Refining shape and size of silver nanoparticles using ion irradiation for enhanced and homogeneous SERS activity

We present green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in water using unirradiated and Ag15 + ion irradiated phytoextracts of Bergenia Ciliata leaf, Eupatorium adenophorum leaf, Rhododendron arboreum leaf and flower. The use of different plant extracts and their subsequent ion irradiation allow for successful refinement of nanoparticle size and morphology. Due to changes in reducing and capping agents the nanoparticle surface functionalization also varies which not only controls the morphology but also allows for surface oxidation and aggregation processes. In this work, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles which exhibit sizes in the range from 13 to 24 nm and having shapes like spherical, quasispherical, trigonal, hexagonal, cylindrical, dendritic assemblies, and porous nanoparticles. Owing to changes in the size and shape of the nanoparticles, their direct bandgap (2.05 eV - 2.48 eV) and local surface plasmon resonance (420 nm - 490 nm) could also be tuned. These nanoparticles are examined as SERS substrates, where their enhancement factors, limit of detection for methylene blue, and SERS substrate homogeneity have been tested. It has been observed the nanoparticles synthesized using unirradiated plant extracts present an enhancement factor of 106 with a limit of detection 10- 8 M. Whereas nanoparticles with refined morphology and shapes upon irradiation present high enhancement factors of >107 and detection limit down to 10- 9 M. In addition, uniformity in Raman spectra over the SERS substrates has been obtained for selected Ag NPs substrates synthesized using irradiated extracts with minimum relative standard deviation in enhancement factor < 12%.

Comparative pangenome analysis of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus lactis provides new insights into the adaptive evolution by horizontal gene acquisitions

BACKGROUND

Enterococcus faecium and E. lactis are phylogenetically closely related lactic acid bacteria that are ubiquitous in nature and are known to be beneficial or pathogenic. Despite their considerable industrial and clinical importance, comprehensive studies on their evolutionary relationships and genomic, metabolic, and pathogenic traits are still lacking. Therefore, we conducted comparative pangenome analyses using all available dereplicated genomes of these species.

RESULTS

E. faecium was divided into two subclades: subclade I, comprising strains derived from humans, animals, and food, and the more recent phylogenetic subclade II, consisting exclusively of human-derived strains. In contrast, E. lactis strains, isolated from diverse sources including foods, humans, animals, and the environment, did not display distinct clustering based on their isolation sources. Despite having similar metabolic features, noticeable genomic differences were observed between E. faecium subclades I and II, as well as E. lactis. Notably, E. faecium subclade II strains exhibited significantly larger genome sizes and higher gene counts compared to both E. faecium subclade I and E. lactis strains. Furthermore, they carried a higher abundance of antibiotic resistance, virulence, bacteriocin, and mobile element genes. Phylogenetic analysis of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes suggests that E. faecium subclade II strains likely acquired these genes through horizontal gene transfer, facilitating their effective adaptation in response to antibiotic use in humans.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study offers valuable insights into the adaptive evolution of E. faecium strains, enabling their survival as pathogens in the human environment through horizontal gene acquisitions.

Plummeting toxic contaminates from water through phycoremediation: Mechanism, influencing factors and future outlook to enhance the capacity of living and non-living algae

Freshwater habitats hold a unique role in the survival of all living organisms and supply water for drinking, irrigation, and life support activities. In recent decades, due to anthropogenic activities, deterioration in the water quality has been a long-lasting problem and challenge to the scientific fraternity. Although, these freshwater bodies have a bearable intrinsic capacity for pollution load however alarming increase in pollution limits the intrinsic capacities and requires additional technological interventions. The release of secondary pollutants from conventional interventions further needs revisiting the existing methodologies and asking for green interventions. Green interventions such as phycoremediation are natural, eco-friendly, economic, and energy-efficient alternatives and provide additional benefits such as nutrient recovery, biofuel production, and valuable secondary metabolites from polluted freshwater bodies. This systemic review in a nut-shell comprises the recent research insights on phycoremediation, technological implications, and influencing factors, and further discusses the associated mechanisms of metal ions biosorption by living and non-living algae, its advantages, and limitations. Besides, the article explores the possibility of future research prospects for applicability at a field scale that will help in the efficient utilization of resources, and improved ecological and health risks.

Impact of nonmalignant ascites on outcomes of open inguinal hernia repair in the USA

PURPOSE

Studies on inguinal hernia repair in patients with ascites are limited, small, and inconsistent, exacerbating a challenging clinical dilemma for surgeons. To fill this gap in the literature, this retrospective cohort study used a national US database to examine the impact of ascites on the outcomes of open inguinal herniorrhaphy.

METHODS

Patients who underwent open inguinal herniorrhaphy between 2005 and 2019 were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Two groups were defined by the presence or absence of nonmalignant preoperative ascites. Ascites patients were propensity matched 1:10 with non-ascites patients. Surgical outcomes at 30 days for the matched groups, stratified by electiveness of procedure, were compared, with the primary end points of mortality and the NSQIP composite outcome "serious complication".

RESULTS

The study included 682 patients with ascites. Compared to matched controls, those with ascites had significantly increased odds of mortality (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5-7.0) after elective repair, but not after nonelective repair. Ascites was associated with increased odds of serious complication after both elective (OR 1.7, 1.2-2.3) and nonelective (OR 2.0, 1.3-3.0) surgery. Among ascites patients, age ≥ 65 years was associated with increased mortality (risk-adjusted OR 3.8, 1.2-14.4) and serious complication (OR 2.2, 1.2-3.9).

