rink R, Walcarius A, Van der Heyden A, Mutelet F, Rogalska E. Analytical Investigation of the Interactions between SC3 Hydrophobin and Lipid Layers: Elaborating of Nanostructured Matrixes for Immobilizing Redox Systems. Anal Chem 2006; 78:4850-64. [PMID: 16841903 DOI: 10.1021/ac0602064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are highly tensioactive fungal proteins with a pronounced affinity for interfaces and a propensity for self-assembly. Recently, these proteins were shown to be useful in retaining different molecules on solid surfaces. This finding offers a possibility for developing new functional materials, while creating the necessity of further research at a deeper mechanistic level. In this work, the mechanisms governing the surface phenomena were studied using native Schizophyllum commune hydrophobin (SC3) and lipid mono- and bilayers; the soft matter systems were used to get a handle on the interactive protein/interface effects at a molecular level. The results obtained indicated that the SC3/lipid membrane interactions were adjusted by protein conformational adaptation, allowing its incorporation into lipid matrixes; the incorporation of a chelating SC3 hydrophobin (PFA-SC3) in a monoolein cubic phase yielded a biomimetic, cell-like system of Cu(II) cation immobilization. This system, which is suitable for modifying electrode surface and monitoring the Cu(II)/Cu(0) redox process, may be of practical interest in switching and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Corvis
- Groupe d'Etude des Vecteurs Supramoléculaires du Médicament UMR 7565 CNRS/Université Henri Poincaré Nancy 1, Faculté des Sciences, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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40
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Askolin S, Linder M, Scholtmeijer K, Tenkanen M, Penttilä M, de Vocht ML, Wösten HAB. Interaction and Comparison of a Class I Hydrophobin from Schizophyllum commune and Class II Hydrophobins from Trichoderma reesei. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:1295-301. [PMID: 16602752 DOI: 10.1021/bm050676s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins fulfill a wide spectrum of functions in fungal growth and development. These proteins self-assemble at hydrophilic-hydrophobic interfaces into amphipathic membranes. Hydrophobins are divided into two classes based on their hydropathy patterns and solubility. We show here that the properties of the class II hydrophobins HFBI and HFBII of Trichoderma reesei differ from those of the class I hydrophobin SC3 of Schizophyllum commune. In contrast to SC3, self-assembly of HFBI and HFBII at the water-air interface was neither accompanied by a change in secondary structure nor by a change in ultrastructure. Moreover, maximal lowering of the water surface tension was obtained instantly or took several minutes in the case of HFBII and HFBI, respectively. In contrast, it took several hours in the case of SC3. Oil emulsions prepared with HFBI and SC3 were more stable than those of HFBII, and HFBI and SC3 also interacted more strongly with the hydrophobic Teflon surface making it wettable. Yet, the HFBI coating did not resist treatment with hot detergent, while that of SC3 remained unaffected. Interaction of all the hydrophobins with Teflon was accompanied with a change in the circular dichroism spectra, indicating the formation of an alpha-helical structure. HFBI and HFBII did not affect self-assembly of the class I hydrophobin SC3 of S. commune and vice versa. However, precipitation of SC3 was reduced by the class II hydrophobins, indicating interaction between the assemblies of both classes of hydrophobins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Askolin
- VTT Biotechnology, FI-02044 VTT, Finland, Biomade Technology, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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41
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Lumsdon SO, Green J, Stieglitz B. Adsorption of hydrophobin proteins at hydrophobic and hydrophilic interfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2005; 44:172-8. [PMID: 16085399 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The surface activity of two hydrophobin proteins, HFBII and SC3, at the solid-liquid, liquid-liquid and liquid-vapor interface has been investigated. Hydrophobins are fungal proteins that are known to adsorb and affect the physico-chemical properties of an interface. In this study, the surface activity was determined by measuring the interaction of hydrophobin molecules with various liquids, solid particles and films that are commonly used or produced in industrial processes. We found that a very low concentration of hydrophobin is required to facilitate the wet-in of hydrophobic solid particles, such as Teflon, into aqueous solutions. It is also capable of stabilizing aqueous dispersions of Kevlar nanopulp, reversing the wettability of hydrophobic films and stabilizing polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) oil-in-water emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon O Lumsdon
- DuPont Company, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA.
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42
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Expression and Engineering of Fungal Hydrophobins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5334(05)80012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Cloning and characterization of a gene coding for a hydrophobin, Fv-hyd1, specifically expressed during fruiting body development in the basidiomycete Flammulina velutipes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 67:240-6. [PMID: 15834718 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Revised: 09/04/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobin cDNA (fv-hyd1), which is specifically expressed during fruiting body development, was isolated from the basidiomycete Flammulina velutipes by differential display screening. Analysis of the genomic structure of fv-hyd1 revealed an open reading frame (ORF) composed of 363 nucleotides and interrupted by three introns. The deduced amino acid sequence of FV-HYD1 showed a similarity to those of other fungal class I hydrophobins and contained eight cysteine residues highly conserved among hydrophobin proteins. The pattern of the hydropathy plot of FV-HYD1 was similar to those of class I hydrophobins. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA showed that fv-hyd1 existed as a single copy. Northern blot analysis indicated that the fv-hyd1 transcript was not present in vegetative mycelia but markedly increased in level at the primordial stage. Moreover, the fv-hyd1 transcript was abundant even at the mature fruiting body stage. This result indicates that fv-hyd1 could encode a hydrophobin closely associated with fruiting body development.
