1
|
Půža V, Machado RAR. Systematics and phylogeny of the entomopathogenic nematobacterial complexes Steinernema-Xenorhabdus and Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2024; 10:13. [PMID: 39020388 PMCID: PMC11256433 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-024-00235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, along with their bacterial symbionts from the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, respectively, are important biological control agents against agricultural pests. Rapid progress in the development of genomic tools has catalyzed a transformation of the systematics of these organisms, reshaping our understanding of their phylogenetic and cophlylogenetic relationships. In this review, we discuss the major historical events in the taxonomy and systematics of this group of organisms, highlighting the latest advancements in these fields. Additionally, we synthesize information on nematode-bacteria associations and assess the existing evidence regarding their cophylogenetic relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Půža
- Institute of Entomology, Biology centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia, Studentská 1668, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.
| | - Ricardo A R Machado
- Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Harish BS, Uppuluri KB. Modeling of growth kinetics for an isolated marine bacterium, Oceanimonas sp. BPMS22 during the production of a trypsin inhibitor. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:556-563. [PMID: 29869945 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1476878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors significantly control physiologically relevant protease activities. Protease inhibitors from marine microbial sources are unique due to their rough living environmental conditions. In the present study, a protein protease inhibitor (PI) was produced from marine Oceanimonas sp. BPMS22. Seven different media were screened for the growth of the bacterium and production of PI. Different carbon and nitrogen sources were screened and optimized for the specific protease inhibitor activity. Three different growth models were checked for the best fit of the bacterial growth. A modified Gompertz model was selected as the best model for the growth of Oceanimonas sp. BPMS22 with the maximum specific growth rate of 0.165 hr-1 and doubling time of 4.2 hr. The production of PI takes place during the non-growing phase of the bacterial growth. A kinetic model for the production of PI during non-growing phase was used for studying various process parameters. From the model, the maximum trypsin inhibitor formation rate of 0.3802 IU per mg of biomass per hour was observed at 49.91 hr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Harish
- a Bioprospecting Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology , SASTRA Deemed University , Thanjavur , India
| | - Kiran Babu Uppuluri
- a Bioprospecting Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology , SASTRA Deemed University , Thanjavur , India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sapna K, Manzur Ali PP, Rekha Mol KR, Bhat SG, Chandrasekaran M, Elyas KK. Isolation, purification and characterization of a pH tolerant and temperature stable proteinaceous protease inhibitor from marine Pseudomonas mendocina. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1911-1916. [PMID: 28861750 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An extracellular protease inhibitor (BTPI-301) of trypsin was purified and characterized from an isolate of Pseudomonas mendocina. RESULTS BTPI-301was purified to homogeneity by (NH4)2SO4, precipitation, DEAE Sepharose and CNBr-activated Sepharose chromatography. Homogeneity was proved by native PAGE and SDS-PAGE. The intact molecular mass was 11567 Da by MALDI-TOF analysis. BTPI-301was a competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 3.5 × 10-10 M. It was stable and active at pH 4-12 and also at 4-90 °C for 1 h. Peptide mass fingerprinting by MALDI revealed that the BTPI-301 is a new inhibitor not reported so far with protease inhibitory activity. The pI of the inhibitor was 3.8. The stoichiometry of trypsin-BTPI-301 interaction is 1:1. The inhibitor was specific towards trypsin. CONCLUSION A pH tolerant and thermostable protease inhibitor BTPI-301 active against trypsin was purified and characterized from P. mendocina that could be developed and used as biopreservative as well as biocontrol agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sapna
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, 682 022, India.