CONCLUSION

In this largest study to date on patients with ascites undergoing open inguinal herniorrhaphy, ascites increased the odds of mortality after elective repair and of serious complication after elective and nonelective repair. Age ≥ 65 was a risk factor for poor outcome. Inguinal herniorrhaphy is fraught with complications in this population.

Preliminary Study on Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on Osteoporosis in the Ovariectomized Rat

Osteoporosis is a growing global health concern primarily associated with decreased estrogen in postmenopausal women. Recently, some strains of probiotics were examined for potential anti-osteoporotic effects. This study intended to evaluate the impacts of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MGE 3038 strain (MGE 3038) in ovariectomized rats. For this purpose, twelve weeks old female Wistar rats (n=21; 250-300 g) were divided into 3 groups; ovariectomy (OVX) group, OVX/MGE 3038 group and Sham group (control). In these groups; two went through respective OVX and one had daily MGE 3038 administration through oral gavage. Prior to 16 weeks after OVX, we collected blood samples and extracted the tibiae. We scanned the extracted tibiae by in-vivo micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and evaluated pathology by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining. The serum levels of C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), osteocalcin (OC), and the receptor activator of nuclear factor-ĸB ligand (RANKL) were examined. The OVX/MGE 3038 group showed increases in bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and a decrease in trabecular spacing than the OVX group. However, OVX/MGE 3038 group and control group were measurably comparable in Tb.Th. Micro-CT, H&E, and Masson's trichrome findings exhibited increased preservation and maintenance of trabecular bone structure in the OVX/MGE 3038 group in comparison to the OVX group. In serum, the levels of CTX, OC and RANKL were significantly different between the OVX and OVX/MGE 3038 groups. Taken together, L. plantarum MGE 3038 could be helpful for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Cutibacterium acnes KCTC 3314 Growth Reduction with the Combined Use of Bacteriophage PAP 1-1 and Nisin

Severe acne has high psychological impacts recorded worldwide, from depression to suicide. To control acne infection, bacteriophage could be used in synergy or combination with antibiotics/antimicrobials. Bacteriophages are specific to their hosts without interfering with the normal skin microbes and have the ability to lyse bacterial cells. In this current study, the bacteriophage PAP 1-1 was isolated, characterized, and tested against the pathogenic acne-causing bacterium Cutibacterium acnes. Examination under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the newly isolated phage has a morphology typical of siphoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis, utilizing the maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm based on complete genome sequences, revealed that PAP 1-1 clustered together with bacteriophages active to Propionibacterium acnes (now known as C. acnes), forming a distinct evolutionary lineage. The genomic analysis further identified the presence of an endolysin gene in PAP 1-1, suggesting its potential to regulate the growth of C. acnes. Subsequent experiments conducted in RCM broth confirmed the ability of PAP 1-1 to effectively control the proliferation of C. acnes. In combination with bacteriocin from Lactococcus lactis CJNU 3001 and nisin, PAP 1-1 greatly decreased the viable cell counts of C. acnes in the broth.

A first principles study of a van der Waals heterostructure based on MS2 (M = Mo, W) and Janus CrSSe monolayers

The strategy of stacking two-dimensional materials for designing van der Waals heterostructures has gained tremendous attention in realizing innovative device applications in optoelectronics and renewable energy sources. Here, we performed the first principles calculations of the geometry, optoelectronic and photocatalytic performance of MS₂-CrSSe (M = Mo, W) vdW heterostructures. The mirror asymmetry in the Janus CrSSe system allows the designing of two models of the MS₂-CrSSe system by replacing S/Se atoms at opposite surfaces in CrSSe. The feasible configurations of both models of the MS₂-CrSSe system are found energetically, dynamically and thermally stable. The studied heterobilayers possess an indirect type-I band alignment, indicating that the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes in the CrSSe monolayer is hence crucial for photodetectors and laser applications. Remarkably, a red-shift in the optical absorption spectra of MS₂-CrSSe makes them potential candidates for light harvesting applications. More interestingly, all heterobilayers (except W(Mo)S₂-CrSSe of model-I(II)) reveal appropriate band edge positions of the oxidation and reduction potentials of the photocatalysis of water dissociation into H⁺/H₂ and O₂/H₂O at pH = 0. These results shed light on the practical design of the MS₂-CrSSe system for efficient optoelectronic and photocatalytic water splitting applications.

Arsenicicoccus cauae sp. nov., isolated from the blood of a pediatric gastroenteritis patient

A Gram-stain-positive coccus was isolated from the blood of a paediatric patient suffering from gastroenteritis. The taxonomic position of this catalase-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming facultative anaerobe designated as strain MKL-02T was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Colonies grown on tryptic soy agar with 10 % sheep blood were circular, creamy yellow, and convex. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences revealed that this strain was most closely related to Arsenicicoccus bolidensis CCUG 47306T within the cluster of the genus Arsenicicoccus . Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain MKL-02T and A. bolidensis DSM 15745T, A. dermatophillus DSM 25571T and A. piscis DSM 22760T were 89.5 and 37.0 %, 79.6 and 22.4 %, and 75.9 and 21.0 %, respectively. The genomic size of strain MKL-02T was 3 423 857 bp with a 72.7 mol% G+C content. Growth was observed at 10–45 °C (optimum, 37–40 °C) and pH 6.0–10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), in the presence of 0–10 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.5 %). Cells of strain MKL-02T were non-motile cocci and 0.50–0.60 µm long, as determined by transmission electron microscopy. The strain was catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The major fatty acid type (>10 % of total) was C15 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of two unidentified phospholipids, three unidentified lipids and an unidentified aminophospholipid. The strain contained MK-8 (H4) as the predominant menaquinone. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic considerations, it is proposed that strain MKL-02T be classified as a new species, named Arsenicicoccus cauae sp. nov. The type strain is MKL-02T (=NCCP 16967T=JCM 34624T).

