Cohnella algarum sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater green alga Paulinella chromatophora

Description and genomic characterization of Cohnella caldifontis sp. nov., isolated from hot springs in Yunnan province, south-west China

A bacterial strain, Gram staining positive, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, motile bacterium with flagellum and endospore-forming, designated strain YIM B05605T, was isolated from soil sampled in Hamazui hot springs, Tengchong City, Yunnan province, China. Optimum growth for the strain occurred at pH 7.0 and 45 °C. MK-7 was the main menaquinone in the strain YIM B05605T. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. Diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PME), unidentified glycolipid (GL), three unknown aminophospholipids (APLs) and unidentified polarlipid (PL) were part of the polar lipid profile. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0. The DNA G + C content of the type strain was 58.76%. Genome-based phylogenetic analysis confirmed that strain YIM B05605T formed a distinct phylogenetic cluster within the genus Cohnella. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain YIM B05605T with the most related species C. fontinalis YT-1101T were 73.42% and 15.7%. Functional analysis by NR, Swiss-prot, Pfam, eggNOG, GO, KEGG databases revealed that strain YIM B05605T has 13 genes related to the sulfur cycle, 2 genes related to the nitrogen cycle. Based on phylogenomic and phylogenetic analyses coupled with phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations, strain YIM B05605T could be classified as a novel species of the genus Cohnella, for which the name Cohnella caldifontis sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is YIM B05605T (= CGMCC 1.60052T = KCTC 43462T = NBRC 115921T).

Pan-Genome Analyses of the Genus Cohnella and Proposal of the Novel Species Cohnella silvisoli sp. nov., Isolated from Forest Soil

Two strains, designated NL03-T5T and NL03-T5-1, were isolated from a soil sample collected from the Nanling National Forests, Guangdong Province, PR China. The two strains were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped and had lophotrichous flagellation. Strain NL03-T5T could secrete extracellular mucus whereas NL03-T5-1 could not. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the two strains belong to the genus Cohnella, were most closely related to Cohnella lupini LMG 27416T (95.9% and 96.1% similarities), and both showed 94.0% similarity with Cohnella arctica NRRL B-59459T, respectively. The two strains showed 99.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between them. The draft genome size of strain NL03-T5T was 7.44 Mbp with a DNA G+C content of 49.2 mol%. The average nucleotide identities (ANI) and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between NL03-T5T and NL03-T5-1 were 99.98% and 100%, indicating the two strains were of the same species. Additionally, the ANI and dDDH values between NL03-T5T and C. lupini LMG 27416T were 76.1% and 20.4%, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids of strain NL03-T5T included anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0. The major polar lipids and predominant respiratory quinone were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7). Based on phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterization, genomic DNA G+C content, and ANI and dDDH values, strains NL03-T5T and NL03-T5-1 represent novel species in the genus Cohnella, for which the name Cohnella silvisoli is proposed. The type strain is NL03-T5T (=GDMCC 1.2294T = JCM 34999T). Furthermore, comparative genomics revealed that the genus Cohnella had an open pan-genome. The pan-genome of 29 Cohnella strains contained 41,356 gene families, and the number of strain-specific genes ranged from 6 to 1649. The results may explain the good adaptability of the Cohnella strains to different habitats at the genetic level.

A nostoxanthin-producing bacterium, Sphingomonas nostoxanthinifaciens sp. nov., alleviates the salt stress of Arabidopsis seedlings by scavenging of reactive oxygen species