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44
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Janssen MI, van Leeuwen MBM, van Kooten TG, de Vries J, Dijkhuizen L, Wösten HAB. Promotion of fibroblast activity by coating with hydrophobins in the beta-sheet end state. Biomaterials 2004; 25:2731-9. [PMID: 14962552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2003] [Accepted: 09/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins such as SC3 and SC4 of Schizophyllum commune self-assemble into an amphipathic film at hydrophilic/hydrophobic interfaces. These proteins can thus change the nature of surfaces, which makes them attractive candidates to improve physio- and physico-chemical properties of implant surfaces. At a hydrophobic solid, assembly of the hydrophobin is arrested in an intermediate state, called the alpha-helical state. The conversion to the stable beta-sheet end state can be induced by treating the solid at elevated temperatures in the presence of detergent. We here show that SC3 and SC4 in the alpha-helical state homogeneously cover Teflon sheets when coating was performed at 20 degrees C. However, when the protein was adsorbed at 80 degrees C aggregates were shown to bind tightly to the adsorbed hydrophobin film. The transition to the beta-sheet state created pores of about 50 nm in the SC3 and SC4 coatings when coating was performed at 20 degrees C. Cell growth and morphology on SC4 coatings was better than on SC3. In case of both hydrophobins, fibroblast growth and morphology was not influenced by the coating temperature or the conformation of the protein. However, in contrast to the alpha-helical state, the beta-sheet state of both SC3 and SC4 hardly, if at all, affected mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Janssen
- Groningen Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences Institute, Haren, The Netherlands
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45
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Albuquerque P, Kyaw CM, Saldanha RR, Brigido MM, Felipe MSS, Silva-Pereira I. Pbhyd1 and Pbhyd2: two mycelium-specific hydrophobin genes from the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Fungal Genet Biol 2004; 41:510-20. [PMID: 15050540 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2003] [Accepted: 01/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, is a dimorphic fungus which is found as mycelia (M) at 26 degrees C and as yeasts (Y) at 37 degrees C, or after the invasion of host tissues. Although the dimorphic transition in P. brasiliensis and other dimorphic fungi is an essential step in the establishment of infection, the molecular events regulating this process are yet poorly understood. Since the differential gene expression is a well-known mechanism which plays a central role in the dimorphic transition as well as in other biological process, in this work we describe the identification and characterization of two differentially expressed P. brasiliensis hydrophobin cDNAs (Pbhyd1 and Pbhyd2). Hydrophobins are small hydrophobic proteins related to a variety of important functions in fungal biology, including cell growth, development, infection, and virulence. These two hydrophobin genes are present as single copy in P. brasiliensis genome and Northern blot analysis revealed that both mRNAs are mycelium-specific and highly accumulated during the first 24 h of M to Y transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, CEL/IB, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
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Morales P, Thurston CF. Efficient isolation of genes differentially expressed on cellulose by suppression subtractive hybridization in Agaricus bisporus. MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2003; 107:401-7. [PMID: 12825511 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756203007366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The production of cellulases on minimal medium in the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus is regulated by the carbon source: induced by cellulose and repressed by glucose. In order to isolate cellulose-growth specific sequences, a cDNA library from A. bisporus using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was constructed. Northern blot analysis indicated that a high level of enrichment was achieved; 183 clones were isolated. A preliminary screen with cellulose-specific genes of A. bisporus (cel1, cel2, cel3 and cel4) using Southern hybridization resulted in 28 clones to be cel3, and 5 clones were cel2. The remaining 144 clones were sequenced. Partial sequences of the following genes were found: a beta-glucosidase homologue of the blvk gene of Kluyveromyces marxianus; a cellulase homologue of an endoglucanase (avicellase III) of Aspergillus aculeatus, four different xylanases homologue of the xyn genes of different fungi, and one hexose transporter homologue to the hxtA gene of Aspergillus parasiticus. The apparent full-length of two hydrophobins homologue to the abh3 gene of A. bisporus and one histone homologue to the h2a gene of Aspergillus niger were also found. The remaining sequences did not have homology to any known genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porfirio Morales
- Mushroom Biotechnology, College of Postgraduates, Campus Puebla, Apartado Postal 701, Puebla, Puebla 72001, Mexico
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47