| | - P P Manzur Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, MES College, Marampally, Aluva, Kerala, 683107, India
| | - K R Rekha Mol
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, 682 022, India
| | - Sarita G Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, 682 022, India
| | - M Chandrasekaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, 682 022, India
| | - K K Elyas
- Department of Biotechnology, Calicut University, Malappuram, 673 635, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Langer A, Moldovan A, Harmath C, Joyce SA, Clarke DJ, Heermann R. HexA is a versatile regulator involved in the control of phenotypic heterogeneity of Photorhabdus luminescens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176535. [PMID: 28448559 PMCID: PMC5407808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic heterogeneity in microbial communities enables genetically identical organisms to behave differently even under the same environmental conditions. Photorhabdus luminescens, a bioluminescent Gram-negative bacterium, contains a complex life cycle, which involves a symbiotic interaction with nematodes as well as a pathogenic association with insect larvae. P. luminescens exists in two distinct phenotypic cell types, designated as the primary (1°) and secondary (2°) cells. The 1° cells are bioluminescent, pigmented and can support nematode growth and development. Individual 1° cells undergo phenotypic switching after prolonged cultivation and convert to 2° cells, which lack the 1° specific phenotypes. The LysR-type regulator HexA has been described as major regulator of this switching process. Here we show that HexA controls phenotypic heterogeneity in a versatile way, directly and indirectly. Expression of hexA is enhanced in 2° cells, and the corresponding regulator inhibits 1° specific traits in 2° cells. HexA does not directly affect bioluminescence, a predominant 1° specific phenotype. Since the respective luxCDABE operon is repressed at the post-transcriptional level and transcriptional levels of the RNA chaperone gene hfq are also enhanced in 2° cells, small regulatory RNAs are presumably involved that are under control of HexA. Another phenotypic trait that is specific for 1° cells is quorum sensing mediated cell clumping. The corresponding pcfABCDEF operon could be identified as the first direct target of HexA, since the regulator binds to the pcfA promoter region and thereby blocks expression of the target operon. In summary, our data show that HexA fulfills the task as repressor of 1° specific features in 2° cells in a versatile way and gives first insights into the complexity of regulating phenotypic heterogeneity in Photorhabdus bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Langer
- Bereich Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum Martinsried, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Adriana Moldovan
- Bereich Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum Martinsried, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Christian Harmath
- Bereich Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum Martinsried, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Susan A. Joyce
- School of Microbiology and Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David J. Clarke
- School of Microbiology and Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ralf Heermann
- Bereich Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum Martinsried, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Marathe K, Kasar S, Chaudhari A, Maheshwari V. Purification and characterization of a novel heterodimer protease inhibitor from Streptomyces spp. VL J2 with potential biopesticidal activity against H. armigera. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
6
|
Coria LM, Ibañez AE, Tkach M, Sabbione F, Bruno L, Carabajal MV, Berguer PM, Barrionuevo P, Schillaci R, Trevani AS, Giambartolomei GH, Pasquevich KA, Cassataro J. A Brucella spp. Protease Inhibitor Limits Antigen Lysosomal Proteolysis, Increases Cross-Presentation, and Enhances CD8+ T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4014-29. [PMID: 27084100 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that the unlipidated (U) outer membrane protein (Omp) 19 from Brucella spp. is a competitive inhibitor of human cathepsin L. U-Omp19 inhibits lysosome cathepsins and APC-derived microsome activity in vitro and partially inhibits lysosomal cathepsin L activity within live APCs. Codelivery of U-Omp19 with the Ag can reduce intracellular Ag digestion and increases Ag half-life in dendritic cells (DCs). U-Omp19 retains the Ag in Lamp-2(+) compartments after its internalization and promotes a sustained expression of MHC class I/peptide complexes in the cell surface of DCs. Consequently, U-Omp19 enhances Ag cross-presentation by DCs to CD8(+) T cells. U-Omp19 s.c. delivery induces the recruitment of CD11c(+)CD8α(+) DCs and monocytes to lymph nodes whereas it partially limits in vivo Ag proteolysis inside DCs. Accordingly, this protein is able to induce CD8(+) T cell responses in vivo against codelivered Ag. Antitumor responses were elicited after U-Omp19 coadministration, increasing survival of mice in a murine melanoma challenge model. Collectively, these results indicate that a cysteine protease inhibitor from bacterial origin could be a suitable component of vaccine formulations against tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena M Coria
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés E Ibañez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Tkach
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares de Carcinogénesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Sabbione
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Academia Nacional de Medicina, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Bruno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela V Carabajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula M Berguer
