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Nogami R, Nagata M, Imada R, Kai K, Kawaguchi T, Tani S. Cycloheximide in the nanomolar range inhibits seed germination of Orobanche minor. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2024; 49:22-30. [PMID: 38450089 PMCID: PMC10912901 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d23-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
From the 992 samples of culture extracts of microorganisms isolated from soil in Japan, we found that the extract of Streptomyces sp. no. 226 inhibited Orobanche minor seed germination without significantly affecting the seed germination of Trifolium pratense and the growth of Aspergillus oryzae and Escherichia coli. Using ESI-MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, we identified the active compound as cycloheximide. Cycloheximide had half-maximum inhibitory concentrations of 2.6 ng/mL for the inhibition of seed germination of O. minor and 2.5 µg/mL for that of the conidial germination of A. oryzae. Since cycloheximide is known to inhibit translation by interacting with ribosomal protein L28 (RPL28) in yeast, we investigated whether RPL protein of O. minor plays a critical role in the inhibition of O. minor seed germination. Our data suggested that O. minor RPL27A was not sensitive to cycloheximide by comparing it to the strain expressing S. cerevisiae RPL28. These findings suggest the presence of an unidentified mechanism by which cycloheximide hinders O. minor seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nogami
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University
| | - Mari Nagata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Risa Imada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Kenji Kai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Takashi Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Shuji Tani
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
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2
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Abodo Onambele L, Hoffmann N, Kater L, Hemmersbach L, Neudörfl JM, Sitnikov N, Kater B, Frias C, Schmalz HG, Prokop A. An organometallic analogue of combretastatin A-4 and its apoptosis-inducing effects on lymphoma, leukemia and other tumor cells in vitro. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1044-1051. [PMID: 36320328 PMCID: PMC9491352 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00144f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexacarbonyl[1,3-dimethoxy-5-((4'-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)benzene]dicobalt (NAHO27), an organometallic analogue of combretastatin A-4, has been synthesized and its activity against lymphoma, leukemia, breast cancer and melanoma cells has been investigated. It was shown that NAHO27 specifically induces apoptosis in BJAB lymphoma and Nalm-6 leukemia cells at low micromolar concentration and does not affect normal leukocytes in vitro. It also proved to be active against vincristine and daunorubicin resistant leukemia cell lines with p-glycoprotein-caused multidrug resistance and showed a pronounced (550%) synergistic effect when co-applied with vincristine at very low concentrations. Mechanistic investigations revealed NAHO27 to induce apoptosis via the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway as reflected by the processing of caspases 3 and 9, the involvement of Bcl-2 and smac/DIABLO, and the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential. Gene expression analysis and protein expression analysis via western blot showed an upregulation of the proapoptotic protein harakiri by 9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Abodo Onambele
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Children's Hospital of the City of Cologne Amsterdamer Str. 59 50735 Cologne Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Medical Center Charité Campus Virchow, Augustenburger Pl. 1 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Natalie Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne Greinstrasse 4 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Lisa Kater
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Medical Center Charité Campus Virchow, Augustenburger Pl. 1 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Lars Hemmersbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne Greinstrasse 4 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Jörg-Martin Neudörfl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne Greinstrasse 4 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Nikolay Sitnikov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne Greinstrasse 4 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Benjamin Kater
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Medical Center Charité Campus Virchow, Augustenburger Pl. 1 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Corazon Frias
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Medical Center Charité Campus Virchow, Augustenburger Pl. 1 13353 Berlin Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Helios Clinic Schwerin 19055 Schwerin Germany
- MSH Medical School Hamburg Am Kaiserkai 1 20457 Hamburg Germany
| | - Hans-Günther Schmalz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne Greinstrasse 4 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Aram Prokop
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Children's Hospital of the City of Cologne Amsterdamer Str. 59 50735 Cologne Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Medical Center Charité Campus Virchow, Augustenburger Pl. 1 13353 Berlin Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Helios Clinic Schwerin 19055 Schwerin Germany
- MSH Medical School Hamburg Am Kaiserkai 1 20457 Hamburg Germany
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3
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High-Throughput Screening Platform To Identify Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis with Potential for the Treatment of Malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0023722. [PMID: 35647647 PMCID: PMC9211397 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00237-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin-based combination therapies have been crucial in driving down the global burden of malaria, the world’s largest parasitic killer. However, their efficacy is now threatened by the emergence of resistance in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop new antimalarials with diverse mechanisms of action. One area of Plasmodium metabolism that has recently proven rich in exploitable antimalarial targets is protein synthesis, with a compound targeting elongation factor 2 now in clinical development and inhibitors of several aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in lead optimization. Given the promise of these components of translation as viable drug targets, we rationalized that an assay containing all functional components of translation would be a valuable tool for antimalarial screening and drug discovery. Here, we report the development and validation of an assay platform that enables specific inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum translation (PfIVT) to be identified. The primary assay in this platform monitors the translation of a luciferase reporter in a P. falciparum lysate-based expression system. Hits identified in this primary assay are assessed in a counterscreen assay that enables false positives that directly interfere with the luciferase to be triaged. The remaining hit compounds are then assessed in an equivalent human IVT assay. This platform of assays was used to screen MMV’s Pandemic and Pathogen Box libraries, identifying several selective inhibitors of protein synthesis. We believe this new high-throughput screening platform has the potential to greatly expedite the discovery of antimalarials that act via this highly desirable mechanism of action.
