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Castro-Rodriguez B, Franco-Sotomayor G, Rodriguez-Pazmiño ÁS, Cardenas-Franco GE, Orlando SA, Hermoso de Mendoza J, Parra-Vera H, García-Bereguiain MÁ. Rapid and accurate identification and differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria using PCR kits available in a high-burden setting. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1358261. [PMID: 38628855 PMCID: PMC11018931 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1358261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), are a major public health issue worldwide. An accurate diagnosis of mycobacterial species is a challenge for surveillance and treatment, particularly in high-burden settings usually associated with low- and middle-income countries. In this study, we analyzed the clinical performance of two commercial PCR kits designed for the identification and differentiation of MTBC and NTM, available in a high-burden setting such as Ecuador. A total of 109 mycobacteria isolates were included in the study, 59 of which were previously characterized as M. tuberculosis and the other 59 as NTM. Both kits displayed great clinical performance for the identification of M. tuberculosis, with 100% sensitivity. On the other hand, for NTM, one of the kits displayed a good clinical performance with a sensitivity of 94.9% (CI 95%: 89-100%), while the second kit had a reduced sensitivity of 77.1% (CI 95%: 65-89%). In conclusion, one of the kits is a fast and reliable tool for the identification and discrimination of MTBC and NTM from clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Greta Franco-Sotomayor
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública "Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez", Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Solón Alberto Orlando
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública "Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez", Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador
| | | | - Henry Parra-Vera
- Centro de Investigación Microbiológica (CIM), Guayaquil, Ecuador
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2
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Grupel D, Sagi O, Nissan I, Grossman R, Yair M, Moran-Gilad J, Danino D. Challenging diagnosis of Mycolicibacterium cosmeticum/canariasense infection: A case report and literature review. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2023; 33:100393. [PMID: 37637323 PMCID: PMC10450513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2023.100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the case of an immunocompromised child with Mycolicibacterium cosmeticum/ canariasense infection. Our case highlights the difficulty in adequate speciation. Most isolates described in the literature were identified using 16 s-rRNA PCR, which if performed on our sample would at best be inconclusive. Misidentifications could have a real impact on the body of evidence collected on these isolates thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grupel
- Soroka University Medical Center, Infectious Disease Unit, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Orly Sagi
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Soroka University Medical Center, Microbiology Laboratory, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Israel Nissan
- Public Health Services, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rona Grossman
- Public Health Services, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Motro Yair
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jacob Moran-Gilad
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Soroka University Medical Center, Microbiology Laboratory, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dana Danino
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Soroka University Medical Center, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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3
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Hu Y, Zhang C, Jia L. Pneumonia due to Mycobacterium cosmeticum in a patient with systemic sclerosis: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7464. [PMID: 37273677 PMCID: PMC10238707 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium cosmeticum was reported in only two patients previously. More studies are warranted to define its characteristics and treatments. We report a systemic sclerosis patient who had a pulmonary infection due to M. cosmeticum and then successfully recovered after treatment with combination antibiotic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Hu
- Department of pharmacyYichang Central People's Hospital & The First Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges UniversityYichangChina
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of pneumologyYichang Central People's Hospital & The First Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges UniversityYichangChina
| | - Liangliang Jia
- Department of pharmacyYichang Central People's Hospital & The First Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges UniversityYichangChina
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4
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Echeverria G, Rueda V, Espinoza W, Rosero C, Zumárraga MJ, de Waard JH. First Case Reports of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial (NTM) Lung Disease in Ecuador: Important Lessons to Learn. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040507. [PMID: 37111393 PMCID: PMC10142742 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) lung infections are often misdiagnosed as tuberculosis, which can lead to ineffective antibiotic treatments. In this report, we present three cases of NTM lung infections in Ecuador that were initially diagnosed and treated as tuberculosis based on the results of sputum smear microscopy. The patients, all male, included two immunocompetent individuals and one HIV-positive subject. Unfortunately, sputum culture was not initiated until late in the course of the disease and the cause of the lung infection, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), was only identified after the patients had either passed away or were lost to follow-up. These cases are the first documented cases of NTM lung infections in the English medical literature from Ecuador. We emphasize the importance of accurate diagnosis of NTM infections by culture and identification to species level. Sputum smear staining alone cannot differentiate between mycobacterial species, which can lead to misidentification and ineffective treatments. Additionally, reporting NTM pulmonary disease as a notifiable disease to national TB control programs is recommended to obtain accurate prevalence data. These data are critical in determining the importance of this public health problem and the necessary actions needed to address it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Echeverria
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis-CIZ, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170518, Ecuador
- Programa de Doctorado, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1063ACV, Argentina
- División Investigación y Desarrollo, BioGENA, Quito 170509, Ecuador
| | - Veronica Rueda
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis-CIZ, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170518, Ecuador
| | - Wilson Espinoza
- Departamento de Tuberculosis, Hospital de Especialidades Eugenio Espejo, Quito 170401, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Rosero
- Departamento de Tuberculosis, Hospital de Especialidades Eugenio Espejo, Quito 170401, Ecuador
| | - Martín J Zumárraga
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular, IABIMO, INTA-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1063ACV, Argentina
| | - Jacobus H de Waard
- Departamento de Tuberculosis, Instituto de Biomedicina "Jacinto Convit", Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1010, Venezuela
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito 180602, Ecuador
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5
