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Shinobu-Mesquita CS, Martins E, Júnior JB, de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça P, Felipe MSS, Kioshima ÉS, Svidzinski TIE. In vitro and in vivo activity of a possible novel antifungal small molecule against Candida albicans. J Mycol Med 2020; 30:100939. [PMID: 32111506 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nosocomial infections by fungi are important causes of morbidity and mortality, and the adhesion capacity of yeast on abiotic and biotic surfaces has been considered an important step in this process. Als3 proteins are widely studied for their ability to allow Candida albicans to bind to various surfaces. The objective of the present study was to verify, with more details, the action of F2768-0318 in relation to its antifungal activity as well as its ability to act on C. albicans virulence factors related to adhesion and biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the Als3 protein. F2768-0318 was assessed in tests of biofilm formation and adhesion on abiotic surfaces (polystyrene plates) and adherence on biotic surfaces, including human endocervical (HeLa) cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and fresh buccal epithelial cells (BEC). Our results showed F2768-0318 was useful in reducing the adhesion and biofilm formation of C. albicans on abiotic surfaces, indicating the possibility of treating hospital materials and preventing biofilm formation on these types of equipment. Further studies are still needed, including optimization of the molecule to allow this molecule to be effective on other types of surfaces, such as human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Shinobu-Mesquita
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Av. Colombo n(o) 5790, bloco T20, 87020-900, Maringá PR, Brazil.
| | - E Martins
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Av. Colombo n(o) 5790, bloco T20, 87020-900, Maringá PR, Brazil
| | - J B Júnior
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Av. Colombo n(o) 5790, bloco T20, 87020-900, Maringá PR, Brazil
| | - P de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Av. Colombo n(o) 5790, bloco T20, 87020-900, Maringá PR, Brazil
| | - M S S Felipe
- Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Laboratório Biologia Molecular, Bloco K, 2 pavimento, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - É S Kioshima
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Av. Colombo n(o) 5790, bloco T20, 87020-900, Maringá PR, Brazil
| | - T I E Svidzinski
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Av. Colombo n(o) 5790, bloco T20, 87020-900, Maringá PR, Brazil
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Souza ACO, Nascimento AL, de Vasconcelos NM, Jerônimo MS, Siqueira IM, R-Santos L, Cintra DOS, Fuscaldi LL, Pires Júnior OR, Titze-de-Almeida R, Borin MF, Báo SN, Martins OP, Cardoso VN, Fernandes SO, Mortari MR, Tedesco AC, Amaral AC, Felipe MSS, Bocca AL. Activity and in vivo tracking of Amphotericin B loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:267-76. [PMID: 25827397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles has become an important strategy for optimizing the therapeutic efficacy of many classical drugs, as it may expand their activities, reduce their toxicity, increase their bioactivity and improve biodistribution. In this study, nanoparticles of Amphotericin B entrapped within poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid and incorporated with dimercaptosuccinic acid (NANO-D-AMB) as a target molecule were evaluated for their physic-chemical characteristics, pharmacokinetics, biocompatibility and antifungal activity. We found high plasma concentrations of Amphotericin B upon treatment with NANO-D-AMB and a high uptake of nanoparticles in the lungs, liver and spleen. NANO-D-AMB exhibited antifungal efficacy against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and induced much lower cytotoxicity levels compared to D-AMB formulation in vivo and in vitro. Together, these results confirm that NANO-D-AMB improves Amphotericin B delivery and suggest this delivery system as a potential alternative to the use of Amphotericin B sodium deoxycholate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C O Souza
- Biology Institute, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | | | - M S Jerônimo
- Biology Institute, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - I M Siqueira
- Biology Institute, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - L R-Santos
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - D O S Cintra
- Biology Institute, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - L L Fuscaldi
- Biotechnology Department, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - R Titze-de-Almeida
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - M F Borin
- Biotechnology Department, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - S N Báo
- Biology Institute, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - O P Martins
- Chemistry Department of FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - V N Cardoso
- Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - S O Fernandes
- Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - M R Mortari
- Biology Institute, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - A C Tedesco
- Chemistry Department of FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - A C Amaral
- Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil.