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4
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Armenta DA, Dixon SJ. Investigating Nonapoptotic Cell Death Using Chemical Biology Approaches. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:376-386. [PMID: 32220334 PMCID: PMC7185180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonapoptotic cell death is important for human health and disease. Here, we show how various tools and techniques drawn from the chemical biology field have played a central role in the discovery and characterization of nonapoptotic cell death pathways. Focusing on the example of ferroptosis, we describe how phenotypic screening, chemoproteomics, chemical genetic analysis, and other methods enabled the elucidation of this pathway. Synthetic small-molecule inducers and inhibitors of ferroptosis identified in early studies have now been leveraged to identify an even broader set of compounds that affect ferroptosis and to validate new chemical methods and probes for various ferroptosis-associated processes. A number of limitations associated with specific chemical biology tools or techniques have also emerged and must be carefully considered. Nevertheless, the study of ferroptosis provides a roadmap for how chemical biology methods may be used to discover and characterize nonapoptotic cell death mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Armenta
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott J. Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Lead contact:
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5
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Lewis RA, Li J, Allenby NEE, Errington J, Hayles J, Nurse P. Screening and purification of natural products from actinomycetes that affect the cell shape of fission yeast. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3173-3185. [PMID: 28775153 PMCID: PMC5612171 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to identify bioactive compounds that alter the cellular shape of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe by affecting functions involved in the cell cycle or cell morphogenesis. We used a multidrug-sensitive fission yeast strain, SAK950 to screen a library of 657 actinomycete bacteria and identified 242 strains that induced eight different major shape phenotypes in S. pombe. These include the typical cell cycle-related phenotype of elongated cells, and the cell morphology-related phenotype of rounded cells. As a proof of principle, we purified four of these activities, one of which is a novel compound and three that are previously known compounds, leptomycin B, streptonigrin and cycloheximide. In this study, we have also shown novel effects for two of these compounds, leptomycin B and cycloheximide. The identification of these four compounds and the explanation of the S. pombe phenotypes in terms of their known, or predicted bioactivities, confirm the effectiveness of this approach. Summary: A cell shape-based visual screen of S. pombe in the presence of actinomycete-derived bioactivities and an explanation for the phenotypes following identification of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Lewis
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.,Demuris Ltd, Newcastle Biomedicine Bioincubators, William Leech Building, Newcastle University Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicholas E E Allenby
- Demuris Ltd, Newcastle Biomedicine Bioincubators, William Leech Building, Newcastle University Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jeffery Errington
- Demuris Ltd, Newcastle Biomedicine Bioincubators, William Leech Building, Newcastle University Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jacqueline Hayles
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Paul Nurse
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
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6
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Pyrin-only protein 2 limits inflammation but improves protection against bacteria. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15564. [PMID: 28580947 PMCID: PMC5512670 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrin domain-only proteins (POPs) are recently evolved, primate-specific proteins demonstrated in vitro as negative regulators of inflammatory responses. However, their in vivo function is not understood. Of the four known POPs, only POP2 is reported to regulate NF-κB-dependent transcription and multiple inflammasomes. Here we use a transgenic mouse-expressing POP2 controlled by its endogenous human promotor to study the immunological functions of POP2. Despite having significantly reduced inflammatory cytokine responses to LPS and bacterial infection, POP2 transgenic mice are more resistant to bacterial infection than wild-type mice. In a pulmonary tularaemia model, POP2 enhances IFN-γ production, modulates neutrophil numbers, improves macrophage functions, increases bacterial control and diminishes lung pathology. Thus, unlike other POPs thought to diminish innate protection, POP2 reduces detrimental inflammation while preserving and enhancing protective immunity. Our findings suggest that POP2 acts as a high-order regulator balancing cellular function and inflammation with broad implications for inflammation-associated diseases and therapeutic intervention. Pyrin-only proteins (POPs) are primate-specific negative regulators of inflammasome activation. Here the authors generate transgenic mice expressing POP2 under the control of the human promoter, and show that POP2 is important for balancing antibacterial inflammatory responses in vivo.