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Sarhan MS, Wurst C, Tzankov A, Bircher AJ, Wittig H, Briellmann T, Augsburger M, Hotz G, Zink A, Maixner F. A nontuberculous mycobacterium could solve the mystery of the lady from the Franciscan church in Basel, Switzerland. BMC Biol 2023; 21:9. [PMID: 36747166 PMCID: PMC9903526 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1975, the mummified body of a female has been found in the Franciscan church in Basel, Switzerland. Molecular and genealogic analyses unveiled her identity as Anna Catharina Bischoff (ACB), a member of the upper class of post-reformed Basel, who died at the age of 68 years, in 1787. The reason behind her death is still a mystery, especially that toxicological analyses revealed high levels of mercury, a common treatment against infections at that time, in different body organs. The computed tomography (CT) and histological analysis showed bone lesions in the femurs, the rib cage, and the skull, which refers to a potential syphilis case. RESULTS Although we could not detect any molecular signs of the syphilis-causing pathogen Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, we realized high prevalence of a nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) species in brain tissue sample. The genome analysis of this NTM displayed richness of virulence genes and toxins, and similarity to other infectious NTM, known to infect immunocompromised patients. In addition, it displayed potential resistance to mercury compounds, which might indicate a selective advantage against the applied treatment. This suggests that ACB might have suffered from an atypical mycobacteriosis during her life, which could explain the mummy's bone lesion and high mercury concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The study of this mummy exemplifies the importance of employing differential diagnostic approaches in paleopathological analysis, by combining classical anthropological, radiological, histological, and toxicological observations with molecular analysis. It represents a proof-of-concept for the discovery of not-yet-described ancient pathogens in well-preserved specimens, using de novo metagenomic assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Sarhan
- Eurac Research - Institute for Mummy Studies, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Christina Wurst
- Eurac Research - Institute for Mummy Studies, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas J Bircher
- Department of Allergology, University Hospital Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Holger Wittig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Briellmann
- Citizen Science Basel; formerly Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Augsburger
- University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Hotz
- Natural History Museum Basel, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Albert Zink
- Eurac Research - Institute for Mummy Studies, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Frank Maixner
- Eurac Research - Institute for Mummy Studies, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
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Ledesma Y, Echeverría G, Claro-Almea FE, Silva D, Guerrero-Freire S, Rojas Y, Bastidas-Caldes C, Navarro JC, de Waard JH. The Re-Identification of Previously Unidentifiable Clinical Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Isolates Shows Great Species Diversity and the Presence of Other Acid-Fast Genera. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101159. [PMID: 36297216 PMCID: PMC9610484 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria that cannot be identified at the species level represent a challenge for clinical laboratories, as proper species assignment is key to implementing successful treatments or epidemiological studies. We re-identified forty-eight isolates of Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN)-staining-positive "acid-fast bacilli" (AFB), which were isolated in a clinical laboratory and previously identified as Mycobacterium species but were unidentifiable at the species level with the hsp65 PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PRA). As most isolates also could not be identified confidently via 16S, hsp65, or rpoB DNA sequencing and a nBLAST search analysis, we employed a phylogenetic method for their identification using the sequences of the 16S rDNA, which resulted in the identification of most AFB and a Mycobacterium species diversity not found before in our laboratory. Most were rare species with only a few clinical reports. Moreover, although selected with the ZN staining as AFB, not all isolates belonged to the genus Mycobacterium, and we report for the first time in Latin America the isolation of Nocardia puris, Tsukamurella pulmosis, and Gordonia sputi from sputum samples of symptomatic patients. We conclude that ZN staining does not differentiate between the genus Mycobacterium and other genera of AFB. Moreover, there is a need for a simple and more accurate tree-based identification method for mycobacterial species. For this purpose, and in development in our lab, is a web-based identification system using a phylogenetic analysis (including all AFB genera) based on 16S rDNA sequences (and in the future multigene datasets) and the closest relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanua Ledesma
- Laboratorios de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias de Salud, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito 170125, Ecuador
| | - Gustavo Echeverría
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis-CIZ, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
- Programa de Doctorado, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Franklin E. Claro-Almea
- Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Biomedicina Dr. Jacinto Convit, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1010, Venezuela
| | - Douglas Silva
- Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Biomedicina Dr. Jacinto Convit, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1010, Venezuela
| | - Salomé Guerrero-Freire
- Laboratorios de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias de Salud, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito 170125, Ecuador
- Programa de Doctorado, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Yeimy Rojas
- Grupo de Microbiología Aplicada, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena 150102, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Bastidas-Caldes
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Biotecnología, Universidad de las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador
- Programa de Doctorado en Salud Pública y Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, España
| | - Juan Carlos Navarro
- Grupo de Enfermedades Emergentes, Ecoepidemiologia y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional SEK, Quito 170107, Ecuador
| | - Jacobus H. de Waard
- Laboratorios de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias de Salud, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito 170125, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis-CIZ, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
- Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Biomedicina Dr. Jacinto Convit, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1010, Venezuela
- Correspondence:
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van der Loo C, Bartie C, Barnard TG, Potgieter N. Detection of Free-Living Amoebae and Their Intracellular Bacteria in Borehole Water before and after a Ceramic Pot Filter Point-of-Use Intervention in Rural Communities in South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3912. [PMID: 33917870 PMCID: PMC8068299 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Free-living amoebae (FLA) are ubiquitous in nature, whereas amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARB) have evolved virulent mechanisms that allow them to resist FLA digestion mechanisms and survive inside the amoeba during hostile environmental conditions. This study assessed the prevalence of FLA and ARB species in borehole water before and after a ceramic point-of-use intervention in rural households. A total of 529 water samples were collected over a five-month period from 82 households. All water samples were subjected to amoebal enrichment, bacterial isolation on selective media, and molecular identification using 16S PCR/sequencing to determine ARB species and 18S rRNA PCR/sequencing to determine FLA species present in the water samples before and after the ceramic pot intervention. Several FLA species including Acanthamoeba spp. and Mycobacterium spp. were isolated. The ceramic pot filter removed many of these microorganisms from the borehole water. However, design flaws could have been responsible for some FLA and ARB detected in the filtered water. FLA and their associated ARB are ubiquitous in borehole water, and some of these species might be potentially harmful and a health risk to vulnerable individuals. There is a need to do more investigations into the health risk of these organisms after point-of-use treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa van der Loo
- Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2094, South Africa; (C.v.d.L.); (T.G.B.)
| | | | - Tobias George Barnard
- Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2094, South Africa; (C.v.d.L.); (T.G.B.)