| | - M S S Felipe
- Biology Institute, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil; Genomic Science and Biotechnology Post-Graduate Program, Catholic University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - A L Bocca
- Biology Institute, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
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3
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Amaral AC, Felipe MSS. Nanobiotechnology: an efficient approach to drug delivery of unstable biomolecules. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2014; 14:588-94. [PMID: 23968343 DOI: 10.2174/1389203711209070632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnology and nanotechnology are fields of science that can be applied together to solve a variety of biological issues. In the case of human health, biotechnology attempts to improve advances on the therapy against several diseases. Therapeutic peptides and proteins are promissory molecules for developing new medicines. Gene transfection and RNA interference have been considered important approaches for modern therapy to treat cancer and viral infections. However, because of their instability, these molecules alone cannot be used for in vivo application, since they are easily degraded or presenting a poor efficiency. Nanotechnology can contribute by the development of nanostructured delivery systems to increase the stability and potency of these molecules. Studies involving polymeric and magnetic nanoparticles, dendrimers, and carbon nanotubes have demonstrated a possibility to use these systems as vectors instead of the conventional viral ones, which present adverse effects, such as recombination and immunogenicity. This review presents some possibilities and strategies to efficiently delivery peptides, proteins, gene and RNA interference using nanotechnology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Amaral
- Biological Sciences Institute - University of Brasília - Asa Norte, Brasília - Distrito Federal - Brazil. CEP 70910-900.
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Ribeiro AM, Souza ACO, Amaral AC, Vasconcelos NM, Jeronimo MS, Carneiro FP, Faccioli LH, Felipe MSS, Silva CL, Bocca AL. Nanobiotechnological approaches to delivery of DNA vaccine against fungal infection. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2013; 9:221-30. [PMID: 23627048 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2013.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines play an essential role in keeping humans healthy. Innovative approaches to their use include the utilization of plasmid DNA encoding sequences to express foreign antigens. DNAhsp65 from Mycobacterium leprae is suitable for this purpose due to its ability to elicit a powerful immune response. Controlled release systems represent a promising approach to delivering vaccines. In this work, we used liposomes or PLGA systems to deliver DNAhsp65 to treat the pulmonary fungal infection Paracoccidioidomycosis. Both formulations modulated a protective immune response and reduced the pulmonary fungal burden even in the groups receiving less than four times the amount of the DNAhps65 entrapped within the nanoparticles. Although both systems had the same effective therapeutic results, the advantage of the liposome formulation was that it was administered intranasally, which may be more easily accepted by patients. These systems are a great alternative to be considered as adjuvant vaccine therapy for systemic mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ribeiro
- Biology Institute, University of Brasilia, O.F, 70910-900, Brazil
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Derengowski LS, Tavares AH, Silva S, Procópio LS, Felipe MSS, Silva-Pereira I. Upregulation of glyoxylate cycle genes upon Paracoccidioides brasiliensis internalization by murine macrophages and in vitro nutritional stress condition. Med Mycol 2008; 46:125-34. [PMID: 18324491 DOI: 10.1080/13693780701670509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, is a facultative intracellular human pathogen that can persist within macrophage phagolysosomes, indicating that the fungus has evolved defense mechanisms in order to survive under nutritionally poor environments. The analysis of P. brasiliensis transcriptome revealed several virulence factor orthologs of other microorganisms, including the glyoxylate cycle genes. This cycle allows the utilization of two-carbon (C2) compounds as carbon source in gluconeogenesis. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that these genes were upregulated when P. brasiliensis was recovered from murine macrophages, without any additional in vitro growth. The induction of this cycle, in response to macrophage microenvironments, was shown to be coordinated with the upregulation of the gluconeogenic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. In addition, assays employing RNA extracted from P. brasiliensis grown in a medium with acetate instead of glucose also showed increased levels of glyoxylate cycle transcripts. Our main results suggest that P. brasiliensis uses the glyoxylate cycle as an important adaptive metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Derengowski