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7
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Czamara K, Petko F, Baranska M, Kaczor A. Raman microscopy at the subcellular level: a study on early apoptosis in endothelial cells induced by Fas ligand and cycloheximide. Analyst 2017; 141:1390-7. [PMID: 26765153 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High spatially resolved Raman microscopy was applied to study the early apoptosis in endothelial cells and chemical and structural changes induced by this process. Application of cluster analysis enabled separation of signals due to various subcellular organelles and compartments such as the nuclei, nucleoli, endoplasmic reticulum or cytoplasm and analysis of alterations locally at the subcellular level. Different stimuli, i.e. Fas ligand, a tumor necrosis factor, and cycloheximide, an inhibitor of eukaryotic protein biosynthesis, were applied to induce apoptotic mechanisms. Due to different mechanisms of action, the changes observed in subcellular structures were different for FasL and cycloheximide. Although in both cases a statistically significant decrease of the protein level was observed in all studied cellular structures, the increase of the nucleic acids content locally in apoptotic nuclei was considerably more pronounced upon FasL-induced apoptosis compared to the cycloheximide one. Additionally, apoptosis invokes also a decrease of the proteins with the α-helix protein structure selectively for FasL in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Czamara
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland. and Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Filip Petko
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland. and Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kaczor
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland. and Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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8
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Buchanan BW, Lloyd ME, Engle SM, Rubenstein EM. Cycloheximide Chase Analysis of Protein Degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27167179 DOI: 10.3791/53975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of protein abundance is crucial to virtually every cellular process. Protein abundance reflects the integration of the rates of protein synthesis and protein degradation. Many assays reporting on protein abundance (e.g., single-time point western blotting, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, or growth-based reporter assays) do not allow discrimination of the relative effects of translation and proteolysis on protein levels. This article describes the use of cycloheximide chase followed by western blotting to specifically analyze protein degradation in the model unicellular eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast). In this procedure, yeast cells are incubated in the presence of the translational inhibitor cycloheximide. Aliquots of cells are collected immediately after and at specific time points following addition of cycloheximide. Cells are lysed, and the lysates are separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for western blot analysis of protein abundance at each time point. The cycloheximide chase procedure permits visualization of the degradation kinetics of the steady state population of a variety of cellular proteins. The procedure may be used to investigate the genetic requirements for and environmental influences on protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael E Lloyd
- Department of Biology, Ball State University; Bioproduct Research & Development, Eli Lilly and Company
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9
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Ogawa N, Kurokawa T, Fujiwara K, Polat OK, Badr H, Takahashi N, Mori Y. Functional and Structural Divergence in Human TRPV1 Channel Subunits by Oxidative Cysteine Modification. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:4197-210. [PMID: 26702055 PMCID: PMC4759194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel is a tetrameric protein that acts as a sensor for noxious stimuli such as heat and for diverse inflammatory mediators such as oxidative stress to mediate nociception in a subset of sensory neurons. In TRPV1 oxidation sensing, cysteine (Cys) oxidation has been considered as the principle mechanism; however, its biochemical basis remains elusive. Here, we characterize the oxidative status of Cys residues in differential redox environments and propose a model of TRPV1 activation by oxidation. Through employing a combination of non-reducing SDS-PAGE, electrophysiology, and mass spectrometry we have identified the formation of subunit dimers carrying a stable intersubunit disulfide bond between Cys-258 and Cys-742 of human TRPV1 (hTRPV1). C258S and C742S hTRPV1 mutants have a decreased protein half-life, reflecting the role of the intersubunit disulfide bond in supporting channel stability. Interestingly, the C258S hTRPV1 mutant shows an abolished response to oxidants. Mass spectrometric analysis of Cys residues of hTRPV1 treated with hydrogen peroxide shows that Cys-258 is highly sensitive to oxidation. Our results suggest that Cys-258 residues are heterogeneously modified in the hTRPV1 tetrameric complex and comprise Cys-258 with free thiol for oxidation sensing and Cys-258, which is involved in the disulfide bond for assisting subunit dimerization. Thus, the hTRPV1 channel has a heterogeneous subunit composition in terms of both redox status and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Ogawa
- From the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Kurokawa
- From the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Fujiwara
- From the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Onur Kerem Polat
- From the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Heba Badr
- From the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Takahashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Yasuo Mori
- From the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan, Department of Technology and Ecology, Hall of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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10
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Kuang YT, Bhat R, Davies R. Mechanisms of Repair of Low Water Activity and pH-Injured Z
ygosaccharomyces rouxii
YSa40 in Glycerol and Sucrose/CPB Liquid Holding System. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeoh Tow Kuang
- School of Hospitality, Tourism and Culinary Arts; Taylor's University; Lakeside Campus Subang Jaya 47500 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Rajeev Bhat
- Food Technology Division; School of Industrial Technology; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Penang 11800 Malaysia
| | - Roland Davies
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Reading United Kingdom
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11
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Perception of conserved pathogen elicitors at the plasma membrane leads to relocalization of the Arabidopsis PEN3 transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12492-7. [PMID: 23836668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218701110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis penetration resistance 3 (PEN3) ATP binding cassette transporter participates in nonhost resistance to fungal and oomycete pathogens and is required for full penetration resistance to the barley powdery mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. PEN3 resides in the plasma membrane and is recruited to sites of attempted penetration by invading fungal appressoria, where the transporter shows strong focal accumulation. We report that recruitment of PEN3 to sites of pathogen detection is triggered by perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as flagellin and chitin. PEN3 recruitment requires the corresponding pattern recognition receptors but does not require the BAK1 coreceptor. Pathogen- and pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced focal accumulation of PEN3 and the penetration resistance 1 (PEN1) syntaxin show differential sensitivity to specific pharmacological inhibitors, indicating distinct mechanisms for recruitment of these defense-associated proteins to the host-pathogen interface. Focal accumulation of PEN3 requires actin but is not affected by inhibitors of microtubule polymerization, secretory trafficking, or protein synthesis, and plasmolysis experiments indicate that accumulation of PEN3 occurs outside of the plasma membrane within papillae. Our results implicate pattern recognition receptors in the recruitment of defense-related proteins to sites of pathogen detection. Additionally, the process through which PEN3 is recruited to the host-pathogen interface is independent of new protein synthesis and BFA-sensitive secretory trafficking events, suggesting that existing PEN3 is redirected through an unknown trafficking pathway to sites of pathogen detection for export into papillae.