| | - Natasha Potgieter
- Environmental Health, Domestic Hygiene and Microbial Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 1950, South Africa
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Aljishi A, Alwazzeh MJ, Kristjansson M. Pneumonia due to Mycobacterium cosmeticum in a renal transplant recipient. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/3/e234800. [PMID: 33653829 PMCID: PMC7929799 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-234800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A 69-year-old man renal transplant recipient for 4 years, presented with 4-day history of cough and dyspnoea. He was diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia and treated accordingly. He deteriorated requiring intensive care unit admission and intubation. Mycobacterial culture from bronchoalveolar lavage grew colonies within 7 days of incubation while Mycobacterium tuberculosis PCR was negative. The antibiotic regimen was adjusted to cover for rapidly growing mycobacteria with imipenem, amikacin and clarithromycin. The final culture reported Mycobacterium cosmeticum. He improved on the antibiotic regimen given which the organism turned to be sensitive to. We reported the second case with M. cosmeticum that fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung infection. Improvement of patient’s lung infection on appropriate antibiotics points to a causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Aljishi
- Department of Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Jabr Alwazzeh
- Department of Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mar Kristjansson
- Department of Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Veraldi S, Spigariolo CB, Cusini M, Nazzaro G, Gianotti R. Skin infections by
Mycobacterium chelonae
following mesotherapy: A report of two cases and review of the literature. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 19:1915-1917. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Veraldi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation Università degli Studi IRCCS Foundation Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Cristina Beatrice Spigariolo
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation Università degli Studi IRCCS Foundation Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Marco Cusini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation Università degli Studi IRCCS Foundation Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Gianluca Nazzaro
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation Università degli Studi IRCCS Foundation Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Raffaele Gianotti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation Università degli Studi IRCCS Foundation Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
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Pérez-Alfonzo R, Poleo Brito LE, Vergara MS, Ruiz Damasco A, Meneses Rodríguez PL, Kannee Quintero CE, Carrera Martinez C, Rivera-Oliver IA, Da Mata Jardin OJ, Rodríguez-Castillo BA, de Waard JH. Odontogenic cutaneous sinus tracts due to infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria: a report of three cases. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:295. [PMID: 32316920 PMCID: PMC7171849 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Soft tissue or skin infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been reported frequently and are mostly associated with trauma or cosmetic interventions like plastic surgery. However, infection with NTM as a result of a dental procedure have rarely been described and the lack of clinical suspicion and a clear clinical manifestation makes diagnosis challenging. Case presentation We report on three patients with a facial cutaneous sinus tract of dental origin, due to an infection with respectively Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. abscessus and M. peregrinum. The infection source was the dental unit waterlines (DUWLs), which were colonized with NTM. Conclusions Water of the DUWL can pose a health risk. This report emphasizes the need for quality control and certification of water flowing through DUWLs, including the absence of NTM. Our report also shows the need for a rapid recognition of NTM infections and accurate laboratory diagnosis in order to avoid long-term ineffective antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pérez-Alfonzo
- Centro Clínico de Dermatología y Enfermedades Tropicales, Instituto de Biomedicina Dr. Jacinto Convit, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Luisa Elena Poleo Brito
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Marialejandra Solano Vergara
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Angela Ruiz Damasco
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Carmen Elena Kannee Quintero
- Centro Clínico de Dermatología y Enfermedades Tropicales, Instituto de Biomedicina Dr. Jacinto Convit, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Carolina Carrera Martinez
- Centro Clínico de Dermatología y Enfermedades Tropicales, Instituto de Biomedicina Dr. Jacinto Convit, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ismar Alejandra Rivera-Oliver
- Departamento Laboratorio de Tuberculosis. Instituto de Biomedicina "Dr. Jacinto Convit", Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.,One Health Research Group. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas, Sede Queri, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Omaira J Da Mata Jardin
- Departamento Laboratorio de Tuberculosis. Instituto de Biomedicina "Dr. Jacinto Convit", Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Bárbara A Rodríguez-Castillo
- Departamento Laboratorio de Tuberculosis. Instituto de Biomedicina "Dr. Jacinto Convit", Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jacobus H de Waard
- Departamento Laboratorio de Tuberculosis. Instituto de Biomedicina "Dr. Jacinto Convit", Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela. .,One Health Research Group. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas, Sede Queri, Quito, Ecuador.
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11
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Swiatek W, Parnell KM, Nickols GA, Scharschmidt BF, Rutter J. Validation of PAS Kinase, a Regulator of Hepatic Fatty Acid and Triglyceride Synthesis, as a Therapeutic Target for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:696-707. [PMID: 32363320 PMCID: PMC7193131 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP‐1c), which transcriptionally induces expression of enzymes responsible for de novo lipogenesis and triglyceride (TG) formation, is implicated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) pathogenesis. Posttranslational SREBP‐1c maturation and activation is stimulated by the protein per–arnt–sim kinase (PASK). PASK‐knockout mice are phenotypically normal on a conventional diet but exhibit decreased hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis on a high‐fat diet. We investigated the effects of pharmacologic PASK inhibition using BioE‐1115, a selective and potent oral PASK inhibitor, in Zucker fatty (fa)/fa) rats, a genetic model of obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, and in a dietary murine model of NAFLD/NASH. Female Zucker (fa/fa) rats and lean littermate (fa/+) controls received BioE‐1115 (3‐100 mg/kg/day) and/or omega‐3 fatty acids, and blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, glucose tolerance, insulin, and serum TG were measured. C57BL/6J mice fed a high‐fat/high‐fructose diet (HF‐HFrD) were treated with BioE‐1115 (100 mg/kg/day) or vehicle. Body weight and fasting glucose were measured regularly; serum TG, body and organ weights, and liver TG and histology were assessed at sacrifice. Messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance of SREBP‐1c target genes was measured in both models. In Zucker rats, BioE‐1115 treatment produced significant dose‐dependent reductions in blood glucose, insulin, and TG (all greater than omega‐3 fatty acids) and dose dependently restored insulin sensitivity assessed by glucose tolerance testing. In HF‐HFrD mice, BioE‐1115 reduced body weight, liver weight, fasting blood glucose, serum TGs, hepatic TG, hepatic fibrosis, hepatocyte vacuolization, and bile duct hyperplasia. BioE‐1115 reduced SREBP‐1c target mRNA transcripts in both models. Conclusion: PASK inhibition mitigates many adverse metabolic consequences associated with an HF‐HFrD and reduces hepatic fat content and fibrosis. This suggests that inhibition of PASK is an attractive therapeutic strategy for NAFLD/NASH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Swiatek
- Department of Biochemistry University of Utah School of Medicine University of Utah Salt Lake City UT
| | | | | | | | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry University of Utah School of Medicine University of Utah Salt Lake City UT.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute Salt Lake City UT
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12