A novel, nostoxanthin-producing, endophytic bacterium, designated as AK-PDB1-5^T, was isolated from the needle-like leaves of the Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson) collected from Mt. Halla in Jeju, South Korea. A 16S rRNA sequence comparison indicated that the closest phylogenetic neighbors were Sphingomonas crusticola MIMD3^T (95.6%) and Sphingomonas jatrophae S5-249^T (95.3%) of the family Sphingomonadaceae. Strain AK-PDB1-5^T had a genome size of 4,298,284 bp with a 67.8% G + C content, and digital DNA-DNA hybridization and OrthoANI values with the most closely related species of only 19.5-21% and 75.1-76.8%, respectively. Cells of the strain AK-PDB1-5^T were Gram-negative, short rods, oxidase- and catalase-positive. Growth occurred at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum pH 8.0) in the absence of NaCl at 4-37°C (optimum 25-30°C). Strain AK-PDB1-5^T contained C_14:0 2OH_, C_16:0 and summed feature 8 as the major cellular fatty acids (> 10%), while sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phospholipids and lipids were found to be the major polar lipids. The strain produces a yellow carotenoid pigment; natural products prediction via AntiSMASH tool found zeaxanthin biosynthesis clusters in the entire genome. Biophysical characterization by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy and ESI-MS studies confirmed the yellow pigment was nostoxanthin. In addition, strain AK-PDB1-5^T was found significantly promote Arabidopsis seedling growth under salt conditions by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Based on the polyphasic taxonomic analysis results, strain AK-PDB1-5^T was determined to be a novel species in the genus Sphingomonas with the proposed name Sphingomonas nostoxanthinifaciens sp. nov. The type strain is AK-PDB1-5^T (= KCTC 82822^T = CCTCC AB 2021150^T).

Cohnella herbarum sp. nov., isolated from wild grass fermentation broth

A novel strictly aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, motile, endospore-forming, white-coloured bacterium, designated strain MFER-1T, was isolated from a fermented liquor of wild grasses sampled in the Republic of Korea. The respiratory quinone of strain MFER-1T was menaquinone-7 and its major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 (55.3 %), iso-C16 : 0 (17.5 %) and C16 : 0 (12.1 %). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified aminophospholipids and an unidentified phospholipid. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MFER-1T showed similarity of 98.1 % to ‘Cohnella cholangitidis’ 1 605-214T and below 98.0 % sequence similarity to the other Cohnella species. The phylogenomic tree indicated that strain MFER-1T formed a reliable cluster with several Cohnella species. The estimated genome size of strain MFER-1T was 8.52 Mb. Genomic DNA G+C content was 50.7mol%. The orthologous average nucleotide identity, digital DNA–DNA hybridization and amino acid identity values of strain MFER-1T with the most closely related species ‘Cohnella cholangitidis’ 1 605-214T were 78.7, 23.0 and 79.6 %, respectively. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic results, strain MFER-1T should represent a novel species of the genus Cohnella , for which the name Cohnella herbarum sp. nov. is proposed, with strain MFER-1T (=KACC 21 257T=NBRC 114 628T) as the type strain.

Subtercola endophyticus sp. nov., a cold-adapted bacterium isolated from Abies koreana

A novel Gram-stain-positive, aerobic bacterial strain, designated AK-R2A1-2 ^T, was isolated from the surface-sterilized needle leaves of an Abies koreana tree. Strain AK-R2A1-2 ^T had 97.3% and 96.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Subtercola boreus K300^T and Subtercola lobariae 9583b^T, respectively, but formed a distinct phyletic lineage from these two strains. Growth of strain AK-R2A1-2 ^T was observed at 4–25 °C at pH 5.0–8.0. Strain AK-R2A1-2 ^T contained menaquinone 9 (MK-9) and menaquinone 10 (MK-10) as the predominant respiratory quinones. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0 and summed feature 8 (C_18:1ω7c or/and C_18:1ω6c), and the polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and three unknown aminolipids, AKL2, AKL3, and AKL4. The complete genome of strain AK-R2A1-2 ^T was sequenced to understand the genetic basis of its survival at low temperatures. Multiple copies of cold-associated genes involved in cold-active chaperon, stress response, and DNA repair supported survival of the strain at low temperatures. Strain AK-R2A1-2 ^T was also able to significantly improve rice seedling growth under low temperatures. Thus, this strain represents a novel species of the genus Subtercola, and the proposed name is Subtercola endophyticus sp. nov. The type strain is AK-R2A1-2 ^T (= KCTC 49721 ^T = GDMCC 1.2921 ^T).