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12
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Zhang M, Deng Y, Luo Y, Zhang S, Zou H, Cai F, Wada K, Song W. Control of BACE1 degradation and APP processing by ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1. J Neurochem 2012; 120:1129-38. [PMID: 22212137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of amyloid β protein (Aβ) in the brain is the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the β-secretase in vivo essential for generation of Aβ. Previously we demonstrated that BACE1 is ubiquitinated and the degradation of BACE1 is mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP). However the mechanism underlying regulation of BACE1 degradation by UPP remains elusive. Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) is a deubiquitinating enzyme highly specific to neuron, catalyzing the hydrolysis of ubiquitin conjugates from ubiquitinated substrates. UCHL1 regulates ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation. However, whether UCHL1 is particularly involved in the proteasomal degradation of BACE1 and what is the role of UCHL1 in AD pathogenesis remain elusive. To investigate the effect of UCHL1 on BACE1 degradation, HUCH cells, a UCHL1 stably over-expressed HEK293 cell line, was established. We found that inhibition of UCHL1 significantly increased BACE1 protein level in a time-dependent manner. Half life of BACE1 was reduced in HUCH cells compared with HEK. Over-expression of UCHL1 decreased APP C-terminal fragment C99 and Aβ levels in HUCH cells. Moreover, disruption of Uchl1 gene significantly elevated levels of endogenous BACE1, C99 and Aβ in the Uchl1-null gad mice. These results demonstrated that UCHL1 accelerates BACE1 degradation and affects APP processing and Aβ production. This study suggests that potentiation of UCHL1 might be able to reduce the level of BACE1 and Aβ in brain, which makes it a novel target for AD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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13
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Leeder AC, Palma-Guerrero J, Glass NL. The social network: deciphering fungal language. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011; 9:440-51. [PMID: 21572459 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been estimated that up to one quarter of the world's biomass is of fungal origin, comprising approximately 1.5 million species. In order to interact with one another and respond to environmental cues, fungi communicate with their own chemical languages using a sophisticated series of extracellular signals and cellular responses. A new appreciation for the linkage between these chemical languages and developmental processes in fungi has renewed interest in these signalling molecules, which can now be studied using post-genomic resources. In this Review, we focus on the molecules that are secreted by the largest phylum of fungi, the Ascomycota, and the quest to understand their biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Leeder
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, The University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
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14
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Grollman AP. Structural basis for inhibition of protein synthesis by emetine and cycloheximide based on an analogy between ipecac alkaloids and glutarimide antibiotics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 56:1867-74. [PMID: 16591432 PMCID: PMC220202 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.56.6.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A P Grollman
- DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE, ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, NEW YORK
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15
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Abstract
1. The liver ribosomes of rats given cycloheximide by intraperitoneal injection incorporate less amino acid into protein than ribosomes from control rat liver when they are incubated in vitro with excess of Sephadex-treated cell sap. The effect is rapid, marked and persistent. 2. Cell sap from liver of cycloheximide-treated animals is inhibitory but the inhibition can be relieved almost entirely by treating the cell sap with Sephadex. No damage has been done to the cell-sap factors: it is suggested that the dissolved cycloheximide in the cell sap causes the inhibition. 3. Cycloheximide added in vitro inhibits amino acid incorporation into protein in the presence or absence of polyuridylic acid. The inhibition is lessened by addition of excess of cell sap but is not abolished. 4. The differences between these results and those obtained with mouse liver (Trakatellis, Montjar & Axelrod, 1965) might arise because of species differences in sensitivity to the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Korner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge
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16
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Shaikhali J, Baier M. Ascorbate regulation of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin-A promoter activity is light-dependent. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:461-467. [PMID: 20022402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The 2-Cys peroxiredoxin-A (2CPA) promoter is a model promoter to study redox and ABA-dependent stress signaling. Here, an Arabidopsis reporter gene line expressing luciferase under control of the 2CPA promoter was used to study the impact of ascorbate on reporter gene transcription in a series of protoplast and leaf slice incubation experiments. It was shown that ascorbate has a dual function on gene expression regulation. First, a comparison of responses to ascorbate, dehydroascorbate and reduced and oxidized glutathione demonstrated that ascorbate feeding supports gene expression regulation by increasing the catalytic capacity in redox signaling, as defined by the concentration of low molecular weight antioxidants and their oxidized counterparts. Second, ascorbate had a specific and light-dependent effect on 2CPA transcription, which cannot be substituted by reduced glutathione. Based on the differences between ascorbate and glutathione in the subcellular redox-cycling capacities, it is concluded that ascorbate feeding modulates chloroplast-specific regulation of 2CPA expression.