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Drug susceptibility patterns of rapidly growing mycobacteria isolated from skin and soft tissue infections in Venezuela. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 39:433-441. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Behra PRK, Pettersson BMF, Das S, Dasgupta S, Kirsebom LA. Comparative genomics of Mycobacterium mucogenicum and Mycobacterium neoaurum clade members emphasizing tRNA and non-coding RNA. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:124. [PMID: 31215393 PMCID: PMC6582537 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacteria occupy various ecological niches and can be isolated from soil, tap water and ground water. Several cause diseases in humans and animals. To get deeper insight into our understanding of mycobacterial evolution focusing on tRNA and non-coding (nc)RNA, we conducted a comparative genome analysis of Mycobacterium mucogenicum (Mmuc) and Mycobacterium neoaurum (Mneo) clade members. Results Genome sizes for Mmuc- and Mneo-clade members vary between 5.4 and 6.5 Mbps with the complete MmucT (type strain) genome encompassing 6.1 Mbp. The number of tRNA genes range between 46 and 79 (including one pseudo tRNA gene) with 39 tRNA genes common among the members of these clades, while additional tRNA genes were probably acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Selected tRNAs and ncRNAs (RNase P RNA, tmRNA, 4.5S RNA, Ms1 RNA and 6C RNA) are expressed, and the levels for several of these are higher in stationary phase compared to exponentially growing cells. The rare tRNAIleTAT isoacceptor and two for mycobacteria novel ncRNAs: the Lactobacillales-derived GOLLD RNA and a homolog to the antisense Salmonella typhimurium phage Sar RNA, were shown to be present and expressed in certain Mmuc-clade members. Conclusions Phages, IS elements, horizontally transferred tRNA gene clusters, and phage-derived ncRNAs appears to have influenced the evolution of the Mmuc- and Mneo-clades. While the number of predicted coding sequences correlates with genome size, the number of tRNA coding genes does not. The majority of the tRNA genes in mycobacteria are transcribed mainly from single genes and the levels of certain ncRNAs, including RNase P RNA (essential for the processing of tRNAs), are higher at stationary phase compared to exponentially growing cells. We provide supporting evidence that Ms1 RNA represents a mycobacterial 6S RNA variant. The evolutionary routes for the ncRNAs RNase P RNA, tmRNA and Ms1 RNA are different from that of the core genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1447-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phani Rama Krishna Behra
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B M Fredrik Pettersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarbashis Das
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif A Kirsebom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Wee WY, Dutta A, Jayaraj J, Choo SW. Comparative genome sequencing and analyses of Mycobacterium cosmeticum reveal potential for biodesulfization of gasoline. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214663. [PMID: 30964891 PMCID: PMC6456199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium cosmeticum is a nontuberculous Mycobacterium recovered from different water sources including household potable water and water collected at nail salon. Individual cases of this bacterium have been reported to be associated with gastrointestinal tract infections. Here we present the first whole-genome study and comparative analysis of two new clinically-derived Mycobacterium sp. UM_RHS (referred as UM_RHS after this) and Mycobacterium sp. UM_NYF (referred as UM_NYF after this) isolated from patients in Indonesia and Malaysia respectively to have a better understanding of the biological characteristic of these isolates. Both strains are likely Mycobacterium cosmeticum as supported by the evidence from molecular phylogenetic, comparative genomic and Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analyses. We found the presence of a considerably large number of putative virulence genes in the genomes of UM_RHS and UM_NYF. Interestingly, we also found a horizontally transferred genomic island carrying a putative dsz operon proposing that they may have potential to perform biodesulfization of dibenzothiophene (DBT) that may be effective in cost reduction and air pollution during fuel combustion. This comparative study may provide new insights into M. cosmeticum and serve as an important reference for future functional studies of this bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yee Wee
- Monash University Malaysia, School of Science, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Avirup Dutta
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Human Genomics and Metagenomics in Metabolism, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Siew Woh Choo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Science and Education Innovation District, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, P. R. China
- Suzhou Genome Centre (SGC), Health Technologies University Research Centre (HT-URC), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Science and Education Innovation District, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, P. R. China
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15
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Nouioui I, Carro L, García-López M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Göker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007. [PMID: 30186281 PMCID: PMC6113628 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of phylogenetic taxonomic procedures led to improvements in the classification of bacteria assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria but even so there remains a need to further clarify relationships within a taxon that encompasses organisms of agricultural, biotechnological, clinical, and ecological importance. Classification of the morphologically diverse bacteria belonging to this large phylum based on a limited number of features has proved to be difficult, not least when taxonomic decisions rested heavily on interpretation of poorly resolved 16S rRNA gene trees. Here, draft genome sequences of a large collection of actinobacterial type strains were used to infer phylogenetic trees from genome-scale data using principles drawn from phylogenetic systematics. The majority of taxa were found to be monophyletic but several orders, families, and genera, as well as many species and a few subspecies were shown to be in need of revision leading to proposals for the recognition of 2 orders, 10 families, and 17 genera, as well as the transfer of over 100 species to other genera. In addition, emended descriptions are given for many species mainly involving the addition of data on genome size and DNA G+C content, the former can be considered to be a valuable taxonomic marker in actinobacterial systematics. Many of the incongruities detected when the results of the present study were compared with existing classifications had been recognized from 16S rRNA gene trees though whole-genome phylogenies proved to be much better resolved. The few significant incongruities found between 16S/23S rRNA and whole genome trees underline the pitfalls inherent in phylogenies based upon single gene sequences. Similarly good congruence was found between the discontinuous distribution of phenotypic properties and taxa delineated in the phylogenetic trees though diverse non-monophyletic taxa appeared to be based on the use of plesiomorphic character states as diagnostic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Nouioui
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lorena Carro
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Marina García-López
- Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan P. Meier-Kolthoff
- Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tanja Woyke
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
| | - Nikos C. Kyrpides
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
| | - Rüdiger Pukall
- Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Goodfellow
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Göker
- Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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16
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Atukorale V, Boire N, Dionne K, Riedel S, Parrish N. An unusual antibiotic susceptibility pattern in a Mycobacterium Cosmeticum strain isolated from the chesapeake bay. Int J Mycobacteriol 2018; 6:38-42. [PMID: 28317803 DOI: 10.4103/2212-5531.201897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Mycobacterium cosmeticum, first described in 2004, was recovered from a patient undergoing a cosmetic procedure. Subsequently, this species was associated with an outbreak in a nail salon. In all cases, the isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. Recently, however, we recovered a strain of M. cosmeticum from the Chesapeake Bay, resistant to 11 of 14 antimicrobials. The objective of this work was to present our findings on the resistance and susceptibility of this isolate to various antibiotics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surface water samples were collected from 10 sites in the Chesapeake Bay and upper tributaries to assess microbial diversity and antibiotic resistance. Site selection was based on proximity to agricultural runoff, industrial contaminants, and sewage effluents. Samples were processed and recovered organisms were identified and subjected to antimicrobial-susceptibility testing. RESULTS One nontuberculous species, identified as M. cosmeticum, was recovered from Sandy Point State Park. Resistance was detected to several antibiotics: doxycycline (16 μg/mL), tigecycline (≥4 μg/mL), clarithromycin (8 μg/mL), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (≥8/152 μg/mL), imipenem (32 μg/mL), cefoxitin (32 μg/mL), ethionamide (≥20 μg/mL), and streptomycin (16 μg/mL). Of the 14 antibiotics tested, only the fluoroquinolones, linezolid, and amikacin demonstrated potent activity with susceptible minimum inhibitory concentrations. CONCLUSION The antimicrobial resistance identified in this M. cosmeticum isolates from the Chesapeake Bay raises some important concerns: (a) why is the susceptibility pattern in this isolate so different from the previously published reports, (b) how did resistance emerge in this isolate,
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajini Atukorale
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Boire
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kim Dionne
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stefan Riedel
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Parrish