Variability in indigenous Pakistani tomato lines and worldwide reference collection for Tomato Mosaic Virus (ToMV) and Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) infection

Local and exotic germplasm of tomato remains a major source for genetic improvement. Assessment of such lines for biotic stresses particularly viral diseases are the most important criteria for selection in Pakistan, where Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) and Tomato Mosaic Virus (ToMV) are the major diseases/viruses. A set of 40 accessions (including indigenous Pakistani lines and exotic germplasm from Europe, the United States, and Asia) were evaluated for their resistance/infection response to ToMV with artificial inoculation under greenhouse conditions. Infection response was quantified through disease scoring and DAS-ELISA test (for ToMV). A subset of 24 lines, was further screened for TYLCV using disease scoring and TAS-ELISA. The tested lines showed significant variability for resistance to ToMV. Only one accession (Acc-17878) was resistant to the ToMV whereas seven accessions i.e. Acc-17890, AVR-261, CLN-312, AVR-321, EUR-333, CLN-352, and CLN-362 expressed resistance to TYLCV. Correlation between phenotypic evaluation was confirmed by the ELISA results in both diseases, although both tools complemented to assess the viral infection status. In future, tomato breeding programs must consider breeding for ToMV and TYLCV resistance (using identified germplasm in our study) so as to deliver virus resistant tomato varieties.

Effect of Agaricus blazei Murill on exploratory behavior of mice-model

Increased anxiety and depressive symptoms have reported to be its association with long term illness. Because of having unwanted effects of newly available drugs, patients administering anxiolytic drugs usually discontinue the treatment before they are completely recovered. Therefore, there is a serious need to develop new anxiolytic drugs. The anxiolytic effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Agaricus blazei in animal models was assessed. 24 male mice (Mus musculus genus) were included in the study. Four groups were prepared and each group contained six animals. The groups were vehicle control, positive control (diazepam 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) as well as two treatment groups receiving Agaricus blazei hydro-alcoholic extract at a dose of 136.50 mg/kg and 273.0 mg/kg orally. The Marble burying test, Nestlet shredding test and Light and Dark box test used to assess anxiolytic activity. Mice administered with diazepam 1.0 mg/kg, i.p. while hydro-alcoholic extract of AbM (136.50 and 273.0 mg/kg, respectively) was administered via oral route which exhibited marked reduction in number of marbles-burying as compared to vehicle control group. Mice administered with diazepam 1.0 mg/kg, i.p. and Oral administration of hydro-alcoholic extract of AbM (136.50 and 273.0 mg/kg, respectively) exhibited significant decrease in nestlet shredding in comparison to vehicle control group. The oral administration of hydro-alcoholic extract at a dose of 136.5mg/kg and 273mg/kg showed elevation in time spent in light box and was comparable to standard treated group while time spent by mice following oral administration of hydro-alcoholic extract of Agaricus blazei at a dose of 273.0 mg/kg also showed elevation and was found to be more near to standard treated group (diazepam 1 mg/kg, i.p.).

Can a virtual microbiology simulation be as effective as the traditional Wetlab for pharmacy student education?

BACKGROUND

Pharmacy practice education requires the development of proficiencies and an understanding of clinical microbiology. Learning in this area could be delivered using practical laboratory exercises, or potentially, simulation-based education. Simulation has previously successfully enhanced learning in health professional education. The current global climate due to COVID-19 has further highlighted the important role of technology-enhanced learning in delivering outcomes that meet the requisite learning objectives of a course. The aim of the present study was to compare the impact of a commercially available virtual microbiology simulation (VUMIE™) with a traditional wet laboratory (wetlab) on learner knowledge, skills and confidence in a second-year integrated pharmacotherapeutics course for Bachelor of Pharmacy students.

METHODS

A randomised, crossover study was employed to determine whether the simulation intervention (VUMIE™) improves learning outcomes (knowledge, skills and confidence) of pharmacy students, when compared to a traditional wetlab intervention. Each student completed three 1-2 h length sessions, for both the wetlab and VUMIE™ interventions (6 sessions total). Data was collected using surveys deployed at baseline (pre-interventions), post-intervention 1 or 2 (VUMIE™ or wetlab) and endpoint (post-interventions 1 and 2). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics 25 and Instat™ software.