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Lehr NA, Adomas A, Asiegbu FO, Hampp R, Tarkka MT. WS-5995 B, an antifungal agent inducing differential gene expression in the conifer pathogen Heterobasidion annosum but not in Heterobasidion abietinum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:347-58. [PMID: 19798499 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mycorrhization helper bacterium Streptomyces sp. AcH 505 inhibits Norway spruce root infection and colonisation by the root and butt rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum 005 but not by the congeneric strain Heterobasidion abietinum 331 because of higher sensitivity of H. annosum 005 towards the AcH 505-derived naphthoquinone antibiotic WS-5995 B. Differences in antibiotic sensitivity between two isolates belonging to two species, H. annosum 005 and H. abietinum 331, were investigated by comparative gene expression analysis using macroarrays and quantitative RT-PCR after WS-5995 B, structurally related mollisin and unrelated cycloheximide application. Treatment with 25 microM WS-5995 B for 2 h resulted in a significant up-regulation of expression of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and GTPase genes, while the expression of genes encoding for thioredoxin and glutathione dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase was down-regulated in the sensitive fungal strain. No differential expression in the tolerant strain was detected. Application of WS-5995 B at higher concentrations over a time course experiment revealed that H. annosum 005 and H. abietinum 331 responded differently to WS-5995 B. The fungal gene expression levels depended on both the concentration of WS-5995 B and the duration of its application. The WS-5995 B-unrelated cycloheximide caused highly specific changes in patterns of gene expression. Our findings indicate considerable variations in response to bacterial metabolites by the isolates of the conifer pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A Lehr
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Motizuki M, Xu Z. Importance of Polarisome Proteins in Reorganization of Actin Cytoskeleton at Low pH in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 146:705-12. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Liu S, Bromley-Brits K, Xia K, Mittelholtz J, Wang R, Song W. TMP21 degradation is mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 28:1980-8. [PMID: 19046380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The presenilin-associated complex regulates two independent intramembranous cleavage activities, i.e. gamma-secretase and epsilon-secretase activity. The gamma-secretase complex requires four critical components for its activity: presenilin 1, anterior pharynx-defective 1, nicastrin 1 and presenilin enhancer 2, all of which are degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Recently, TMP21, a type I transmembrane protein involved in endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi transport, was identified as a member of the presenilin complex. Knockdown of TMP21 selectively regulated pathogenic gamma-secretase activity, resulting in increased amyloid beta protein 40 and 42, without affecting the epsilon-cleavage of Notch. A further understanding of TMP21 degradation is required to examine the biological consequences of TMP21 protein level aberrations and their potential role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and drug development. Here we show that human TMP21 has a short half-life of approximately 3 h. Treatment with proteasomal inhibitors can increase TMP21 protein levels in both a time- and dose-dependent manner, and both co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescent staining show that TMP21 is ubiquitinated. Inhibition of the lysosomal pathway failed to show a dose-dependent increase in TMP21 protein levels. Taken together, these results indicate that the degradation of TMP21, as with the other presenilin-associated gamma-secretase complex members, is mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchun Liu
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Tribouillard-Tanvier D, Dos Reis S, Gug F, Voisset C, Béringue V, Sabate R, Kikovska E, Talarek N, Bach S, Huang C, Desban N, Saupe SJ, Supattapone S, Thuret JY, Chédin S, Vilette D, Galons H, Sanyal S, Blondel M. Protein folding activity of ribosomal RNA is a selective target of two unrelated antiprion drugs. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2174. [PMID: 18478094 PMCID: PMC2374897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 6-Aminophenanthridine (6AP) and Guanabenz (GA, a drug currently in use for the treatment of hypertension) were isolated as antiprion drugs using a yeast-based assay. These structurally unrelated molecules are also active against mammalian prion in several cell-based assays and in vivo in a mouse model for prion-based diseases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we report the identification of cellular targets of these drugs. Using affinity chromatography matrices for both drugs, we demonstrate an RNA-dependent interaction of 6AP and GA with the ribosome. These specific interactions have no effect on the peptidyl transferase activity of the ribosome or on global translation. In contrast, 6AP and GA specifically inhibit the ribosomal RNA-mediated protein folding activity of the ribosome. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE 6AP and GA are therefore the first compounds to selectively inhibit the protein folding activity of the ribosome. They thus constitute precious tools to study the yet largely unexplored biological role of this protein folding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Tribouillard-Tanvier
- INSERM U613, Brest, France
- Univ Brest, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, UMR-S613, Brest, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, Brest, France
- CHU Brest, Hop Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Brest, France
- CNRS UPS2682, Station Biologique, Protein Phosphorylation & Disease Laboratory, Roscoff, France
| | - Suzana Dos Reis
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabienne Gug
- INSERM U648, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Voisset
- INSERM U613, Brest, France
- Univ Brest, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, UMR-S613, Brest, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, Brest, France