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Gupta RS, Lo B, Son J. Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus Mycobacterium into an Emended Genus Mycobacterium and Four Novel Genera. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:67. [PMID: 29497402 PMCID: PMC5819568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Mycobacterium contains 188 species including several major human pathogens as well as numerous other environmental species. We report here comprehensive phylogenomics and comparative genomic analyses on 150 genomes of Mycobacterium species to understand their interrelationships. Phylogenetic trees were constructed for the 150 species based on 1941 core proteins for the genus Mycobacterium, 136 core proteins for the phylum Actinobacteria and 8 other conserved proteins. Additionally, the overall genome similarity amongst the Mycobacterium species was determined based on average amino acid identity of the conserved protein families. The results from these analyses consistently support the existence of five distinct monophyletic groups within the genus Mycobacterium at the highest level, which are designated as the "Tuberculosis-Simiae," "Terrae," "Triviale," "Fortuitum-Vaccae," and "Abscessus-Chelonae" clades. Some of these clades have also been observed in earlier phylogenetic studies. Of these clades, the "Abscessus-Chelonae" clade forms the deepest branching lineage and does not form a monophyletic grouping with the "Fortuitum-Vaccae" clade of fast-growing species. In parallel, our comparative analyses of proteins from mycobacterial genomes have identified 172 molecular signatures in the form of conserved signature indels and conserved signature proteins, which are uniquely shared by either all Mycobacterium species or by members of the five identified clades. The identified molecular signatures (or synapomorphies) provide strong independent evidence for the monophyly of the genus Mycobacterium and the five described clades and they provide reliable means for the demarcation of these clades and for their diagnostics. Based on the results of our comprehensive phylogenomic analyses and numerous identified molecular signatures, which consistently and strongly support the division of known mycobacterial species into the five described clades, we propose here division of the genus Mycobacterium into an emended genus Mycobacterium encompassing the "Tuberculosis-Simiae" clade, which includes all of the major human pathogens, and four novel genera viz. Mycolicibacterium gen. nov., Mycolicibacter gen. nov., Mycolicibacillus gen. nov. and Mycobacteroides gen. nov. corresponding to the "Fortuitum-Vaccae," "Terrae," "Triviale," and "Abscessus-Chelonae" clades, respectively. With the division of mycobacterial species into these five distinct groups, attention can now be focused on unique genetic and molecular characteristics that differentiate members of these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhey S. Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, CA, Canada
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18
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) compose approximately one-half of the currently validated mycobacterial species and are divided into six major groups, including the
Mycobacterium fortuitum
group,
M. chelonae/M. abscessus
complex,
M. smegmatis
group,
M. mucogenicum
group,
M. mageritense
/
M. wolinskyi
, and the pigmented RGM. This review discusses each group and highlights the major types of infections associated with each group. Additionally, phenotypic and molecular laboratory identification methods, including gene sequencing, mass spectrometry, and the newly emerging whole-genome sequencing, are detailed, along with a discussion of the current antimicrobial susceptibility methods and patterns of the most common pathogenic species.
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19
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Vutescu ES, Koenig KM. Mycobacterium cosmeticum Infection After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect 2017; 7:e3. [PMID: 29244685 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.16.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CASE A 67-year-old immunocompetent man presented with a periprosthetic infection 4 months after a left total knee arthroplasty. Repeated aspirations failed to show any organism growth. After irrigation and debridement with polyethylene exchange, there was minimal clinical improvement. Subsequently, the patient developed an arthrocutaneous fistula, which prompted a 2-stage revision arthroplasty. Mycobacterium cosmeticum grew on the culture specimens taken during this procedure, and the patient was treated with 6 months of antibiotics. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an M. cosmeticum prosthesis-related infection. The patient recovered well following a 2-stage revision arthroplasty and treatment with a Mycobacterium species-specific antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl M Koenig
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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20
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Tan J, Rao B. Mesotherapy-Induced Panniculitis Treated with Dapsone: Case Report and Review of Reported Adverse Effects of Mesotherapy. J Cutan Med Surg 2016; 10:92-5. [PMID: 17241581 DOI: 10.2310/7750.2006.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mesotherapy is a procedure involving the injection of substances into the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Used in Europe for decades in the treatment of various medical conditions and cosmetic fat dissolution, the technique only recently became widely available in the United States. Mesotherapy has been surrounded by controversy pertaining to efficacy and has been associated with localized complications, including allergic reactions, necrosis, and infections. Panniculitis is a rare adverse reaction to mesotherapy that may result from injection pressure, local trauma, or the type of injected substances. Objective: Treatment options for complications are limited. We report a case of mesotherapy-induced panniculitis successfully treated with dapsone. Conclusion: This case illustrates one of the potential adverse effects of mesotherapy and suggests that dapsone may be effective in the treatment of panniculitis resulting from such injections. Reported adverse effects associated with mesotherapy are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Tan
- Division of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1977, USA.
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21
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Koay WLA, Aigbivbalu L, Patel J. A neonate born with Mycobacterium cosmeticum bacteraemia. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2015-213452. [PMID: 26698212 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-213452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium cosmeticum is a rapidly growing mycobacterium that was recently identified. However, its role in human infection has not been well described. We present a case of an extremely premature neonate born with bacteraemia due to M. cosmeticum that resolved without sequelae. The infection likely occurred during a prolonged intrauterine transfusion procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li Adeline Koay
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lemuel Aigbivbalu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Janak Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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22
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General Overview on Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Biofilms, and Human Infection. J Pathog 2015; 2015:809014. [PMID: 26618006 PMCID: PMC4649093 DOI: 10.1155/2015/809014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emergent pathogens whose importance in human health has been growing. After being regarded mainly as etiological agents of opportunist infections in HIV patients, they have also been recognized as etiological agents of several infections on immune-competent individuals and healthcare-associated infections. The environmental nature of NTM and their ability to assemble biofilms on different surfaces play a key role in their pathogenesis. Here, we review the clinical manifestations attributed to NTM giving particular importance to the role played by biofilm assembly.
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23
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A Novel Mycobacterium cosmeticum-Like Bacterium Isolated from the Ear Swab of a Patient with Otitis Externa. Case Rep Infect Dis 2015; 2015:825819. [PMID: 25866687 PMCID: PMC4381726 DOI: 10.1155/2015/825819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the identification and characterization of a novel nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM), isolated from an ear swab of an adult male patient with chronic otitis externa. Genetically, the bacterium is most closely related to Mycobacterium cosmeticum; however, growth and biochemical features indicate that it is distinctly different. Here, we highlight for the first time an unusual NTM that is a probable cause of ear infection.
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24
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Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium cosmeticum DSM 44829. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/2/e00315-14. [PMID: 24723727 PMCID: PMC3983316 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00315-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
We announce the draft genome sequence of
Mycobacterium cosmeticum
strain DSM 44829, a nontuberculous species responsible for opportunistic infection. The genome described here is composed of 6,462,090 bp, with a G+C content of 68.24%. It contains 6,281 protein-coding genes and 75 predicted RNA genes.