RESULTS

Response rates were approximately 50% at initial survey and approximately 25% at endpoint survey. VUMIE™ produced higher post-intervention knowledge scores for the multiple-choice questions compared to the wetlab, however, the highest score was achieved at endpoint. Both interventions produced statistically significant differences for mean scores compared to baseline (pre-VUMIE™ and wetlab) across the domains of knowledge, skills and confidence. VUMIE™ produced higher post-intervention mean scores for knowledge, skills and confidence compared to post-intervention mean scores for the wetlab, however there was no statistical significance between the mean score for the two interventions, thus the VUMIE™ activity produced learning outcomes comparable to the wetlab activity.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest VUMIE™ provides similar effects on students' knowledge, skills, and confidence as a wetlab. The simulation's implementation was not cost-prohibitive, provided students with a physically and psychologically safe learning environment, and the benefit of being able to repeat activities, supporting deliberate practice.

Body composition, growth performance and enzyme activities of Labeo rohita fed different commercial fish feeds

We have evaluated the effects of different fish feeds on the body composition, growth, and enzyme activities of Labeo rohita (Rohu). In total, 240 fishes between the average weights of 24.77±2.15g were studied. The treatments were applied in a completely randomized design, with 4 treatments of 60 fishes each. Treatments consisted of four different fish feeds [Oryza (T1), AMG (T2), Aqua (T3), and Supreme (T4)]. Body composition, growth performance, and enzyme activities were evaluated. There was a significant variation in performance of fishes fed with different type of feed; as fishes having Oryza feed showed the highest weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and best feed conversion ratio (FCR) as compared to other groups that were considered to be significant (P ≤ 0.05). High net weight gain was obtained in T4 when compared with T2 and T3. FCR value of T4 was less than T1 but higher than T2, T3 and T2, which showed the lowest values. The specific growth rate was recorded as average in T4, but T2 led a high SGR than T3. Similarly, crude protein level and digestive enzymes activity was recorded significantly highest in fed with Oryza (T1) as compared to AMG (T2), Aqua (T3), and Supreme (T4). Water quality parameters were recorded significant in all treatments except pH and DO of treatment (T1), significantly different from other treatments. It was concluded that Rohu (Labeo rohita) could show a promising growth rate and protease enzyme activity when fed with the Oryza feed of 25% protein.

Role of Intraperitoneal Normal Saline Instillation in Relieving Post-operative Pain Following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Quasi Experimental Study

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has rapidly become the procedure of choice for the treatment of calculus cholecystitis for having clear advantage over open method in reducing surgical morbidity, postoperative pain and complication. But still patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy complain of considerable pain especially on first post-operative day necessitating use of better methods for postoperative analgesia. This quasi experimental study was done in Surgery Unit III, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital from July 2016 to June 2017 to assess the role of intraperitoneal normal saline instillation following laparoscopic cholecystectomy in relieving postoperative pain. In this study total 200 patients of calculus cholecystitis were enrolled according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and assigned equally into two groups by non-equivalent control group design. Both the control group and experimental group were managed according to the standard protocol and operated in routine operation theater. The experimental group (n=100) was additionally instilled with 25-30ml/kg body weight of normal saline at 37°C at the gallbladder bed and subdiaphragmatic space at the end of surgery and all the data were recorded in individual case record form. Among the sample most of the patients were between 25-60 years of ages with the peak age being between 43-51 years. Eighty one percent (81%) of the total patients were female with male female ratio being 1:5.25 in Control group and 1:3.54 in Experimental group. The VAS scores for visceral pain in experimental group were significantly less than that of control group at 6 hours (p<0.001), 12 hours (p<0.001), 24 hours (p<0.001) and 48 hours (p=0.026). The VAS scores for shoulder tip pain in experimental group were also significantly less than that of control group at 6 hours (p<0.001), 12 hours (p<0.018) and 24 hours (p=0.004). The administration of analgesics was also significantly less in the experimental group than in control group at 6 hours (p<0.001), 12 hours (p<0.001), 24 hours (p=0.313) and 48 hours (p=0.297) with no significant differences at 72 hours. The mean hospital stay in this study was 2.2±0.7 days in the control group and 2.1±0.8 days in the experimental group showing no significant difference (p>0.05). Intraperitoneal normal saline instillation following laparoscopic cholecystectomy may be an eminent choice for reducing postoperative pain improving patient's experience.

Genotyping for Dombrock blood group alleles in Northern Pakistani blood donors

Genotyping can be used to identify rare blood group antigens and to solve suspected blood group discrepancies, particularly when serologic methods are limited. Unfortunately, only a few such studies have been performed in Pakistan. The present study was conducted to determine the frequency of Dombrock blood group alleles by genotyping samples from blood donors from the north of Pakistan. Blood samples were taken with consent from 300 blood donors; DNA was extracted and tested for DO*01 and DO*02 alleles by sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP), followed by gel electrophoresis. Allele frequencies were calculated. The observed and expected genotype frequencies were compared using the χ² test. The allele frequencies for DO*01 and DO*02 were 0.40 and 0.60, respectively. Genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This study in Pakistani blood donors provides Dombrock blood group allele frequencies by PCR-SSP. This approach is efficient and economical and can be applied in developing countries. The findings can contribute to the development of in-house red blood cell panels, identification of rare blood types, and establishment of a national rare blood donor program.

Genotyping can be used to identify rare blood group antigens and to solve suspected blood group discrepancies, particularly when serologic methods are limited. Unfortunately, only a few such studies have been performed in Pakistan. The present study was conducted to determine the frequency of Dombrock blood group alleles by genotyping samples from blood donors from the north of Pakistan. Blood samples were taken with consent from 300 blood donors; DNA was extracted and tested for DO*01 and DO*02 alleles by sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP), followed by gel electrophoresis. Allele frequencies were calculated. The observed and expected genotype frequencies were compared using the χ² test. The allele frequencies for DO*01 and DO*02 were 0.40 and 0.60, respectively. Genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This study in Pakistani blood donors provides Dombrock blood group allele frequencies by PCR-SSP. This approach is efficient and economical and can be applied in developing countries. The findings can contribute to the development of in-house red blood cell panels, identification of rare blood types, and establishment of a national rare blood donor program.