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Paula Barrionuevo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Academia Nacional de Medicina, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Schillaci
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares de Carcinogénesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía S Trevani
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Academia Nacional de Medicina, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo H Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín," Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1120 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina A Pasquevich
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juliana Cassataro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ibañez AE, Coria LM, Carabajal MV, Delpino MV, Risso GS, Cobiello PG, Rinaldi J, Barrionuevo P, Bruno L, Frank F, Klinke S, Goldbaum FA, Briones G, Giambartolomei GH, Pasquevich KA, Cassataro J. A bacterial protease inhibitor protects antigens delivered in oral vaccines from digestion while triggering specific mucosal immune responses. J Control Release 2015; 220:18-28. [PMID: 26456256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We report here that a bacterial protease inhibitor from Brucella spp. called U-Omp19 behaves as an ideal constituent for a vaccine formulation against infectious diseases. When co-administered orally with an antigen (Ag), U-Omp19: i) can bypass the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract by inhibiting stomach and intestine proteases and consequently increases the half-life of the co-administered Ag at immune inductive sites: Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes while ii) it induces the recruitment and activation of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and increases the amount of intracellular Ag inside APCs. Therefore, mucosal as well as systemic Ag-specific immune responses, antibodies, Th1, Th17 and CD8(+) T cells are enhanced when U-Omp19 is co-administered with the Ag orally. Finally, this bacterial protease inhibitor in an oral vaccine formulation confers mucosal protection and reduces parasite loads after oral challenge with virulent Toxoplasma gondii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Esteban Ibañez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-"Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde" Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Mirta Coria
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-"Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde" Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Verónica Carabajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-"Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde" Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Sofía Risso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-"Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde" Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Gonzalez Cobiello
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Rinaldi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Barrionuevo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Bruno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-"Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde" Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Frank
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Klinke
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriel Briones
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-"Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde" Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Hernán Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Alejandra Pasquevich
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-"Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde" Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juliana Cassataro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-"Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde" Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Quintero D, Bermudes D. A culture-based method for determining the production of secreted protease inhibitors. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 100:105-10. [PMID: 24632514 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a culture-based method for determining the production of secreted protease inhibitors. The assay utilizes standard proteolysis detection plates to support microbial growth followed by infiltrating the plate with a protease and subsequently detecting the remaining protein by trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation, or by bromocreosol green (BCG) or Ponseau S (PS) staining. The presence of a protease inhibitor can be observed in the form of a protected zone of protein around the protease inhibitor-producing strain. Using the protease inhibitors α-2-macroglobulin, aprotinin, leupeptin, and bestatin and the primary and secondary forms of Photorhabdus luminescens in combination with the protease trypsin, we were able to demonstrate that the assay is specific for the cognate inhibitor of the protease and for bacteria secreting protease inhibitors. In addition, when casein-containing plates were used, the size of the diffusion zone was inversely correlated with the molecular weight of the inhibitor allowing a relative estimation of the protease inhibitor molecular weight. This assay is useful for detecting the presence of microbial secreted protease inhibitors and may reveal their production by microorganisms that were not previously recognized to produce them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Quintero
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA.
| | - David Bermudes