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25
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Ivan M, Dancer C, Koehler AP, Hobby M, Lease C. Mycobacterium chelonae abscesses associated with biomesotherapy, Australia, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19. [PMID: 23968779 PMCID: PMC3810901 DOI: 10.3201/eid1909.120898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of skin abscesses occurred in Adelaide, Australia, in association with biomesotherapy, an alternative therapy practice. Mycobacterium chelonae was identified in 8 patient and 3 environmental samples. Our findings show M. chelonae infection can be associated with alternative therapies when infection-control breaches occur. Tighter regulations of alternative therapy practices are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Ivan
- South Australia Department of Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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26
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Jayasinghe S, Guillot T, Bissoon L, Greenway F. Mesotherapy for local fat reduction. Obes Rev 2013; 14:780-91. [PMID: 23800269 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mesotherapy, which is the injection of substances locally into mesodermally derived subcutaneous tissue, developed from empirical observations of a French physician in the 1950s. Although popular in Europe for many medical purposes, it is used for local cosmetic fat reduction in the United States. This paper reviews manuscripts indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE under 'mesotherapy', which pertains to local fat reduction. The history of lipolytic mesotherapy, the physiology of body fat distribution, the mechanism of action of different lipolytic stimulators and their increased efficacy in combination are reviewed. Mesotherapy falls into two categories. Lipolytic mesotherapy using lipolytic stimulators requires more frequent treatments as the fat cells are not destroyed and can refill over time. Ablative mesotherapy destroys fat cells with a detergent, causes inflammation and scarring from the fat necrosis, but requires fewer treatments. The historic and empiric mixing of sodium channel blocking local anaesthetics in mesotherapy solutions inhibits the intended lipolysis. Major mesotherapy safety concerns include injection site infections from poor sterile technique. Cosmetic mesotherapy directs the area from which fat is lost to improve self-image. Studies were of relatively small number, many with limited sample sizes. Future research should be directed towards achieving a Food and Drug Administration indication rather than continuing expansion of off-label use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jayasinghe
- Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
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27
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Abstract
Mycobacterium infections are the most frequently reported infections associated with pedicures. There is a limited number of studies regarding pedicure-associated infections, especially in Ontario. There is also insufficient and inconsistent evidence related to infection control procedures for pedicure services. The existing studies on pedicures established an association between shaving legs before a pedicure and mycobacterium infections. Build-up of organic debris in the whirlpool is also linked to mycobacterium infections. Many of the studies were outbreak investigations that were able to trace the infections back to specific nail salons. Several studies ascertained isolate-specific antibiotic sensitivities and resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Choi
- Master of Public Health Program, University of Guelph. (All authors contributed equally to the paper and are listed in alphabetical order.)
| | - Kristen Reilly
- Master of Public Health Program, University of Guelph. (All authors contributed equally to the paper and are listed in alphabetical order.)
| | - Robbyn Sargent
- Master of Public Health Program, University of Guelph. (All authors contributed equally to the paper and are listed in alphabetical order.)
| | - Victoria Wells
- Master of Public Health Program, University of Guelph. (All authors contributed equally to the paper and are listed in alphabetical order.)
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28
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Simkins J, Rosenblatt JD. A case of catheter-related bloodstream infection caused by Mycobacterium phocaicum. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76:103-5. [PMID: 23537787 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a patient with double hit Burkitt's like lymphoma who developed a catheter-related bloodstream infection due to Mycobacterium phocaicum that was identified by rpoB gene sequencing. His infection resolved with 7 weeks of antibiotics and port-a-cath removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Simkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Mia mi Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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29
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Biswas S, Rolain JM. Use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for identification of bacteria that are difficult to culture. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 92:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Wong SSY, Wong SCY, Yuen KY. Infections associated with body modification. J Formos Med Assoc 2012; 111:667-81. [PMID: 23265745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although exact statistics are lacking, body modifications for cosmetic purposes are performed in many countries. The commonest forms include tattooing, body piercing, and breast and facial augmentation using implants or injectable fillers. Liposuction and, to a lesser extent, mesotherapy are also practiced in many countries. Infective complications of these procedures include local infections, transmission of bloodborne pathogens (viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus), and distant infections such as infective endocarditis. Presence of foreign bodies, long healing time of piercing wounds, and poor compliance with infection control practices of some practitioners all predispose the recipients to infections. Apart from the endogenous microbial flora of the skin and mucosae, atypical mycobacteria, especially the rapid growers, have emerged as some of the most important pathogens in such settings. Outbreaks of infection are commonly reported. We hereby review the current knowledge of the topic with specific focus on infections associated with tattooing, body piercing, breast augmentation, mesotherapy, liposuction, and tissue filler injections. Greater awareness among consumers and health-care professionals, as well as more stringent regulations by the health authorities, is essential to minimize the health risks arising from these procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Sai-Yin Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Research Centre for Infection and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Herreros FOC, Moraes AMD, Velho PENF. Mesotherapy: a bibliographical review. An Bras Dermatol 2012; 86:96-101. [PMID: 21437529 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962011000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intradermotherapy is a medical procedure introduced by Pistor in 1958 that consists in the application of intradermal injections of diluted pharmacological substances that are given directly into the region to be treated. There are reports of the use of intradermotherapy to treat painful diseases, skin diseases and unaesthetic conditions. Medical clinics have been recently offering the treatment of intradermotherapy, using the more popular name for this practice - mesotherapy. There is only scant scientific information about this subject published in periodicals indexed on MedLine. Only a few states rigorously pursue this method. Most indexed publications about this subject deal with the complications of this technique. Unaesthetic dermatoses have been a common complaint in dermatologic clinics, and it has become necessary to have scientific evidence to give to patients. Therefore, well-researched scientific studies about this technique are necessary to offer data to medical professionals that will clearly explain to patients both the benefits and the risks of these procedures. A bibliographical review was conducted and we verified the need for new studies with adequate methods to confirm the benefits of intradermotherapy as used in dermatologic treatment.
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García-Martos P, García-Agudo L. [Infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2011; 30:192-200. [PMID: 22133415 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) are ubiquitous in nature and widely distributed in water, soil and animals. During the past three decades we have observed a notable increment of infections caused by RGM, both localized and disseminated, as well as nosocomial outbreaks of contaminated medical equipment. The microbiological diagnosis of RGM infections includes direct microscopic observation and culture. The taxonomic identification is performed by phenotypic, biochemical, chromatographic and molecular biology techniques. The treatment differs from that of other mycobacteriosis like tuberculosis, owing to the variable in vitro susceptibility of the species of this group. The RGM are resistant to conventional antituberculous drugs, but can be susceptible to broad spectrum antimicrobial agents. In this study we comment on the significant aspects of human infections by RGM, including their biology, epidemiology, pathology, microbiological diagnosis, taxonomic identification, antimicrobial susceptibility and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro García-Martos
- Unidad de Micobacterias, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain.