Ramlibacter terrae sp. nov. and Ramlibacter montanisoli sp. nov., Isolated from Soil

Two gram-negative, catalase-positive, strictly aerobic, and white colony-forming bacteria, strains H242^T and B156^T, were isolated from soil in South Korea. Cells of strain H242^T were oxidase-positive and non-motile short rods, while those of strain B156^T were oxidase-negative and long non-motile rods. Ubiquinone-8 was identified as the sole isoprenoid quinone in both strains. C_16:0, cyclo-C_17:0, and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c) and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol were identified in both strains as the major cellular fatty acids and polar lipids, respectively. The DNA G+C contents of strains H242^T and B156^T were 69.4 mol% and 69.3 mol%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA and 92 concatenated core gene sequences revealed that strains H242^T and B156^T formed distinct phylogenic lineages from other Ramlibacter type strains. The DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) value between strains H242^T and B156^T was 24.6%. Strains H242^T and B156^T were most closely related to Ramlibacter ginsenosidimutans BXN5-27^T and Ramlibacter monticola G-3-2^T with 98.4% and 98.6% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. Digital DDH values between strain H242^T and R. ginsenosidimutans and between strain B156^T and R. monticola were 23.5% and 26.1%, respectively. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and molecular analyses indicated that strains H242^T and B156^T represent two novel species of the genus Ramlibacter, for which the names Ramlibacter terrae sp. nov. and Ramlibacter montanisoli sp. nov., respectively, are proposed. The type strains of R. terrae and R. montanisoli are H242^T (=KACC 21667 ^T =JCM 33922^T) and B156^T (=KACC 21665 ^T =JCM 33920^T), respectively.

Enterotoxigenic methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus contamination in salted fish from Gwadar Balochistan

Staphylococcus aureus is an important foodborne pathogen associated to food intoxication and other multiple infections in human being. Its presence in salted food is a serious issue due to its salt tolerance potential. A study was conducted to analyze the presence of enterotoxins producing drug resistance S. aureus in salted sea fish from Gwadar. Freshly persevered samples (n=50) of salted fish were subjected to analyze the presence of S. aureus using 16S rRNA and Nuc genes primers. The isolates were then evaluated for drug resistance and enterotoxins producing potential using specific primers for MecA (methicillin resistance gene), (SEA) staphylococcal enterotoxin A and (SEB) staphylococcal enterotoxin B genes. Total 13/50 (26%) of the samples were found positive for the presence of S. aureus, preliminary confirmed with biochemical profiling and finally with the help of target genes presence. The isolates were found showing 100% resistant to methicillin, which were molecularly confirmed by the presence of MecA gene present in genome. The isolates 5/13 (38%) were positive for SEA and 3/13 (23%) for SEB genes, whereas 2/13 (15%) were confirmed having both SEA and SEB genes in its genome. It was also confirmed that all the isolates were capable to form biofilm over the glass surfaces. It was concluded that the study confirmed the presence of enterotoxigenic methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aurous (MRSA) in salted fish product, that poses gross food safety concern. Preventive and control measures are necessary to handle this serious food safety concern.

Elucidating antiviral activity of Curcuma longa against H9 N2 influenza virus using embryonated chicken egg model

Curcumin is a potent antimicrobial herb used traditionally as a spice in culinary. This study was designed to evaluate the antiviral effects of curcuma longa extract against H₉ influenza virus. A total of 60 embryonated eggs were equally divided into 5 groups with 12 eggs in each group. Group 1 (G1) served as uninfected negative control. Whereas Group 2 (G2) was kept as positive control infected with known virus @ 0.2 ml with 10^-9.3 EID₅₀. Group 3 (G3) was offered Curcuma longa @ 0.2 mg/0.2 ml and H₉N₂ virus (@ 0.2 ml with 10^-9.3 EID₅₀. Similarly, Group 4 (G4) was inoculated with extract of Curcuma longa @ 0.2 mg/0.2 ml per egg, whereas Group 5 (G5) was given Ribazole @ 0.2 ml/ egg. The crude extract and virus were administered on the 15^th day of incubation and were checked after every 24 hours up to 96th hour post inoculation by random selection of 3 eggs. Death and survival rate were noted in all groups. Gross and histopathological lesions were also observed. Results revealed that Curcuma longa extract had significantly (p<0.05) reduced the mortality rate of embryos infected with H₉N₂ virus. In G3, increased lymphocytes and mild fatty changes were seen in liver. Whereas, mature RBCs, plasma cells and some lymphoblast's were observed in Spleen. Similarly, the bursa follicles were with lymphocytic aggregation. The G4 (Curcuma longa) and G5 (Ribazole) were with maximum embryo survival after 48 and 72 h post inoculation. This study revealed potential antiviral activity of Curcuma longa against H9N2 influenza viruses and can be opted as alternative to antibiotics and antiviral drugs to minimize the antimicrobial resistance in human and animal population.