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Weichel M, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Rhyner C, Achatz G, Blaser K, Crameri R. Immunoglobulin E-binding and skin test reactivity to hydrophobin HCh-1 from Cladosporium herbarum, the first allergenic cell wall component of fungi. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:72-7. [PMID: 12534552 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For many years, fungal spores have been recognized as potential causes of respiratory allergies. All fungal allergens cloned so far represent either secreted or cytoplasmatic proteins, but nothing is known about the involvement of fungal surface proteins in allergic diseases. METHODS A phage surface displayed cDNA-library from the mould Cladosporium herbarum was constructed and phage displaying IgE-binding proteins were selectively enriched with immobilized serum IgE from C. herbarum-sensitized individuals. Inserts encoding putative allergens were sequenced, subcloned and used to produce recombinant proteins. Allergenicity of the proteins was evaluated by IgE binding in Western blots, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and skin prick test in a total of 84 patients sensitized to either C. herbarum or Aspergillus fumigatus and three healthy controls. RESULTS After four rounds of affinity selection, the cDNA-library was enriched for clones displaying IgE-binding molecules. Sequencing of inserts showed that one clone contained an open reading frame predicting a protein of 105 amino acids and a calculated molecular weight of 10.5 kDa showing the classical signature of members of the hydrophobin family. The recombinant protein, termed HCh-1, was able to bind IgE from six patients sensitized to fungi in vitro. Two of those patients were also included in a skin prick test survey and showed strong type I skin reactions to HCh-1, demonstrating the allergenic nature of C. herbarum hydrophobin and indicating a prevalence of sensitization in the range of 8-9%. In contrast, the hydrophobin HYP1 from Aspergillus fumigatus was not recognized by the sera of the same patients and controls investigated with HCh-1. CONCLUSION C. herbarum hydrophobin represents the first component of the cell wall of fungi demonstrated to act as a rare but clinically relevant allergen in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weichel
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Davos, Switzerland
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48
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Janssen MI, van Leeuwen MBM, Scholtmeijer K, van Kooten TG, Dijkhuizen L, Wösten HAB. Coating with genetic engineered hydrophobin promotes growth of fibroblasts on a hydrophobic solid. Biomaterials 2002; 23:4847-54. [PMID: 12361625 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Class I Hydrophobins self-assemble at hydrophilic-hydrophobic interfaces into a highly insoluble amphipathic film. Upon self-assembly of these fungal proteins hydrophobic solids turn hydrophilic, while hydrophilic materials can be made hydrophobic. Hydrophobins thus change the nature of a surface. This property makes them interesting candidates to improve physio- and physico-chemical properties of implant surfaces. We here show that growth of fibroblasts on Teflon can be improved by coating the solid with genetically engineered SC3 hydrophobin. Either deleting a stretch of 25 amino acids at the N-terminus of the mature hydrophobin (TrSC3) or fusing the RGD peptide to this end (RGD-SC3) improved growth of fibroblasts on the solid surface. In addition, we have shown that assembled SC3 and TrSC3 are not toxic when added to the medium of a cell culture of fibroblasts in amounts up to 125 microg ml(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Janssen
- Groningen Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
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49
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Torkkeli M, Serimaa R, Ikkala O, Linder M. Aggregation and self-assembly of hydrophobins from Trichoderma reesei: low-resolution structural models. Biophys J 2002; 83:2240-7. [PMID: 12324441 PMCID: PMC1302312 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)73984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobins are secreted fungal proteins, which have diverse roles in fungal growth and development. They lower the surface tension of water, work as adhesive agents and coatings, and function through self-assembly. One of the characteristic properties of hydrophobins is their tendency to form fibrillar or rod-like aggregates at interfaces. Their structure is still poorly known. In a step to elucidate the structure/function relation of hydrophobin self-assembly, we present the low-resolution structure of self-assembled fibrils of the class II hydrophobin HFBII from Trichoderma reesei based on small and wide-angle x-ray scattering. We first studied the solution state (10 mg/mL) of both HFBI and HFBII and showed that they formed assemblages in aqueous solution, which have a radius of gyration of ~24 A and maximum dimension of ~65 A, corresponding to the size of a tetramer. This result was supported by size-exclusion chromatography. Undried samples of HFBII fibrils had a monoclinic crystalline structure, which changed to hexagonal when the material was dried. A low-resolution structure for the HFBII fibrils is suggested. There are data in the literature based on staining properties suggesting that hydrophobins of class I form assemblies with an amyloid structure. Comparison of the HFBII data (x-ray results, staining with thioflavin T) to published data showed that the HFBII assemblages are not amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Torkkeli
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland
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50
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Whiteford JR, Spanu PD. Hydrophobins and the interactions between fungi and plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2002; 3:391-400. [PMID: 20569345 DOI: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Summary Hydrophobins are small proteins thought to be ubiquitous in filamentous fungi. They are usually secreted and are found on the outer surfaces of cell walls of hyphae and conidia where they mediate interactions between the fungus and the environment. We review here what is currently known about the primary and secondary structure of these proteins, as well as their post-translational modifications. We also discuss the diverse functions of hydrophobins in biology and development, with particular attention to fungi involved in pathogenesis and symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Whiteford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London, UK
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