Pyomelanin-Producing Brevundimonas vitisensis sp. nov., Isolated From Grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

A novel endophytic bacterial strain, designated GR-TSA-9^T, was isolated from surface-sterilized grape (Vitis vinifera L.). 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that the isolate was grouped within the genus Brevundimonas, displaying the highest similarity with Brevundimonas lenta DS-18^T (97.9%) and Brevundimonas kwangchunensis KSL-102^T (97.8%) and less than 97.5% similarity with other members of Brevundimonas. The strain GR-TSA-9^T was a gram negative, rod shaped, facultatively anaerobic, catalase and oxidase positive, and motile bacterium. Its growth occurred at 10–37°C (optimally 25–30°C), at pH 7.0–8.0, and in NaCl 0–1% (optimally 0%). It contained ubiquinone-10 as a respiratory quinone, and the major cellular fatty acids (>10% of the total) were C_16:0 (14.2%) and summed feature 8 (C_18:1ω7c and/or C_18:1ω6c, 65.6%). The polar lipids present in the strain were phosphoglycolipids, phosphatidylglycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-glucopyranuronosyl]glycerol, and unidentified lipids (L1, L2, and L4). The strain had one 2,976,716bp circular chromosome with a G+C content of 66.4%. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization value between strain GR-TSA-9^T and B. lenta DS-18^T was 20.9%, while the average nucleotide identity value was 76.7%. In addition, the dDDH and ANI values to other members in this genus, whose genome sequences are available, are less than 21.1 and 77.6%. Genome annotation predicted the presence of some gene clusters related to tyrosine degradation and pyomelanin formation. Strain GR-TSA-9^T produced a brown melanin-like pigment in the presence of L-tyrosine-containing media. The highest pigment production (0.19g/L) was observed in tryptic soy broth with 1.0mg/ml L-tyrosine at 25°C for 6days of culture. Biophysical characterization by ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry confirmed that the pigment was pyomelanin. Additionally, melanized GR-TSA-9^T cells could protect the cells against UVC exposure. The phylogenetic, genomic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic features indicated that strain GR-TSA-9^T represents a novel melanin-producing species of Brevundimonas. The type strain was GR-TSA-9^T (KCTC 82386^T=CGMCC 1.18820^T).

Ramlibacter algicola sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater alga Cryptomonas obovoidea

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, catalase-negative, oxidase-positive and non-motile rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain CrO1^T, was isolated from a freshwater alga Cryptomonas obovoidea in the Nakdong river of South Korea. Colonies of CrO1^T were white, convex and circular and growth was observed at 25-40 °C (optimum, 37 °C) and pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7) and in the presence of 0-0.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). CrO1^T contained C_16 : 0, summed feature 5 (comprising C_18 : 0ante and/or C_18 : 2ω6,9c), C_18 : 0, summed feature 3 (comprising C_16 : 1ω7c and/or C_16 : 1ω6c) and summed feature 8 (comprising C_18 : 1ω7c and/or C_18 : 1ω6c) as the major cellular fatty acids (>5 %) and ubiquinone-8 as the sole respiratory quinone. Phosphatidylethanolamine was detected as the major polar lipid. The DNA G+C content of CrO1^T, calculated from the whole genome sequence was 69.6 mol%. CrO1^T was most closely related to Ramlibacter humi 18x22-1^T with a 97.6 % 16S rRNA sequence similarity and shared less than 97.4 % 16S rRNA sequence similarities with other type strains. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene and whole genome sequences revealed that CrO1^T formed a distinct phyletic lineage within the genus Ramlibacter. On the basis of the results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular analysis, CrO1^T clearly represents a novel species of the genus Ramlibacter, for which the name Ramlibacter algicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CrO1^T (=KACC 19926^T=JCM 33302^T).