Molecular detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in different poultry breeds of Abbottabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan

The poultry sector in Pakistan is contributing mainly in bridging gap between demand and supply for protein. Mycoplasma gallisepticum is an emerging bacterium causing serious problems in poultry industry of Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the M. gallisepticum load in poultry populated regions of Pakistan. Total 600 serum and 600 swab samples were collected, 200 from each broiler, layers and breeders poultry in Rawalpindi and Abbottabad districts. Serum samples were analyzed through ELISA for seroprevalence. Swabs were cultured on Frey's medium followed by PCR and partial mgc2 gene sequencing. Results of seroprevalence of M. gallisepticum showed that layers (75%, n=150) are more positive as compared to breeders (70%, n=140) and broilers (50%, n=100). Typical colonies of the M. gallisepticum were observed in breeder (26.5%), followed by layer (21%) and broilers (9%). A total of 37.1% (n=42) samples were identified positive through PCR out of total 113 cultured based positive samples. A total of six M. gallisepticum isolates of current study showed 98-99 percent similarity with previously reported isolates on the basis of mgc2 gene partial sequencing. The M. gallisepticum was found highly prevalent in different poultry breads. Results of this study would add into basic data and provide a direction for livestock sector to strengthen a control strategy for mycoplasmosis in poultry farms.

The impact of fluence dependent 120 MeV Ag swift heavy ion irradiation on the changes in structural, electronic, and optical properties of AgInSe2 nano-crystalline thin films for optoelectronic applications

Swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation in thin films significantly modifies the structure and related properties in a controlled manner. In the present study, the 120 MeV Ag ion irradiation on AgInSe₂ nanoparticle thin films prepared by the thermal evaporation method and the induced modifications in the structure and other properties are being discussed. The ion irradiation led to the suppression of GIXRD and Raman peaks with increasing ion fluence, which indicated amorphization of the AgInSe₂ structure along the path of 120 MeV Ag ions. The Poisson's fitting of the ion fluence dependence of the normalized area under the GIXRD peak of AgInSe₂ gave the radius of the ion track as 5.8 nm. Microstructural analysis using FESEM revealed a broad bi-modal distribution of particles with mean particle sizes of 67.5 nm and 159 nm in the pristine film. The ion irradiation led to the development of uniform particles on the film surface with a mean size of 36 nm at high ion fluences. The composition of the film was checked by the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer. The UV-visible spectroscopy revealed the increase of the electronic bandgap of AgInSe₂ films with an increase in ion fluence due to quantum confinement. The Hall measurement and EDXRF studies showed that the unirradiated and irradiated AgInSe₂ films have n-type conductivity and vary with the ion fluence. The changes in the films were tuned with different ion fluence and are favorable for both optical and electronic applications.

Swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation in thin films significantly modifies the structure and related properties in a controlled manner.

Halomonas azerica sp. nov., Isolated from Urmia Lake in Iran

A novel moderately halophilic, Gram-staining negative and facultative aerobic bacterium, designated as TBZ9^T, was isolated from water of Urmia Lake in Azerbaijan region of Iran. The cells were found to be rod-shaped and motile, growing in the form of creamy, convex and shiny colonies. The strain could grow in the presence of NaCl at concentrations 1-17% (w/v) (optimum, 3%), temperatures 10-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and pH 6.0-11.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) on marine agar. Strain TBZ9^T 16S rRNA gene sequence was related to the genus Halomonas showing highest similarities to Halomonas arcis AJ282^T (98.4%), Halomonas songnenensis NEAU-ST10-39^T (98.0%) and Halomonas lutescens Q1U^T (97.8%). In the phylogenetic trees, strain TBZ9^T formed a distinct branch closely related to a subclade inside the Halomonas genus. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain TBZ9^T and H. arcis AJ282^T (20.0%, 74.0%) and H. songnenensis NEAU-ST10-39^T (19.8%, 75.2%) indicated that TBZ9^T represents a distinct species. Evaluation of fatty acid contents determined C_10:0, C_16:0, C_12:0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c) and summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c) as major cellular fatty acids. The major quinone of strain TBZ9^T was Q-9. Polar lipid patterns consisted of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), two unidentified phospholipids (PL) and four unidentified polar lipids (L). The average DNA G + C content of strain TBZ9^T is 55.4 mol%. Results from phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular analysis suggest that the strain TBZ9^T represents a novel species within the genus Halomonas for which the name Halomonas azerica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TBZ9^T (= KACC 21783^T = LMG 25775^T).

Lysobacter arenosi sp. nov. and Lysobacter solisilvae sp. nov. isolated from soil