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA; Interdisciplinary Research Institute for the Sciences (IRIS), California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The genetic basis of the symbiosis between Photorhabdus and its invertebrate hosts. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 88:1-29. [PMID: 24767424 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800260-5.00001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photorhabdus is a pathogen of insects that also maintains a mutualistic association with nematodes from the family Heterorhabditis. Photorhabdus colonizes the gut of the infective juvenile (IJ) stage of the nematode. The IJ infects an insect and regurgitates the bacteria and the bacteria reproduce to kill the insect. The nematodes feed on the resulting bacterial biomass until a new generation of IJs emerges from the insect cadaver. Therefore, during its life cycle, Photorhabdus must (1) kill the insect host, (2) support nematode growth and development, and (3) be able to colonize the new generation of IJs. In this review, functional genomic studies that have been aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning each of these roles will be discussed. These studies have begun to reveal that distinct gene sets may be required for each of these interactions, suggesting that there is only a minimal genetic overlap between pathogenicity and mutualism in Photorhabdus.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zeng F, Xue R, Zhang H, Jiang T. A new gene from Xenorhabdus bovienii and its encoded protease inhibitor protein against Acyrthosiphon pisum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2012; 68:1345-1351. [PMID: 22566467 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphids are insect pests with significant importance worldwide for agricultural and horticultural crops. The chemical pesticides used to control aphids could result in pesticide residues in agricultural and horticultural products as well as in negative effects on the environment. Therefore, alternative control methods are urgently needed. This study identified a new gene from strain BJFS526 of the symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus bovienii and expressed the protease inhibitor protein encoded by the gene. The effects of the protein on the pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, were also investigated. RESULTS The gene PIN1 encoding the protease inhibitor protein against aphids was successfully cloned from BJFS526. The study demonstrated that the protein had adverse effects on pea aphid survival, and that the activity of aphid aminopeptidase was significantly inhibited by the protein. CONCLUSION The results from this study suggest that this gene and the protease inhibitor protein encoded may offer an alternative method to control aphids in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanrong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vakorina TI, Gladkikh IN, Monastyrnaia MM, Kozlovskaia EP. [Conformational stability of serine proteinase inhibitor from the sea anemone Heteractis crispa]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011; 37:310-8. [PMID: 21899045 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162011020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of different environmental values of the pH and temperature on the spatial organization of serine proteinase inhibitor from the sea anemone Heteractis crispa (=Radianthus macrodactylus) on the level of tertiary and secondary structure was studied by CD spectroscopy. The molecule InhVJ was shown to possess a high conformational thermo- and pH-stability. We determined the point of conformational thermotransition of polypeptide (70 degrees C) after which the molecule gets denaturational stable state with conservation of 80% proteinase inhibitory activity. The significant partial reversible changes of molecule spatial organization were established to occur at the level of tertiary structure in the process of acid-base titration in the range of pH 11.0-13.0. This can be explained by of ionization of tyrosine residues. The molecule InhVJ is conformationally stable at the low pH values (2.0). The quenching of tyrosine residues by acrylamide showed that two of these residues are accessible to the quencher in full, while the third part is available.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Over the years it has been important for humans to control the populations of harmful insects and insecticides have been used for this purpose in agricultural and horticultural sectors. Synthetic insecticides, owing to their various side effects, have been widely replaced by biological insecticides. In this review we attempt to describe three bacterial species that are known to produce insecticidal toxins of tremendous biotechnological, agricultural, and economic importance. Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) accounts for 90% of the bioinsecticide market and it produces insecticidal toxins referred to as delta endotoxins. The other two bacteria belong to the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, which are symbiotically associated with entomopathogenic nematodes of the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae respectively. Whereas, Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus exist in a mutualistic association with the entomopathogenic nematodes, BT act alone. BT formulations are widely used in the field against insects; however, over the years there has been a gradual development of insect resistance against BT toxins. No resistance against Xenorhabdus or Photorhabdus has been reported to date. More recently BT transgenic crops have been prepared; however, there are growing concerns about the safety of these genetically modified crops. Nematodal formulations are also used in the field to curb harmful insect populations. Resistance development to entomopathogenic nematodes is unlikely due to the physical macroscopic nature of infection. Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus transgenes have not yet been prepared; but are predicted to be available in the near future. In this review we start with an overview of the synthetic insecticides and then discuss Bacillus thuringiensis, Xenorhabdus nematophilus, and Photorhabdus luminescens in greater detail.