Cohnella terricola sp. nov., isolated from soil

A Gram-positive, aerobic, flagellated, endospore-forming, rod-shaped strain, designated as G13^T, was isolated from soil. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis led to the conclusion that strain G13^T was phylogenetically related to Cohnella boryungensis BR29^T (97.5 %) and Cohnella phaseoli CECT 7287^T (96.9 %) with digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 21.0 and 21.4 %, and distantly related to Cohnella thermotolerans CCUG 47242^T (94.8 %), type species of the genus Cohnella, at 19.0 %. The genome size of strain G13^T was 5 387 258 bp, with 51.3 mol% G+C content. The predominant fatty acids were summed feature 9 (iso-C_17 : 1  ω9c and/or C_16 : 0 10-methyl), anteiso-C_17 : 0, iso-C_17 : 0 and iso-C_15 : 0. The predominant quinone was menaquinone-7 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidyglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, lysylphosphatidylglycerol, three aminophospholipids, two phosphoglycolipids, three aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. Based on the data from phenotypic tests and the genotypic differences between strain G13^T and its close phylogenetic relatives, strain G13^T represents a new species belonging to the genus Cohnella, for which the name Cohnella terricola sp. nov. (=KACC 19905^T=NBRC 113748^T) is proposed.

Compartmentalization of bacterial and fungal microbiomes in the gut of adult honeybees

The core gut microbiome of adult honeybee comprises a set of recurring bacterial phylotypes, accompanied by lineage-specific, variable, and less abundant environmental bacterial phylotypes. Several mutual interactions and functional services to the host, including the support provided for growth, hormonal signaling, and behavior, are attributed to the core and lineage-specific taxa. By contrast, the diversity and distribution of the minor environmental phylotypes and fungal members in the gut remain overlooked. In the present study, we hypothesized that the microbial components of forager honeybees (i.e., core bacteria, minor environmental phylotypes, and fungal members) are compartmentalized along the gut portions. The diversity and distribution of such three microbial components were investigated in the context of the physico-chemical conditions of different gut compartments. We observed that changes in the distribution and abundance of microbial components in the gut are consistently compartment-specific for all the three microbial components, indicating that the ecological and physiological interactions among the host and microbiome vary with changing physico-chemical and metabolic conditions of the gut.

Neobacillus endophyticus sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium isolated from Selaginella involvens roots

A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, endospore-forming, oxidase-positive, and catalase-negative strain designated as BRMEA1^T was isolated from the surface-sterilized Selaginella involvens roots. Growth of strain BRMEA1^T was found to occur at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), 15-50 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C) and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain BRMEA1^T formed a lineage within the genus Neobacillus (family Bacillaceae) and showed the highest sequence similarity to Neobacillus drentensis DSM 15600^T (98.3 %) and Neobacillus fumarioli KCTC 13885^T (98.2 %), and less than 98.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the other members of the genus Neobacillus. Whole-genome analysis of strain BRMEA1^T comprised a circular chromosome (5 632 809 bp in size) with 38.5 mol% G+C content. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization analyses revealed that strain BRMEA1^T showed 20.5 and 22.0% genomic DNA relatedness with the closest species, N. drentensis DSM 15600^T and N. fumarioli KCTC 13885^T, respectively. The whole-genome sequence of strain BRMEA1^T showed the presence of 11 specific conserved signature indels for the genus Neobacillus. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) of strain BRMEA1^T were found to be iso-C_15 : 0 and anteiso-C_15 : 0, while the major polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Polyphasic analysis results revealed that BRMEA1^T represents a novel species of the genus Neobacillus, with the proposed name Neobacillus endophyticus sp. nov. The type strain is BRMEA1^T (=KCTC 43208^T=CCTCC AB 2020071^T).

