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Yildirim-Aksoy M, Beck BH, Zhang D. Examining the interplay between Streptococcus agalactiae, the biopolymer chitin and its derivative. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00733. [PMID: 30272387 PMCID: PMC6528556 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a highly pathogenic bacterium of aquatic species and terrestrial animals worldwide, whereas chitin and its derivative chitosan are among the most abundant biopolymers found in nature, including the aquatic milieu. The present investigation focused on the capability of S. agalactiae to degrade and utilize these polymers. Growth of S. agalactiae in the presence of colloid chitin, chitosan, or N‐acetyl‐glucosamine (GlcNAc) was evaluated. Chitosanase production was measured daily over 7 days of growth period and degraded products were evaluated with thin later chorography. Chitin had no effect on the growth of S. agalactiae. Degraded chitin, however, stimulated the growth of S. agalactiae. S. agalactiae cells did not produce chitinase to degrade chitin; however, they readily utilize GlcNAc (product of degraded chitin) as sole source of carbon and nitrogen for growth. Chitosan at high concentrations had antibacterial activities against S. agalactiae, while in the presence of lower than the inhibitory level of chitosan in the medium, S. agalactiae secrets chitosanase to degrade chitosan, and utilizes it to a limited extent to benefit growth. The interaction of S. agalactiae with chitin hydrolytes and chitosan could play a role in the diverse habitat distribution and pathogenicity of S. agalactiae worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mediha Yildirim-Aksoy
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Dunhua Zhang
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, Alabama
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Zhang D, Xu DH, Qiu J, Rasmussen-Ivey CR, Liles MR, Beck BH. Chitin degradation and utilization by virulent Aeromonas hydrophila strain ML10-51K. Arch Microbiol 2016; 199:573-579. [PMID: 28032191 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (vAh) is one of the most important bacterial pathogens that causes persistent outbreaks of motile Aeromonas septicemia in warm-water fishes. The survivability of this pathogen in aquatic environments is of great concern. The aim of this study was to determine the capability of the vAh strain ML10-51K to degrade and utilize chitin. Genome-wide analysis revealed that ML10-51K encodes a suite of proteins for chitin metabolism. Assays in vitro showed that four chitinases, one chitobiase and one chitin-binding protein were secreted extracellularly and participated in chitin degradation. ML10-51K was shown to be able to use not only N-acetylglucosamine and colloidal chitin but also chitin flakes as sole carbon sources for growth. This study indicates that ML10-51K is a highly chitinolytic bacterium and suggests that the capability of effective chitin utilization could enable the bacterium to attain high densities when abundant chitin is available in aquatic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunhua Zhang
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA.
| | - De-Hai Xu
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
| | - Junqiang Qiu
- College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | | | - Mark R Liles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
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Zhang D, Bland JM, Xu D, Chung S. Degradation of Chitin and Chitosan by a Recombinant Chitinase Derived from a Virulent <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> Isolated from Diseased Channel Catfish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2015.59064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Deletion of σ(54) (rpoN) alters the rate of autolysis and biofilm formation in Enterococcus faecalis. J Bacteriol 2011; 194:368-75. [PMID: 22081387 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06046-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription initiation is a critical step in bacterial gene regulation and is often controlled by transcription regulators. The alternate sigma factor (σ(54)) is one such regulator that facilitates activator-dependent transcription initiation and thus modulates the expression of a variety of genes involved in metabolism and pathogenesis in bacteria. This study describes the role of σ(54) in the nosocomial pathogen Enterococcus faecalis. Biofilm formation is one of the important pathogenic mechanisms of E. faecalis, as it elevates the organism's potential to cause surgical site and urinary tract infections. Lysis of bacterial cells within the population contributes to biofilm formation by providing extracellular DNA (eDNA) as a key component of the biofilm matrix. Deletion of rpoN rendered E. faecalis resistant to autolysis, which in turn impaired eDNA release. Despite the significant reduction in eDNA levels compared to the parental strain, the rpoN mutant formed more robust biofilms as observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy and Comstat analysis, indicating and emphasizing the presence of other matrix components. Initial adherence to a polystyrene surface was also enhanced in the mutant. Proteinase K treatment at early stages of biofilm development significantly reduced the accumulation of biofilm by the rpoN mutant. In conclusion, our data indicate that other factors in addition to eDNA might contribute to the overall composition of the enterococcal biofilm and that the regulatory role of σ(54) governs the nature and composition of the biofilm matrix.