Collapse
|
13
|
Marokházi J, Lengyel K, Pekár S, Felföldi G, Patthy A, Gráf L, Fodor A, Venekei I. Comparison of proteolytic activities produced by entomopathogenic Photorhabdus bacteria: strain- and phase-dependent heterogeneity in composition and activity of four enzymes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:7311-20. [PMID: 15574931 PMCID: PMC535150 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.12.7311-7320.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 08/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty strains (including eight phase variant pairs) of nematode-symbiotic and insect-pathogenic Photorhabdus bacteria were examined for the production of proteolytic enzymes by using a combination of several methods, including gelatin liquefaction, zymography coupled to native and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and activity measurement with two chromogen substrate types. Four protease activities (approximately 74, approximately 55, approximately 54, and approximately 37 kDa) could be separated. The N-terminal sequences of three of the proteases were determined, and a comparison with sequences in databases allowed identification of these proteases as HEXXH metallopeptidases. Thus, the 74-kDa protease (described formerly as Php-B [J. Marokhazi, G. Koczan, F. Hudecz, L. Graf, A. Fodor, and I. Venekei, Biochem. J. 379:633-640, 2004) is an ortholog of OpdA, a member the thimet oligopeptidase family, and the 55-kDa protease is an ortholog of PrtA, a HEXXH+H peptidase in clan MB (metzincins), while the 37-kDa protease (Php-C) belongs to the HEXXH+E peptidases in clan MA. The 54-kDa protease (Php-D) is a nonmetalloenzyme. PrtA and Php-C were zymographically detected, and they occurred in several smaller forms as well. OpdA could not be detected by zymography. PrtA, Php-C, and Php-D were secreted proteases; OpdA, in contrast, was an intracellular enzyme. OpdA activity was found in every strain tested, while Php-D was detected only in the Brecon/1 strain. There was significant strain variation in the secretion of PrtA and Php-C activities, but reduced activity or a lack of activity was not specific to secondary-phase variants. The presence of PrtA, OpdA, and Php-C activities could be detected in the hemolymph of Galleria melonella larvae 20 to 40 h postinfection. These proteases appear not to be directly involved in the pathogenicity of Photorhabdus, since strains or phase variants lacking any of these proteases do not show reduced virulence when they are injected into G. melonella larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit Marokházi
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Marokházi J, Kóczán G, Hudecz F, Gráf L, Fodor A, Venekei I. Enzymic characterization with progress curve analysis of a collagen peptidase from an enthomopathogenic bacterium, Photorhabdus luminescens. Biochem J 2004; 379:633-40. [PMID: 14744262 PMCID: PMC1224120 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2003] [Revised: 01/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A proteolytic enzyme, Php-B ( Photorhabdus protease B), was purified from the entomopathogenic bacterium, Photorhabdus luminescens. The enzyme is intracellular, and its molecular mass is 74 kDa. Tested on various peptide and oligopeptide substrates, Php-B hydrolysed only oligopeptides, with significant activity against bradykinin and a 2-furylacryloyl-blocked peptide, Fua-LGPA (2-furylacryloyl-Leu-Gly-Pro-Ala; kcat=3.6x10(2) s(-1), K(m)=5.8x10(-5) M(-1), pH optimum approx. 7.0). The p K(a1) and the p K(a2) values of the enzyme activity (6.1 and 7.9 respectively), as well as experiments with enzyme inhibitors and bivalent metal ions, suggest that the activity of Php-B is dependent on histidine and cysteine residues, but not on serine residues, and that it is a metalloprotease, which most probably uses Zn2+ as a catalytic ion. The enzyme's ability to cleave oligopeptides that contain a sequence similar to collagen repeat (-Pro-Xaa-Gly-), bradykinin and Fua-LGPA (a synthetic substrate for bacterial collagenases and collagen peptidases), but not native collagens (types I and IV) or denatured collagen (gelatin), indicates that Php-B is probably a collagen peptidase, the first enzyme of this type to be identified in an insect pathogen, that might have a role in the nutrition of P. luminescens by degrading small collagen fragments. For the determination of enzyme kinetic constants, we fitted a numerically integrated Michaelis-Menten model to the experimental progress curves. Since this approach has not been used before in the characterization of proteases that are specific for the P1'-P4' substrate sites (e.g. collagenolytic enzymes), we present a comparison of this method with more conventional ones. The results confirm the reliability of the numerical integration method in the kinetic analysis of collagen-peptide-hydrolysing enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit Marokházi