- CHU Brest, Hop Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Brest, France
| | - Vincent Béringue
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Raimon Sabate
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Champignons, IBGC UMR CNRS 5095, Université de Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ema Kikovska
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Talarek
- Department of Medicine/Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Bach
- CNRS UPS2682, Station Biologique, Protein Phosphorylation & Disease Laboratory, Roscoff, France
| | - Chenhui Huang
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Desban
- CNRS UPS2682, Station Biologique, Protein Phosphorylation & Disease Laboratory, Roscoff, France
| | - Sven J. Saupe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Champignons, IBGC UMR CNRS 5095, Université de Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Surachai Supattapone
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | | | | | - Didier Vilette
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hervé Galons
- INSERM U648, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Suparna Sanyal
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marc Blondel
- INSERM U613, Brest, France
- Univ Brest, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, UMR-S613, Brest, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, Brest, France
- CHU Brest, Hop Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Brest, France
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DROUHET E, HIRTH L, LEBEURIER G. SOME ASPECTS OF THE MODE OF ACTION OF POLYENE ANTIFUNGAL ANTIBIOTICS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 89:134-55. [PMID: 13724469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb20137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Gliotoxin, an epithiodiketopiperazine toxin produced by the "Q" strain of Trichoderma virens, is essential for curtailing growth and multiplication of phytopathogens (Howell et al. 1993, Fravel 1988). Three isolates (Gv, Gv-A and Gv-V) of Trichoderma virens were grown on natural substrates such as bengal gram hull, gingelly cake, green gram hull, rice bran, soya meal, sugarcane bagasse, soyameal + tapioca, tapioca powder, tapioca peel and wheat bran). It was evident from this study that maximum gliotoxin (64 mg/l) was produced on tapioca powder by the alien isolate Gv. However sugarcane bagasse significantly enhanced gliotoxin production (36 mg/l) in the native isolate Gv-A, when compared to other substrates like green gram hull and rice bran. So far, studies on production of gliotoxin on synthetic media has been reported. We report the production of gliotoxin by T. virens on natural substrates "in vitro" for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anitha
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras Guindy, Chennai-600 025, India.
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26
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Chang WW, Huang L, Shen M, Webster C, Burlingame AL, Roberts JK. Patterns of protein synthesis and tolerance of anoxia in root tips of maize seedlings acclimated to a low-oxygen environment, and identification of proteins by mass spectrometry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 122:295-318. [PMID: 10677424 PMCID: PMC58868 DOI: 10.1104/pp.122.2.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance of anoxia in maize root tips is greatly improved when seedlings are pretreated with 2 to 4 h of hypoxia. We describe the patterns of protein synthesis during hypoxic acclimation and anoxia. We quantified the incorporation of [(35)S]methionine into total protein and 262 individual proteins under different oxygen tensions. Proteins synthesized most rapidly under normoxic conditions continued to account for most of the proteins synthesized during hypoxic acclimation, while the production of a very few proteins was selectively enhanced. When acclimated root tips were placed under anoxia, protein synthesis was depressed and no "new" proteins were detected. We present evidence that protein synthesis during acclimation, but not during subsequent anoxia, is crucial for acclimation. The complex and quantitative changes in protein synthesis during acclimation necessitate identification of large numbers of individual proteins. We show that mass spectrometry can be effectively used to identify plant proteins arrayed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Of the 48 protein spots analyzed, 46 were identified by matching to the protein database. We describe the expression of proteins involved in a wide range of cellular functions, including previously reported anaerobic proteins, and discuss their possible roles in adaptation of plants to low-oxygen stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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27
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COLOMBO B, FELICETTI L, BAGLIONI C. INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY CYCLOHEXIMIDE IN RABBIT RETICULOCYTES. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 18:389-95. [PMID: 14300754 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(65)90719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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SIEGEL MR, SISLER HD. SITE OF ACTION OF CYCLOHEXIMIDE IN CELLS OF SACCHAROMYCES PASTORIANUS. I. EFFECT OF THE ANTIBIOTIC ON CELLULAR METABOLISM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 87:70-82. [PMID: 14171040 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(64)90048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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YOUNG CW, HODAS S. ACUTE EFFECTS OF CYTOTOXIC COMPOUNDS ON INCORPORATION OF PRECURSORS INTO DNA, RNA, AND PROTEIN OF HELA MONOLAYERS. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 14:205-14. [PMID: 14314318 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(65)90184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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BENNETT LL, SMITHERS D, WARD CT. INHIBITION OF DNA SYNTHESIS IN MAMMALIAN CELLS BY ACTIDIONE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 87:60-9. [PMID: 14167434 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(64)90047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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WETTSTEIN FO, NOLL H, PENMAN S. EFFECT OF CYCLOHEXIMIDE ON RIBOSOMAL AGGREGATES ENGAGED IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN VITRO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 87:525-8. [PMID: 14211653 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(64)90131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Production of gliotoxin by Gliocladium virens as a function of source and concentration of carbon and nitrogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Buchenauer H. Physiological Reactions in the Inhibition of Plant Pathogenic Fungi. CHEMISTRY OF PLANT PROTECTION 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46674-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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35