Roseomonas algicola sp. nov., isolated from a green alga, Pediastrum duplex

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated strain PeD5^T, was isolated from a green alga Pediastrum duplex from the Nakdong river of the Republic of Korea. Cells were non-motile cocci, catalase-negative and oxidase-positive. Growth of PeD5^T was observed at 25-40 °C (optimum, 35 °C) and pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7-8), and in the presence of 0-0.25% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%). PeD5^T contained C_16:0, C_18:1ω7c 11-methyl, summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c) and summed feature 8 (comprising C_18:1ω7c and/or C_18:1ω6c) as major cellular fatty acids (>5%) and ubiquinone-10 as the sole isoprenoid quinone. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified aminolipid were detected as major polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of PeD5^T was 71.0 mol%. PeD5^T was most closely related to Roseomonas stagni HS-69^T with a 97.6% 16S rRNA sequence similarity and shared less than 96.3% 16S rRNA sequence similarities with type strains of other species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that PeD5^T formed a phyletic lineage with Roseomonas stagni HS-69^T within the genus Roseomonas. On the basis of results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular analysis, strain PeD5^T clearly represents a novel species of the genus Roseomonas, for which the name Roseomonas algicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PeD5^T (=KACC 19925^T=JCM 33309^T).

Stenotrophomonas cyclobalanopsidis sp. nov., isolated from the leaf spot disease of Cyclobalanopsis patelliformis

A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile bacterial strain, TPQG1-4^T, was isolated from the leaf of Cyclobalanopsis patelliformis with spot disease. The isolate was investigated using the polyphasic taxonomic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analyzing revealed that the novel strain shares the highest sequence similarity with Stenotrophomonas lactitubi M15^T (99.6%), Stenotrophomonas indicatrix WS40^T (99.4%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia IAM 12423^T (99.2%) and Stenotrophomonas pavanii LMG 25348^T (99.0%). In phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the novel strain branched independently from other species of Stenotrophomonas. Average nucleotide identity values between the novel isolate and S. lactitubi M15^T, S. indicatrix WS40^T, S. maltophilia IAM 12423^T, S. pavanii LMG 25348^T, and Pseudomonas geniculata ATCC 19374^T were 87.2%, 87.3%, 86.3%, 88.0%, and 81.3%, respectively, suggesting the isolate was a novel species of the genus Stenotrophomonas. The DNA G + C content of TPQG1-4^T is 67.1 mol%. The major fatty acids were iso-C_15:0 (25.4%) and anteiso-C_15:0 (17.0%). The polar lipids of TPQG1-4^T included phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, amino phospholipid and phospholipid. Based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, the strain represents a novel species in the genus Stenotrophomonas, for which the name Stenotrophomonas cyclobalanopsidis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TPQG1-4^T (= CFCC 15341^T = LMG 31208^T).

Cohnella fermenti sp. nov., isolated from a fermentation process

A novel Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile with peritrichous flagella, rod-shaped bacterium, designated CC-MHH1044^T, was isolated from a preserved vegetable sample. A polyphasic taxonomic approach was applied to the isolates in order to clarify its taxonomic position. Growth of the strain CC-MHH1044^T occurred at 15-50 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1 %, w/v). The genome of strain CC-MHH1044^T consisted of 8.5 Mb and the genomic DNA G+C content was 58.5 mol%. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that CC-MHH1044^T belonged to the genus Cohnella and showed a close relationship with the type strains of Cohnella damuensis (96.2 %) and Cohnella panacarvi (95.9 %), and lower sequence similarity to other species. Average nucleotide identity values calculated from whole-genome sequencing data proved that CC-MHH1044^T represents a distinct Cohnella species. The dominant cellular fatty acids (>5 %) included iso-C_14 : 0(7.4 %), iso-C_15 : 0 (6.4 %), anteiso-C_15 : 0(40.3 %), C_16 : 0 (6.6 %) and iso-C_16 : 0 (27.0 %). The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified phospholipid and glycolipid. The major polyamine was spermidine. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaqinone 7 (MK-7). Based on its distinct phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic traits, together with results of comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence, average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization analyses, we conclude that strain CC-MHH1044^T represents a novel member of the genus Cohnella, for which the name Cohnella fermenti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CC-MHH1044^T (=BCRC 81147^T=JCM 32834^T).