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Boschetti G, Cotte E, Moussata D, Chauvenet M, Breysse F, Chomarat M, Isaac S, Berger F, Kaiserlian D, Nancey S, Flourie B. Identification of Mycobacterium cosmeticum sp. as a novel colitogenic infectious agent in a nonimmunocompromised patient. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:E128-30. [PMID: 21739530 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Esparcia Ó, Español M, Garrigó M, Moreno C, Montemayor M, Navarro F, Coll P. [Use of different PCR-based techniques integrated into a non-tuberculous identification algorithm]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2011; 30:3-10. [PMID: 21924798 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present work was to demonstrate the utility of a non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) identification algorithm, which integrates different PCR-based techniques and basic phenotypic features. Moreover, the algorithm for pattern restriction analysis of hsp65 (hsp65 PRA) interpretation has been updated. METHODS The workflow chosen consisted of the identification by a DNA hybridization probe method, followed by PCR-restriction enzyme analysis of hsp65 (hsp65 PRA) in those isolates that cannot be identified by hybridization probes. If necessary, 16S rRNA gene and hsp65 gene sequencing were used for speciation. RESULTS A total of 236 NTM were collected, in which 102 (43.2%) isolates were identified by DNA specific probes and 76 (32.2%) isolates were identified with hsp65 PRA. Partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used for species identification of the remaining 58 (24.5%) isolates. Fifty-three (22.4%) were identified using this method. Five isolates (2.1%) were submitted for partial sequencing of hsp65 gene and one isolate was identified with this method. Four strains (1.7%) could not be identified at species level. Three new PRA patterns were found. Seven isolates tested positive with the AccuProbe Mycobacterium avium complex identification test but did not test positive with the M. avium or Mycobacterium intracellulare specific probes. Five and two of these isolates were identified as M. intracellulare and Mycobacterium colombiense, respectively. CONCLUSION This approach allowed us to identify almost all NTM isolates found in this study, including some recently described species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Esparcia
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, España.
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35
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Sequence‐Based Identification and Characterization of Mycobacteria. Mol Microbiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555816834.ch27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Kusumi A, Li XS, Katayama Y. Mycobacteria isolated from angkor monument sandstones grow chemolithoautotrophically by oxidizing elemental sulfur. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:104. [PMID: 21747806 PMCID: PMC3128992 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize sulfate-producing microorganisms from the deteriorated sandstones of Angkor monuments in Cambodia, strains of Mycobacterium spp. were isolated from most probable number-positive cultures. All five strains isolated were able to use both elemental sulfur (S0) for chemolithoautotrophic growth and organic substances for chemoorganoheterotrophic growth. Results of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses indicated that all five isolates were rapid growers of the genus Mycobacterium and were most similar to Mycobacterium cosmeticum and Mycobacterium pallens. Chemolithoautotrophic growth was further examined in the representative strain THI503. When grown in mineral salts medium, strain THI503 oxidized S0 to thiosulfate and sulfate; oxidation was accompanied by a decrease in the pH of the medium from 4.7 to 3.6. The link between sulfur oxidation and energy metabolism was confirmed by an increase in ATP. Fluorescence microscopy of DAPI-stained cells revealed that strain THI503 adheres to and proliferates on the surface of sulfur particles. The flexible metabolic ability of facultative chemolithoautotrophs enables their survival in nutrient-limited sandstone environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Kusumi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo, Japan
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37
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Web-accessible database of hsp65 sequences from Mycobacterium reference strains. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:2296-303. [PMID: 21450960 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02602-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria include a large number of pathogens. Identification to species level is important for diagnoses and treatments. Here, we report the development of a Web-accessible database of the hsp65 locus sequences (http://msis.mycobacteria.info) from 149 out of 150 Mycobacterium species/subspecies. This database can serve as a reference for identifying Mycobacterium species.
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38
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Cortesia C, Lopez GJ, de Waard JH, Takiff HE. The use of quaternary ammonium disinfectants selects for persisters at high frequency from some species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria and may be associated with outbreaks of soft tissue infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:2574-81. [PMID: 20926395 PMCID: PMC2976628 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasingly important as opportunistic infections after major and minor surgical procedures, likely because they are ubiquitous and not effectively killed by many commonly used disinfectants. Outbreaks of soft tissue infections with NTM appeared related to the use of commercial disinfectants based on quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). Methods We studied the survival of clinical and environmental isolates of Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium massiliense, Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium fortuitum after 20 min, 60 min or 24 h exposures to different QACs, and the surviving bacteria were then re-exposed to QACs to see if the percentage of surviving bacteria had increased. The bacteria were labelled with a dnaA–gfp fusion and their level of QAC resistance monitored as increasing fluorescence. The QAC-resistant bacteria were then serially restreaked onto non-selective medium and retested for QAC survival. Results The frequency of survivors was <1 in 105 bacteria with Mycobacterium smegmatis, but >1 in 100 with the other mycobacteria studied. Different environmental and clinical isolates had similar QAC MICs, but QAC survivors of each strain were resistant. The QAC-surviving strains reverted to the original, non-resistant phenotype after several passages on non-selective medium. Conclusions QACs should not be used in settings where even minimally invasive procedures are performed, as they select for a non-genetically determined reversible resistant phenotype that appears at high frequency with several rapidly growing mycobacterial species associated with healthcare-related infections. M. smegmatis behaves differently and is not an adequate model for testing the activity of disinfectants against NTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cortesia
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
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Toney NC, Toney SR, Butler WR. Utility of high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of mycolic acids and partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing for routine identification of Mycobacterium spp. in a national reference laboratory. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 67:143-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Inomata A, Chiba T, Hosaka M. Identification of heterotrophic plate count bacteria isolated from drinking water in Japan by DNA sequencing analysis. Biocontrol Sci 2010; 14:139-45. [PMID: 20055218 DOI: 10.4265/bio.14.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) test has been employed to indicate the effectiveness of water treatment processes and the microbiological condition of the distribution system. In Japan, because the majority of HPC bacteria are supposed to be harmless and all tap water should maintain residual chlorine, there are few studies of the virulence of HPC bacteria. In this study, we examined HPC bacteria isolated from finished and tap water for hemolytic activity to determine their virulence potential. 34 of 39 colonies expressing hemolytic activity were identified by partial 16S rDNA sequencing, but some of their percent identity were relatively low. This may have been due to the mismatching of the primer pair with some strains, or these strains may be unidentified new species. A total of 30 of 34 isolates identified have been reported to be opportunistic pathogens or food poisoning bacteria. To control the growth of these opportunistic pathogens among HPC bacteria, appropriate water quality control must always be done and residual chlorine must be maintained in every tap for a safe water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Inomata
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Hyakunin-cho 3-24-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan.