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Basu S, Bose SK, Bose SK. Characterization of versilin-sensitive sites in self-sensitive producer and sensitive non-producer or unrelated organism. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1989; 67:191-200. [PMID: 2808186 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb03395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies on self-sensitivity of producer mutant vs. sensitivity of non-producer parent and unrelated organism showed that versilin inhibited spore germination and sporulation in the self-sensitive producer mutant, non-producer parent Aspergillus versicolor N5 and the unrelated sensitive Trichophyton rubrum. Sporulation appeared to be more sensitive than spore germination. The inhibition of in vivo synthesis of protein was very marked, but inhibition of RNA and DNA was slight and moderate, respectively. Thus versilin was not specific in its action, but the principal sensitive site was protein synthesis, as further suggested by inhibition of polyU-directed in vitro synthesis of polyphenylalanine. The activation of leucine was unaffected, but the formation of leucyl-tRNA was severely inhibited in all three strains. The differences in sensitivities between the strains were the same, whether as whole cells or as cell-free extracts. Thus the nature of the sensitive site appeared to be identical in the self-sensitive producer and sensitive non-producer or unrelated organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Basu
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, Calcutta, India
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36
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Characterization of a 40S ribosomal subunit complex in polyribosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae treated with cycloheximide. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 6765595 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.1.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Under specific conditions cycloheximide treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae caused the accumulation of a type of polyribosome called "halfmer." Limited ribonuclease digestion of halfmers released particles from the polyribosomes identified as 40S ribosomal subunits. The data demonstrated that halfmers are polyribosomes containing an additional 40S ribosomal subunit attached to the messenger ribonucleic acid. Protein gel electrophoretic analysis of halfmers revealed numerous nonribosomal proteins. Two of these proteins comigrate with subunits of yeast initiation factor eIF2.
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37
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The interrelationship of the soluble and membrane-associated folate-binding proteins in human KB cells. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)66761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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38
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Lefresne J, David JC, Signoret J. DNA ligase in Axolotl egg: a model for study of gene activity control. Dev Biol 1983; 96:324-30. [PMID: 6832475 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(83)90169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Replacement of the light form of DNA ligase (6 S) by the heavy form (8 S) in activated egg of Axolotl has been studied as a model for change in genetic activity exerted by the female pronucleus. Nuclear transplantation shows that a blastula nucleus is able to govern the replacement of the light ligase by the heavy one. The result is not the same if the grafted nucleus is taken from an androgenetic embryo, devoid of the heavy enzyme. Therefore the change in the properties of the female pronucleus appears stable and autoreproducible. Gamma irradiations delivered at different times after activation establish that the replacement of the ligase forms depends on an intact nucleus up to 3 hr 30 min after activation, and thereafter is achieved independently of any nuclear damage. Inhibitors of DNA replication impede the change of enzymatic form in reversible process, suggesting new chromatin synthesis as prerequisite for expression of the new genetic activity. The quantitative level of DNA ligase activity does not show any dose effect when one or many nuclei are present in the same cytoplasm. However, a change in nucleotide concentration results in a change in DNA ligase activity, indicating cytoplasmic control of enzymatic regulation.
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39
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Onkarayya H, Suresh ER, Ethiraj S. An actidione resistant Candida tropicalis from custard apple juice. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1981; 47:159-64. [PMID: 7259152 DOI: 10.1007/bf02342198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An actidione resistant yeast, Candida tropicalis, was isolated from fermenting custard apple juice. Though a slight inhibition of growth was observed on the first day with 5000 ppm of actidione, growth was equal to control after one week. Sorbic acid at 500 ppm and above inhibited the growth of this yeast while sodium benzoate and potassium metabisulphite were unable to suppress the growth even at 1000 ppm. Fermentation and assimilation of different carbon sources were delayed in the presence of 1000 ppm of actidione suggesting the disruption of protein synthesis by actidione.