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Zhang D, Lax AR, Bland JM, Allen AB. Characterization of a new endogenous endo-β-1,4-glucanase of Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:211-218. [PMID: 21195179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The present work characterized a new endogenous cellulase (endo-β-1,4-glucanase) gene, CfEG5, uncovered in the transcriptome of Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus). The full-length gene was cloned and sequenced. It is similar to the CfEG3a described earlier (Zhang et al., 2009) but not likely an allelic variant. GenomeWalker™ DNA walking analysis indicated that there may be one copy of CfEG5 and two copies of CfEG3a in the termite genome. As with CfEG3a, the transcript of CfEG5 was detected predominantly in the salivary gland based on quantitative RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of translated amino acid sequence showed that the CfEG5 is more related to CaEG, derived from an Australian subterranean termite (Coptotermes acinaciformis), than CfEG3a and other cellulases from Coptotermes formosanus, Reticulitermes speratus, or Reticulitermes flavipes. Recombinant CfEG5, produced in Escherichia coli, was active against filter-paper cellulose, resulting in mostly cellobiose and cellotriose, similar to the enzymatic and biochemical properties of CfEG3a. These findings would lead to further investigation of both the evolutionary origin of eukaryotic cellulase genes and the evolutionary relationship of termite species. The cellulose-degrading enzyme is applicable for bioconversion of wood to simple sugars and production of biofuels. The recombinant cellulase should also be useful for designing and screening of inhibitors for the development of target-specific and environment-friendly bio-termicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunhua Zhang
- Formosan Subterranean Termite Research Unit, Southern Regional Research Center, ARS, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
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Opsata M, Nes IF, Holo H. Class IIa bacteriocin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis V583: the mannose PTS operon mediates global transcriptional responses. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:224. [PMID: 20738841 PMCID: PMC2941500 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The class IIa bacteriocin, pediocin PA-1, has clear potential as food preservative and in the medical field to be used against Gram negative pathogen species as Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes. Resistance towards class IIa bacteriocins appear in laboratory and characterization of these phenotypes is important for their application. To gain insight into bacteriocin resistance we studied mutants of E. faecalis V583 resistant to pediocin PA-1 by use of transcriptomic analyses. RESULTS Mutants of E. faecalis V583 resistant to pediocin PA-1 were isolated, and their gene expression profiles were analyzed and compared to the wild type using whole-genome microarray. Significantly altered transcription was detected from about 200 genes; most of them encoding proteins involved in energy metabolism and transport. Glycolytic genes were down-regulated in the mutants, but most of the genes showing differential expression were up-regulated. The data indicate that the mutants were relieved from glucose repression and putative catabolic responsive elements (cre) could be identified in the upstream regions of 70% of the differentially expressed genes. Bacteriocin resistance was caused by reduced expression of the mpt operon encoding the mannose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS), and the same transcriptional changes were seen in a mptD-inactivated mutant. This mutant also had decreased transcription of the whole mpt operon, showing that the PTS is involved in its own transcriptional regulation. CONCLUSION Our data confirm the important role of mannose PTS in class IIa bacteriocin sensitivity and we demonstrate its importance involving global carbon catabolite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Opsata
- Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology and Food Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway.
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Zhang D, Lax AR, Raina AK, Bland JM. Differential cellulolytic activity of native-form and C-terminal tagged-form cellulase derived from Coptotermes formosanus and expressed in E. coli. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 39:516-22. [PMID: 19364531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
An endogenous cellulase gene (CfEG3a) of Coptotermes formosanus, an economically important pest termite, was cloned and overexpressed in both native form (nCfEG) and C-terminal His-tagged form (tCfEG) in Escherichia coli. Both forms of recombinant cellulases showed hydrolytic activity on cellulosic substrates. The nCfEG was more active and stable than tCfEG even though the latter could be purified to near homogeneity with a simple procedure. The differential activities of nCfEG and tCfEG were also evidenced by hydrolytic products they produced on different substrates. On CMC, both acted as an endoglucanase, randomly hydrolyzing internal beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds and resulting in a smear of polymers with different lengths, although cellobiose, cellotriose, and cellotetraose equivalents were noticeable. The hydrolytic products of tCfEG were one unit sugar less than those produced by nCfEG. Using filter paper as substrate, however, the major hydrolytic products of nCfEG were cellobiose, cellotriose and trace of glucose; those of tCfEG were cellobiose, cellotriose and trace of cellotetraose, indicating a property similar to that of cellobiohydrolase, an exoglucanase. The results presented in this report uncovered the biochemical properties of the recombinant cellulase derived from the intact gene of Formosan subterranean termites. The recombinant cellulase would be useful in designing cellulase-inhibiting termiticides and incorporating into a sugar-based biofuel production program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunhua Zhang