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41
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Abstract
Many emerging pathogens present in the skin and are of interest to dermatologists. Recent epidemics of measles, avian flu, and SARS demonstrated how an organism can rapidly spread worldwide because of airline travel. Travelers are often contagious before they are aware that they have the disease, contributing to the spread. This article reviews bacterial, mycobacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens important to dermatologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Elston
- Department of Dermatology, Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17821, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Mycobacterial organisms have re-emerged as an important cause of infectious disease worldwide. Both tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections remain endemic in many parts of the world and are becoming more common in patients with iatrogenic immunosuppression and HIV infection. The nontuberculous mycobacteria, often referred to as mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOT), are of special significance to the dermatologist because they often present in the skin, typically after exposure to an aqueous environment. Presentations range from indolent nodules with sporotrichoid spread to acute suppurative folliculitis and abscess formation. Infection with MOT should be considered whenever routine bacterial cultures are negative. Cultures should be obtained, but empiric therapy must often be started while cultures are pending. Some data suggest that clarithromycin may be the best initial empiric therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Elston
- Department of Dermatology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
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43
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulite describes the cutaneous dimpling of the thighs, buttocks, and hips that is seen predominately in women. Current evidence suggests that structural differences in fat architecture between the sexes account for its appearance. Mesotherapy, a method of delivering medication locally with the use of numerous cutaneous injections, has recently become a popular method to purportedly treat the condition. METHODS An overview of cellulite and adipocyte physiology, with a literature review and appraisal of compounds commonly used in mesotherapy. RESULTS Experimental studies using individual mesotherapy ingredients for other conditions suggest a number of mechanisms, including lipolysis, disrupting connective tissue and augmenting circulation, which may theoretically improve cellulite. Peer-reviewed studies have not evaluated whether these effects translate clinically. CONCLUSIONS Until further studies are performed, patients considering mesotherapy for cellulite must be aware that the substances currently being injected to treat this cosmetically disturbing, but medically benign, condition have not been thoroughly evaluated for safety or efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Rotunda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Bennett Surgery Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA.
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del Castillo M, Palmero DJ, Lopez B, Paul R, Ritacco V, Bonvehi P, Clara L, Ambroggi M, Barrera L, Vay C. Mesotherapy-associated Outbreak Caused byMycobacterium immunogenum. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:357-9. [DOI: 10.3201/eid1502.081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Pourahmad F, Cervellione F, Thompson KD, Taggart JB, Adams A, Richards RH. Mycobacterium stomatepiae sp. nov., a slowly growing, non-chromogenic species isolated from fish. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 58:2821-7. [PMID: 19060066 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.2008/001164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Slowly growing, non-chromogenic mycobacteria were isolated from striped barombi mbo cichlids (Stomatepia mariae) maintained at the London Zoo Aquarium, UK. The isolates could be differentiated from other slowly growing, non-pigmented mycobacteria by a combination of phenotypic features including their inability to grow at 37 degrees C, positive tests for heat-stable catalase, tellurite reduction and arylsulfatase activity, and the absence of urease activity, Tween 80 hydrolysis, nitrate reductase, iron uptake and semiquantitative catalase. The almost full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence, together with partial sequences from the 65 kDa heat-shock protein (hsp65) and the beta-subunit of the bacterial RNA polymerase (rpoB) genes and the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) region were identical for all three novel strains, but distinct from those of all known mycobacterial species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the novel isolates within the slowly growing mycobacteria group in close proximity to Mycobacterium florentinum. Based on genotypic and phenotypic findings, it is proposed that these isolates represent a novel species of the genus Mycobacterium, for which the name Mycobacterium stomatepiae sp. nov. is proposed with strain T11(T) (=DSM 45059(T)=CIP 109275(T)=NCIMB 14252(T)) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Pourahmad
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
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46
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47
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Facial Cutaneous Ulcers Following Mesotherapy. Dermatol Surg 2008. [DOI: 10.1097/00042728-200806000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Chimara E, Ferrazoli L, Ueky SYM, Martins MC, Durham AM, Arbeit RD, Leão SC. Reliable identification of mycobacterial species by PCR-restriction enzyme analysis (PRA)-hsp65 in a reference laboratory and elaboration of a sequence-based extended algorithm of PRA-hsp65 patterns. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:48. [PMID: 18366704 PMCID: PMC2323382 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) based on phenotypic tests is time-consuming, labor-intensive, expensive and often provides erroneous or inconclusive results. In the molecular method referred to as PRA-hsp65, a fragment of the hsp65 gene is amplified by PCR and then analyzed by restriction digest; this rapid approach offers the promise of accurate, cost-effective species identification. The aim of this study was to determine whether species identification of NTM using PRA-hsp65 is sufficiently reliable to serve as the routine methodology in a reference laboratory. RESULTS A total of 434 NTM isolates were obtained from 5019 cultures submitted to the Institute Adolpho Lutz, Sao Paulo Brazil, between January 2000 and January 2001. Species identification was performed for all isolates using conventional phenotypic methods and PRA-hsp65. For isolates for which these methods gave discordant results, definitive species identification was obtained by sequencing a 441 bp fragment of hsp65. Phenotypic evaluation and PRA-hsp65 were concordant for 321 (74%) isolates. These assignments were presumed to be correct. For the remaining 113 discordant isolates, definitive identification was based on sequencing a 441 bp fragment of hsp65. PRA-hsp65 identified 30 isolates with hsp65 alleles representing 13 previously unreported PRA-hsp65 patterns. Overall, species identification by PRA-hsp65 was significantly more accurate than by phenotype methods (392 (90.3%) vs. 338 (77.9%), respectively; p < .0001, Fisher's test). Among the 333 isolates representing the most common pathogenic species, PRA-hsp65 provided an incorrect result for only 1.2%. CONCLUSION PRA-hsp65 is a rapid and highly reliable method and deserves consideration by any clinical microbiology laboratory charged with performing species identification of NTM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alan Mitchel Durham
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert D Arbeit
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sylvia Cardoso Leão
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cooksey RC, de Waard JH, Yakrus MA, Toney SR, Da Mata O, Nowicki S, Sohner K, Koch E, Petti CA, Morey RE, Srinivasan A. Mycobacterium cosmeticum, Ohio and Venezuela. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:1267-9. [PMID: 17953114 PMCID: PMC2828072 DOI: 10.3201/eid1308.061061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sean R. Toney
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Roger E. Morey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arjun Srinivasan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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50
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Martin A, Uwizeye C, Fissette K, De Rijk P, Palomino JC, Leao S, Portaels F. Application of the hsp65 PRA method for the rapid identification of mycobacteria isolated from clinical samples in Belgium. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 71:39-43. [PMID: 17719666 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical identification of mycobacteria is slow and many times fail to produce correct results. We compared PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PRA) of hsp65 and biochemical methods for the identification of mycobacteria from human samples in Belgium. PRA was found useful in the identification of mycobacteria and simple to implement as a quick method in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandi Martin
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat, 155, Antwerp, B-2000-Belgium.
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