Two Gram-stain negative, yellow-pigmented, and mesophilic bacteria, designated strains R7^T and R19^T, were isolated from sandy and forest soil, South Korea, respectively. Both strains were non-motile rods showing catalase- and oxidase-positive activities. Both strains were shown to grow at 10-37°C and pH 6.0-9.0, and in the presence of 0-1.5% (w/v) NaCl. Strain R7^T contained iso-C_14:0, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, and summed feature 9 (comprising C_16:0 10-methyl and/or iso-C_17:1ω9c), whereas strain R19^T contained iso-C_11:0 3-OH, C_16:1ω7c alcohol, iso-C_11:0, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, and summed feature 9 (comprising C_16:0 10-methyl and/or iso-C_17:1ω9c) as major cellular fatty acids (> 5%). Both strains contained ubiquin-one-8 as the sole isoprenoid quinone and phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and an unidentified phospholipid as the major polar lipids. The DNA G + C contents of strains R7^T and R19^T calculated from their genomes were 66.9 mol% and 68.9 mol%, respectively. Strains R7^T and R19^T were most closely related to Lysobacter panacisoli C8-1^T and Lysobacter niabensis GH34-4^T with 98.7% and 97.8% 16S rRNA sequence similarities, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains R7^T and R19^T formed distinct phylogenetic lineages within the genus Lysobacter. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and molecular features, strains R7^T and R19^T represent novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the names Lysobacter arenosi sp. nov. and Lysobacter solisilvae sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains of L. arenosi and L. solisilvae are R7^T (= KACC 21663^T = JCM 34257^T) and R19^T (= KACC 21767^T = JCM 34258^T), respectively.

Pseudoprevotella muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a mucin-degrading bacterium attached to the bovine rumen epithelium

A Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic mucin-degrading bacterium, which we designated strain E39^T, was isolated from the rumen epithelium of Korean cattle. The cells were non-motile and had a coccus morphology. Growth of strain E39^T was observed at 30–45°C (optimum, 39°C), pH 6.5–8.5 (optimum, pH 7.5), and in the presence of 0.0–1.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.0–0.5%). Strain E39^T contained C_16:0, C_18:0, C_18:1ω9c, iso-C_15:0, and anteiso-C_15:0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminophospholipid, and unidentified lipids. The major respiratory isoprenoid quinones were MK-8 and MK-9. The major fermented end-products of mucin were acetate and succinate. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 46.4 mol%. Strain E39^T was most closely related to Alloprevotella rava 81/4-12^T with an 87.3% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and molecular properties, strain E39^T represents a novel genus of the family Prevotellaceae; as such, the name Pseudoprevotella muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. A functional annotation of the whole genome sequences of P. muciniphila E39^T revealed that this bacterium has a putative mucin-degrading pathway and biosynthetic pathways of extracellular polymeric substances and virulence factors which enable bacteria to adhere to the epithelial cells and avoid the host’s immune responses.

Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions related to telemedicine among young doctors and nursing staff at the King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital Jeddah, KSA

Objective

To investigate the knowledge, perceptions, and attitude of young doctors and nurses at Kind Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) Jeddah, KSA, regarding the effectiveness of telemedicine in dealing with the patients for either follow-up or continuous monitoring of chronic diseases.

Material and Methods

This prospective cross-sectional study was carried out on the young doctors and nursing staff at KAUH. An online questionnaire addressing all the required fields, i.e., background essential demography, perceptions, acceptance, and knowledge regarding telemedicine's utility, was sent to the targeted population of health care workers. Completed responses were analyzed statistically as per study objectives.

Results

The response rate in our study was 85%. A total of 335 participants responded to our questionnaire. One hundred seventy-one (51.1%) were doctors, whereas one hundred sixty-four (48.9%) were the nursing staff. Among doctors, 50 (29.4%) were recent graduates, whereas, in the nursing side, 77 (46.7%) were the senior nursing students. The knowledge and attitude of the young nursing staff were relatively better than the senior staff taking part in the study and the trends were found statistically significant.

Conclusion

Our study participants, being young, were enthusiastic, had good knowledge regarding the advantages and limitations of telemedicine in managing the selected groups of patients. Their perception and attitude were quite positive. This is an encouraging trend in the promotion of telemedicine as an established way of managing patients with special requirements in an effective way. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of telemedicine in emergencies to protect both patients and health care workers by reducing chronic patients' avoidable hospital visits.

Cupriavidus cauae sp. nov., isolated from blood of an immunocompromised patient

A novel Gram-stain-negative, facultative aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated as MKL-01^T and isolated from the blood of immunocompromised patient, was genotypically and phenotypically characterized. The colonies were found to be creamy yellow and convex. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences revealed that strain MKL-01^T was most closely related to Cupriavidus gilardii LMG 5886^T, present within a large cluster in the genus Cupriavidus. The genome sequence of strain MKL-01^T showed the highest average nucleotide identity value of 92.1 % and digital DNA-DNA hybridization value of 44.8 % with the closely related species C. gilardii LMG 5886^T. The genome size of the isolate was 5 750 268 bp, with a G+C content of 67.87 mol%. The strain could grow at 10-45 °C (optimum, 37-40 °C), in the presence of 0-10 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.5%) and at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0). Strain MKL-01^T was positive for catalase and negative for oxidase. The major fatty acids were C_16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1  ω7c/C_16 : 1  ω6c and/or C_16 : 1  ω6c/C_16 : 1  ω7c) and summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1  ω7c and/or C_18 : 1  ω6c). The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids and one unidentified polar lipid. Moreover, strain MKL-01^T contained ubiquinone Q-8 as the sole respiratory quinone. Based on its molecular, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties, strain MKL-01^T represents a novel species of the genus Cupriavidus; the name Cupriavidus cauae sp. nov. is proposed for this strain. The type strain is MKL-01^T.