- Formosan Subterranean Termite Research Unit, Southern Regional Research Center/ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
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Russell JB, Muck RE, Weimer PJ. Quantitative analysis of cellulose degradation and growth of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 67:183-97. [PMID: 19120465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruminant animals digest cellulose via a symbiotic relationship with ruminal microorganisms. Because feedstuffs only remain in the rumen for a short time, the rate of cellulose digestion must be very rapid. This speed is facilitated by rumination, a process that returns food to the mouth to be rechewed. By decreasing particle size, the cellulose surface area can be increased by up to 10(6)-fold. The amount of cellulose digested is then a function of two competing rates, namely the digestion rate (K(d)) and the rate of passage of solids from the rumen (K(p)). Estimation of bacterial growth on cellulose is complicated by several factors: (1) energy must be expended for maintenance and growth of the cells, (2) only adherent cells are capable of degrading cellulose and (3) adherent cells can provide nonadherent cells with cellodextrins. Additionally, when ruminants are fed large amounts of cereal grain along with fiber, ruminal pH can decrease to a point where cellulolytic bacteria no longer grow. A dynamic model based on STELLA software is presented. This model evaluates all of the major aspects of ruminal cellulose degradation: (1) ingestion, digestion and passage of feed particles, (2) maintenance and growth of cellulolytic bacteria and (3) pH effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Russell
- Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Robert C. Holley Research Center, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Kurtovic A, Jarvis GN, Mantovani HC, Russell JB. Ability of lysozyme and 2-deoxyglucose to differentiate human and bovine Streptococcus bovis strains. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:3951-4. [PMID: 12904427 PMCID: PMC179835 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.8.3951-3954.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and bovine Streptococcus bovis strains had the same 16S ribosomal DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism and often had the same patterns of starch, mannitol, lactose, and raffinose utilization. PCRs of BOX sequences differed, but numerical analyses indicated that some human strains clustered with bovine strains. However, human and bovine strains had distinctly different sensitivities to lysozyme and 2-deoxyglucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Kurtovic
- Section of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Héchard Y, Pelletier C, Cenatiempo Y, Frère J. Analysis of sigma(54)-dependent genes in Enterococcus faecalis: a mannose PTS permease (EII(Man)) is involved in sensitivity to a bacteriocin, mesentericin Y105. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:1575-1580. [PMID: 11390688 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-6-1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The sigma(54) RNA polymerase subunit has a prominent role in susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecalis to mesentericin Y105, a class IIa bacteriocin. Consequently, sigma(54)-dependent genes as well as specific activators also required for expression of these genes were sought. Five putative sigma(54)-associated activators were detected in the genome of E. faecalis V583, and all but one could activate the transcription of permease genes belonging to sugar phosphotransferase systems (PTSs). Interestingly, these activators display a helicase signature not yet reported in this activator family, which could explain the ATP-dependent mechanism of DNA unwinding preceding the start of transcription. To find which activator is linked to susceptibility of E. faecalis to mesentericin Y105, their respective genes were subsequently interrupted. Among them, only mptR gene interruption led to a resistance phenotype. Immediately downstream from mptR, a putative sigma(54)-dependent operon was found to encode a mannose PTS permease, namely EII(t)(Man). Moreover, in liquid culture, glucose and mannose induced the sensitivity of E. faecalis to mesentericin Y105. Since sugars have previously been reported to induce PTS permease expression, it appears that EII(t)(Man) expression, presumably induced in the presence of glucose and mannose, leads to an enhanced sensitivity of E. faecalis to the bacteriocin. Additional information was gained from knockouts within the permease operon. Interruption of the distal mptD gene, which encodes the IID subunit of EII(t)(Man), strikingly led to resistance to mesentericin Y105. Moreover, MptD appears to be a peculiar membrane subunit, bearing an additional domain compared to most known IID subunits. According to these results, EII(t)(Man) is clearly involved in susceptibility to mesentericin Y105 and could even be its receptor at the E. faecalis surface. Finally, it is hypothesized that MptD could be responsible for the targeting specificity, via an interaction between its additional domain and mesentericin Y105.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Héchard
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, CNRS FRE 2224, IBMIG, UFR Sciences, 40 avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France1
| | - Christelle Pelletier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, CNRS FRE 2224, IBMIG, UFR Sciences, 40 avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France1
| | - Yves Cenatiempo
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, CNRS FRE 2224, IBMIG, UFR Sciences, 40 avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France1
| | - Jacques Frère
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, CNRS FRE 2224, IBMIG, UFR Sciences, 40 avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France1
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Jarvis GN, Kurtovic A, Hay AG, Russell JB. The physiological and genetic diversity of bovine Streptococcus bovis strains1. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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