- Lab. de Biologia Molecular, CEL/IB, Universidade de Brasília - Brasília-DF, Brazil
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Cunha AF, Sousa MV, Silva SP, JesuÍno RSA, Soares CMA, Felipe MSS. Identification, N-terminal region sequencing and similarity analysis of differentially expressed proteins in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-280x.1999.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Molinari-Madlum EEWI, Felipe MSS, Soares CMA. Virulence of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates can be correlated to groups defined by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Med Mycol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-280x.1999.00230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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8
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Albuquerque P, Kyaw CM, Saldanha RR, Brigido MM, Felipe MSS, Silva-Pereira I. Pbhyd1 and Pbhyd2: two mycelium-specific hydrophobin genes from the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Fungal Genet Biol 2004; 41:510-20. [PMID: 15050540 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2003] [Accepted: 01/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, is a dimorphic fungus which is found as mycelia (M) at 26 degrees C and as yeasts (Y) at 37 degrees C, or after the invasion of host tissues. Although the dimorphic transition in P. brasiliensis and other dimorphic fungi is an essential step in the establishment of infection, the molecular events regulating this process are yet poorly understood. Since the differential gene expression is a well-known mechanism which plays a central role in the dimorphic transition as well as in other biological process, in this work we describe the identification and characterization of two differentially expressed P. brasiliensis hydrophobin cDNAs (Pbhyd1 and Pbhyd2). Hydrophobins are small hydrophobic proteins related to a variety of important functions in fungal biology, including cell growth, development, infection, and virulence. These two hydrophobin genes are present as single copy in P. brasiliensis genome and Northern blot analysis revealed that both mRNAs are mycelium-specific and highly accumulated during the first 24 h of M to Y transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, CEL/IB, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
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Felipe MSS, Andrade RV, Petrofeza SS, Maranhão AQ, Torres FAG, Albuquerque P, Arraes FBM, Arruda M, Azevedo MO, Baptista AJ, Bataus LAM, Borges CL, Campos EG, Cruz MR, Daher BS, Dantas A, Ferreira MASV, Ghil GV, Jesuino RSA, Kyaw CM, Leitão L, Martins CR, Moraes LMP, Neves EO, Nicola AM, Alves ES, Parente JA, Pereira M, Poças-Fonseca MJ, Resende R, Ribeiro BM, Saldanha RR, Santos SC, Silva-Pereira I, Silva MAS, Silveira E, Simões IC, Soares RBA, Souza DP, De-Souza MT, Andrade EV, Xavier MAS, Veiga HP, Venancio EJ, Carvalho MJA, Oliveira AG, Inoue MK, Almeida NF, Walter MEMT, Soares CMA, Brígido MM. Transcriptome characterization of the dimorphic and pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by EST analysis. Yeast 2003; 20:263-71. [PMID: 12557278 DOI: 10.1002/yea.964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a pathogenic fungus that undergoes a temperature-dependent cell morphology change from mycelium (22 degrees C) to yeast (36 degrees C). It is assumed that this morphological transition correlates with the infection of the human host. Our goal was to identify genes expressed in the mycelium (M) and yeast (Y) forms by EST sequencing in order to generate a partial map of the fungus transcriptome. Individual EST sequences were clustered by the CAP3 program and annotated using Blastx similarity analysis and InterPro Scan. Three different databases, GenBank nr, COG (clusters of orthologous groups) and GO (gene ontology) were used for annotation. A total of 3,938 (Y = 1,654 and M = 2,274) ESTs were sequenced and clustered into 597 contigs and 1,563 singlets, making up a total of 2,160 genes, which possibly represent one-quarter of the complete gene repertoire in P. brasiliensis. From this total, 1,040 were successfully annotated and 894 could be classified in 18 functional COG categories as follows: cellular metabolism (44%); information storage and processing (25%); cellular processes-cell division, posttranslational modifications, among others (19%); and genes of unknown functions (12%). Computer analysis enabled us to identify some genes potentially involved in the dimorphic transition and drug resistance. Furthermore, computer subtraction analysis revealed several genes possibly expressed in stage-specific forms of P. brasiliensis. Further analysis of these genes may provide new insights into the pathology and differentiation of P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S S Felipe
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brasil.