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rzychon M, Sabat A, Kosowska K, Potempa J, Dubin A. Staphostatins: an expanding new group of proteinase inhibitors with a unique specificity for the regulation of staphopains, Staphylococcus spp. cysteine proteinases. Mol Microbiol 2003; 49:1051-66. [PMID: 12890028 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel type of cysteine proteinase inhibitor (SspC) has been recently recognized in Staphylococcus aureus (Massimi, I., Park, E., Rice, K., Muller-Esterl, W., Sauder, D.N., and McGavin, M.J. (2002) J Biol Chem 277: 41770-41777). In this paper we have identified homologous proteins encoded in the genome of S. aureus and other coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Collectively we refer to these proteins as staphostatins as they specifically inhibit cysteine proteinases (staphopains) from Staphylococcus spp. The primary structure of staphostatins seems to be unique, although they resemble cystatins in size (105-108 residues). Recombinant staphostatin A, a product of the scpB gene and staphostatin B (SspC) from S. aureus have been characterized in details. Similar to the cystatins, the staphostatins interact specifically with their target proteinases forming tight and stable non-covalent complexes, staphostatin A with staphopain A and staphostatin B with staphopain B. However, in contrast to the cystatins, each of which inhibits broad range of cathepsins, complex formation between staphostatin and staphopain appears to be exclusive, with no cross interaction observed. In addition, the activities of several tested cysteine proteinases of prokaryotic- and eukaryotic-origin were not affected by staphostatins. Such narrow specificity limited to staphopains is presumed to be required to protect staphylococcal cytoplasmic proteins from being degraded by prematurely activated/folded prostaphopains. This function is guaranteed through the unique co-expression of the secreted proteinase and the intracellular inhibitor from the same operon, and represents a unique mechanism of regulation of proteolytic activity in Gram-positive bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Rzychon
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bowen DJ, Rocheleau TA, Grutzmacher CK, Meslet L, Valens M, Marble D, Dowling A, Ffrench-Constant R, Blight MA. Genetic and biochemical characterization of PrtA, an RTX-like metalloprotease from Photorhabdus. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2003; 149:1581-1591. [PMID: 12777498 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play a key role in the interaction between pathogens and their hosts. The bacterial entomopathogen Photorhabdus lives in symbiosis with nematodes that invade insects. Following entry into the insect, the bacteria are released from the nematode gut into the open blood system of the insect. Here they secrete factors which kill the host and also convert the host tissues into food for the replicating bacteria and nematodes. One of the secreted proteins is PrtA, which is shown here to be a repeats-in-toxin (RTX) alkaline zinc metalloprotease. PrtA has high affinity for artificial substrates such as casein and gelatin and can be inhibited by zinc metalloprotease inhibitors. The metalloprotease also shows a calcium- and temperature-dependent autolysis. The prtA gene carries the characteristic RTX repeated motifs and predicts high similarity to proteases from Erwinia chrysanthemi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens. The prtA gene resides in a locus encoding both the protease ABC transporter (prtBCD) and an intervening ORF encoding a protease inhibitor (inh). PrtA activity is detectable 24 h after artificial bacterial infection of an insect, suggesting that the protease may play a key role in degrading insect tissues rather than in overcoming the insect immune system. Purified PrtA also shows cytotoxicity to mammalian cell cultures, supporting its proposed role in bioconversion of the insect cadaver into food for bacterial and nematode development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Bowen
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | | | | | - Laurence Meslet
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, CNRS UMR 8621, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Michelle Valens
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, CNRS UMR 8621, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Marble
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Andrea Dowling
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Mark A Blight
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, CNRS UMR 8621, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Valens M, Broutelle AC, Lefebvre M, Blight MA. A zinc metalloprotease inhibitor, Inh, from the insect pathogen Photorhabdus luminescens. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:2427-2437. [PMID: 12177336 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-8-2427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogen Photorhabdus luminescens secretes many proteins during the late stages of insect larvae infection and during in vitro laboratory culture. The authors have previously characterized and purified a 55 kDa zinc metalloprotease, PrtA, from culture supernatants of P. luminescens. PrtA is secreted via a classical type I secretory pathway and is encoded within the operon prtA-inh-prtBCD. The 405 bp inh gene encodes a 14.8 kDa pre-protein that is translocated to the periplasm by the classical signal-peptide-dependent sec pathway, yielding the mature 11.9 kDa inhibitor Inh. Inh is a specific inhibitor of the protease PrtA. This study describes the purification of Inh and the initial characterization of its in vitro protease inhibition properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Valens
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Pathogenèse Comparée, CNRS UMR 8621, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France1
| | - Anne-Cécile Broutelle
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Pathogenèse Comparée, CNRS UMR 8621, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France1
| | - Mélanie Lefebvre
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Pathogenèse Comparée, CNRS UMR 8621, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France1
| | - Mark A Blight
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Pathogenèse Comparée, CNRS UMR 8621, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France1
| |
Collapse
|