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40
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Helser TL, Baan RA, Dahlberg AE. Characterization of a 40S ribosomal subunit complex in polyribosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae treated with cycloheximide. Mol Cell Biol 1981; 1:51-7. [PMID: 6765595 PMCID: PMC369326 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.1.1.51-57.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Under specific conditions cycloheximide treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae caused the accumulation of a type of polyribosome called "halfmer." Limited ribonuclease digestion of halfmers released particles from the polyribosomes identified as 40S ribosomal subunits. The data demonstrated that halfmers are polyribosomes containing an additional 40S ribosomal subunit attached to the messenger ribonucleic acid. Protein gel electrophoretic analysis of halfmers revealed numerous nonribosomal proteins. Two of these proteins comigrate with subunits of yeast initiation factor eIF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Helser
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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42
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Seipel S, Reichert U. The proteinase inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride protects xanthine transport in Schizosaccharomyces pombe against inactivation by ammonium ions. FEBS Lett 1980; 115:289-92. [PMID: 7398887 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)81189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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43
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Leaper S, Resnick MA, Holliday R. Repair of double-strand breaks and lethal damage in DNA of Ustilago maydis. Genet Res (Camb) 1980; 35:291-307. [PMID: 7439684 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300014154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe size of nuclear DNA from wild-typeUstilago maydiswas determined to be approximately 6·09 ± 0·3 × 108daltons from neutral sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis. Following exposure to ionizing radiation the nuclear DNA size was reduced due to the production of double-strand breaks in the DNA. These breaks were repaired when the irradiated cells were incubated in medium for at least one hour after irradiation. The repair was seen as a shift in the DNA profile from a low molecular weight region where the control DNA sedimented. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide prevented this type of repair. Blocking protein synthesis also decreased the survival of irradiated wild-type cells but not radiation-sensitive mutants. Protein synthesis was necessary within the first one and a half hours after irradiation for the survival of wild-type cells to be unaffected. The results provide additional evidence for an inducible repair process inU. maydis.
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Ch'ih JJ, Faulkner LS, Devlin TM. Initial inhibition by cycloheximide of translational activity of rat liver polysomes in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 1979; 28:2404-7. [PMID: 497020 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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45
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Zaki MM, Mahmoud SA, Hamed AS, Sahab AF. Changes in metabolic activities of Fusarium oxysporum f. fabae and Rhizoctonia solani in response to Dithan A-40 fungicide. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, PARASITENKUNDE, INFEKTIONSKRANKHEITEN UND HYGIENE. ZWEITE NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHE ABTEILUNG: MIKROBIOLOGIE DER LANDWIRTSCHAFT DER TECHNOLOGIE UND DES UMWELTSCHUTZES 1979; 134:660-5. [PMID: 543918 DOI: 10.1016/s0323-6056(79)80024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of different concentrations of Dithan A-40 fungicide on the metabolic activities of the wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. fabae and the root rot agent Rhizoctonia solani was studied. All toxicant concentrations reduced energy generation, total phosphorus and nitrogen content of both fungi. In addition, the toxicant caused a shift in free amino acids pool. As a result of these changes, the mycelium dry weight of both fungi was greatly reduced. R. solani was more sensitive to the toxic effect of Dithan A-40 than F. oxysporum.
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46
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Sullia SB, Griffin DH. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by cycloheximide and blasticidin-S is independent of their effect on protein synthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 475:14-22. [PMID: 849443 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(77)90334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of cycloheximide and related glutarimide antibiotics on DNA synthesis in Achlya bisexualis Coker and A. Couch were compared to those of other protein synthesis inhibitors, puromycin, p-fluorophenylalanine and blasticidin-S. The inhibitors had no significant effects on intrahyphal pool sizes of dTTP, dCTP, ATP, UTP and CTP, nor on the specific activity of the dTTP pool labelled by [3H] thymidine. DNA was the sole acid-insoluble product of [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Cycloheximide, isocycloheximide, streptimidone and blasticidin-S inhibited DNA synthesis rapidly and completely and anhydrocycloheximide was less effective. Cycloheximide acetate, puromycin and p-fluorophenylalanine did not inhibit DNA synthesis. It is concluded that the effects of the several glutarimide antibiotics and of blasticidin-S on DNA synthesis were independent of their effects on protein synthesis.
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47
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48
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Funderud S, Haugli F. DNA replication in Physarum polycephalum: characterization of DNA replication products made in vivo in the presence of cycloheximide in strains sensitive and resistant to cycloheximide. Nucleic Acids Res 1977; 4:405-13. [PMID: 557200 PMCID: PMC342441 DOI: 10.1093/nar/4.2.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchronous plasmodia of cycloheximide-sensitive and cycloheximide-resistant strains of Physarum polycephalum were labelled with 3[H]-deoxyadenosine in pulse and pulse-chase experiments in presence and absence of cycloheximide. The replication products were studied with alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis. We show that the action of cycloheximide on DNA replication in Physarum is mediated through the ribosome, since the ribosomally located resistance also makes the plasmodial DNA replication refractile to the action of cycloheximide. Cycloheximide caused inhibition of three stages in DNA replication in the wild type: first, the formation of primary replication units ("Okazaki" size fragments), secondly, the ligation of primary units into secondary ("Replicon" size) units and thirdly, the ligation of secondary units into mature DNA.
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Berthe MC, Ansary N, Bonaly R. Influence du cycloheximide sur la composition chimique des parois de deux levures du genre Rhodotorula. Mycopathologia 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00444110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Owens IS, Nebert DW. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in mammalian liver-derived cell cultures. Effects of various metabolic inhibitors on the enzyme activity in hepatoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:805-13. [PMID: 181006 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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