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Venancio EJ, Kyaw CM, Mello CV, Silva SP, Soares CMA, Felipe MSS, Silva-Pereira I. Identification of differentially expressed transcripts in the human pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by differential display. Med Mycol 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/714031083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Venancio EJ, Kyaw CM, Mello CV, Silva SP, Soares CMA, Felipe MSS, Silva-Pereira I. Identification of differentially expressed transcripts in the human pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by differential display. Med Mycol 2002; 40:45-51. [PMID: 11862980 DOI: 10.1080/mmy.40.1.45.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a dimorphic human pathogenic fungus that is the causal agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic disease that predominantly affects rural communities in South and Central America. Dimorphism is a common characteristic of systemic human pathogenic fungi. Here we describe the use of differential display (DD) to isolate and identify differentially expressed genes of P. brasiliensis, in the two cell types, yeast (Y) and mycelium (M), as well as at different time intervals during temperature-induced M to Y transition. Using two oligo-deoxythymidine-anchored primers combined with 10 arbitrary ones, we were able to detect the presence of at least 20 differentially transcribed cDNA fragments. Some of these fragments were further analysed by reverse-northern blot and northern blot in order to confirm their differential expression. The M32, M51 and M73 cDNA fragments were specific for the mycelial form of P. brasiliensis. Furthermore, we found two cDNA fragments (M-Y1 and M-Y2) that were upregulated during M-Y transition. This method was efficient and useful in the detection of differentially expressed genes in P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Venancio
- Universidade de Brasilia, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular, DF, Brasil
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Izacc SMS, Gomez FJ, Jesuino RSA, Fonseca CA, Felipe MSS, Deepe GS, Soares CMA. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression of the heat shock protein 60 gene from the human pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/714031053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Silva WP, Soares RBA, Jesuino RSA, Izacc SMS, Felipe MSS, Soares CMA. Expression of alpha tubulin during the dimorphic transition of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/714031059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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McEwen JG, Taylor JW, Carter D, Xu J, Felipe MSS, Vilgalys R, Mitchell TG, Kasuga T, White T, Bui T, Soares CMA. Molecular typing of pathogenic fungi. Med Mycol 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/mmy.38.1.189.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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McEwen JG, Taylor JW, Carter D, Xu J, Felipe MSS, Vilgalys R, Mitchell TG, Kasuga T, White T, Bui T, Soares CMA. Molecular typing of pathogenic fungi. Med Mycol 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/mmy.38.s1.189.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Molinari-Madlum EEWI, Felipe MSS, Soares CMA. Virulence of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates can be correlated to groups defined by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Med Mycol 1999. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-280x.1999.00230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Cunha AF, Sousa MV, Silva SP, JesuIno RSA, Soares CMA, Felipe MSS. Identification, N-terminal region sequencing and similarity analysis of differentially expressed proteins in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Med Mycol 1999. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-280x.1999.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Felipe MSS, Rogelin R, Azevedo MO, Astolfi-Filho S. Extended application of an efficient method for RNA isolation from different organisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00151862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Buzzi M, Felipe MSS, de Oliveira Azevedo M, de Araujo Caldas R. Membrane lipid composition and invertase secretion of Neurospova crassa and its wall-less mutant slime: effects of temperature and the surfactant Tween 80. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1099/00221287-139-8-1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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