Cohnella endophytica sp. nov., a novel endophytic bacterium isolated from bark of Sonneratia apetala

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain M2MS4P-1^T, was isolated from surface-sterilized bark of Sonneratiaapetala sampled in Guangxi, China. The bacterium was characterized by a polyphasic approach to determine its taxonomic position. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that strain M2MS4P-1^T belonged to the genus Cohnella and was most closely to Cohnella luojiensis HY-22R^T (98.4 % similarity). The average nucleotide identity value and estimated DDH value between strain M2MS4P-1^T and the type strain of C. luojiensis HY-22R^T were 79.2 and 20.1 %, respectively. Neither substrate nor aerial mycelia were formed, and no diffusible pigments were observed on the media tested. Strain M2MS4P-1^T grew in the pH range 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0), at temperatures between 10-37 °C (30 °C) and in 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl (0 %). The predominant isoprenoid quinone in strain M2MS4P-1^T was menaquinone-7. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol, four unidentified aminophospholipids and two unidentified phospholipids. The DNA G+C content was 51.5 mol%. According to the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic evidence, strain M2MS4P-1^T was clearly distinguishable from other species with validly published names in the genus Cohnella and should therefore be classified as a novel species, for which we suggest the name Cohnellaendophytica sp. nov. The type strain is M2MS4P-1^T (=KCTC 43011^T=CGMCC 1.13745^T).

Cohnella faecalis sp. nov., isolated from animal faeces in a karst cave

A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming, motile and aerobic bacterial isolate, designated strain K2E09-144^T, was obtained from animal faeces that were collected from a karst cave in Guizhou province, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain K2E09-144^T represents a novel member of the genus Cohnella within the family Paenibacillaceae of the phylum Firmicutes. Strain K2E09-144^T was phylogenetically closely related to Cohnella nanjingensis D45^T (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 97.0 %). The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and C16 : 0. The major isoprenoid quinone was menaqinone 7 (MK-7). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified phospholipid, four unidentified aminophospholipids, one glycolipid and one unidentified lipid. The isomer type of diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The genome of strain K2E09-144^T comprised 6.43 Mb, and encoded 6029 genes in total. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 53.3 mol%. Based on its phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain K2E09-144^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Cohnella, for which the name Cohnella faecalis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is K2E09-144^T (=CGMCC 1.13587^T=NBRC 113454^T).

Kaistia algarum sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater green alga Paulinella chromatophora

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile and short rod- or coccus-shaped bacterium, designated strain LYH11^T, was isolated from a freshwater green alga Paulinella chromatophora. The strain grew at 5-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and pH 6-9 (pH 7) and in the presence of 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain LYH11^T clearly belonged to the genus Kaistia of the family Rhizobiaceae. Strain LYH11^T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Kaistia soli 5YN9-8^T (98.3 %), Kaistia terrae 5YN3-3^T (98.2 %), Kaistia geumhonensis B1-1^T (97.8 %), Kaistia defluvii B6-12^T (97.4 %) and Kaistia granuli Ko04^T (97.2 %). The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain LYH11^T and K. soli 5YN9-8^T, the closest Kaistia type strain, were 77.3 and 21.1 %, respectively. Major cellular fatty acids of strain LYH11^T were cyclo-C19 : 0ω8c, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), iso-C10 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C17 : 1ω5c and C18 : 0. Strain LYH11^T contained phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phosphoaminolipid, an unidentified aminolipid, three unidentified phospholipids and five unidentified lipids as polar lipids. Ubiquinone-10 was the major respiratory quinone. The genomic DNA G+C content was 64.5 mol%. Based on the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses, strain LYH11^T represents a novel species of the genus Kaistia, for which the name Kaistia algarum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LYH11^T (=KACC 19096^T=JCM 31803^T).