Maritimibacter harenae sp. nov. and Sneathiella litorea sp. nov.: members of Alphaproteobacteria isolated from sea sand

Two Gram-negative, rod bacteria, strains DP07^T and DP05^T, showing catalase- and oxidase-positive activities, were isolated from sea sand in South Korea. Strain DP07^T was strictly aerobic and had a yellow colony colour. Contrastingly, strain DP05^T was facultatively aerobic and had a creamy colony colour. Both strains contained ubiquinone-10 as the sole isoprenoid quinone. Strain DP07^T contained cyclo-C_19:0 ω8c, C_16:0, summed feature 8 (comprising C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c), and C_16:0 2-OH as the major fatty acids and phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phospholipid, and an unidentified polar lipid as the major polar lipids. Strain DP05^T contained C_16:0, cyclo-C_19:0, and summed feature 8 (comprising C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c) as the major fatty acids and phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid, and two unidentified polar lipids as the major polar lipids. Cadaverine was detected as the predominant polyamine in both strains. The DNA G + C contents of strains DP07^T and DP05^T were 66.1 mol% and 51.8 mol%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains DP07^T and DP05^T formed close phylogenetic lineages with Maritimibacter alkaliphilus HTCC2654^T (similarity, 98.1%) and Sneathiella chungangensis CAU 1294 ^T (similarity, 98.5%), respectively. The average nucleotide identity and DNA-DNA hybridisation values between strain DP07^T and M. alkaliphilus were 80.0% and 23.0%, respectively, and those between strain DP05^T and S. chungangensis were 77.1% and 19.9%, respectively. Based on the results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and molecular analyses, strains DP07^T and DP05^T represent two novel species of the genera Maritimibacter and Sneathiella, respectively, for which we propose the following names: Maritimibacter harenae sp. nov. and Sneathiella litorea sp. nov. The type strains of M. harenae and S. litorea were DP07^T (= KACC 21429 ^T = JCM 33811 ^T) and DP05^T (= KACC 21431 ^T = JCM 33810 ^T), respectively.

Paenibacillus silvestris sp. nov., Isolated from Forest Soil

A bacterial strain, designated 5J-6^T, was isolated from soil in Cheongnyeongpo, Republic of Korea. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, strictly aerobic, and motile rods and their catalase and oxidase activities were positive. Strain 5J-6^T grew at 10-30 °C, pH 6.0-9.0, and 0-0.8% (w/v) NaCl concentration, with optimum growth at 25 °C, pH 6.5, and 0.4% NaCl concentration. Anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_16:0 were detected as the predominant fatty acids and menaquinone-7 was the sole isoprenoid quinone detected. Strain 5J-6^T contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified phospholipid as major polar lipids. The peptidoglycan belonged to the type A1γ meso-diaminopimelic acid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA calculated from the whole genomic sequence was 46.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of strain 5J-6^T based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the isolate into a member of the genus Paenibacillus. Sequence similarity analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain 5J-6^T was most closely related to Paenibacillus aceris KUDC4121^T and Paenibacillus chondroitinus DSM 5051^T with 98.76% and 98.42% similarities, respectively. Average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain 5J-6^T and the type strain of P. aceris were 83.97% and 28.60%, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics and genomic data, strain 5J-6^T could be considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus silvestris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 5J-6^T (= KACC 21430^T = JCM 33812^T).

Roseomonas algicola sp. nov., isolated from a green alga, Pediastrum duplex

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated strain PeD5^T, was isolated from a green alga Pediastrum duplex from the Nakdong river of the Republic of Korea. Cells were non-motile cocci, catalase-negative and oxidase-positive. Growth of PeD5^T was observed at 25-40 °C (optimum, 35 °C) and pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7-8), and in the presence of 0-0.25% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%). PeD5^T contained C_16:0, C_18:1ω7c 11-methyl, summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c) and summed feature 8 (comprising C_18:1ω7c and/or C_18:1ω6c) as major cellular fatty acids (>5%) and ubiquinone-10 as the sole isoprenoid quinone. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified aminolipid were detected as major polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of PeD5^T was 71.0 mol%. PeD5^T was most closely related to Roseomonas stagni HS-69^T with a 97.6% 16S rRNA sequence similarity and shared less than 96.3% 16S rRNA sequence similarities with type strains of other species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that PeD5^T formed a phyletic lineage with Roseomonas stagni HS-69^T within the genus Roseomonas. On the basis of results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular analysis, strain PeD5^T clearly represents a novel species of the genus Roseomonas, for which the name Roseomonas algicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PeD5^T (=KACC 19925^T=JCM 33309^T).

Probing the Effects of Strong Electromagnetic Fields with Charge-Dependent Directed Flow in Pb-Pb Collisions at the LHC

The first measurement at the LHC of charge-dependent directed flow (v_{1}) relative to the spectator plane is presented for Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV. Results are reported for charged hadrons and D^{0} mesons for the transverse momentum intervals p_{T}>0.2  GeV/c and 3<p_{T}<6  GeV/c in the 5%-40% and 10%-40% centrality classes, respectively. The difference between the positively and negatively charged hadron v_{1} has a positive slope as a function of pseudorapidity η, dΔv_{1}/dη=[1.68±0.49(stat)±0.41(syst)]×10^{-4}. The same measurement for D^{0} and D[over ¯]^{0} mesons yields a positive value dΔv_{1}/dη=[4.9±1.7(stat)±0.6(syst)]×10^{-1}, which is about 3 orders of magnitude larger than the one of the charged hadrons. These measurements can provide new insights into the effects of the strong electromagnetic field and the initial tilt of matter created in noncentral heavy ion collisions on the dynamics of light (u, d, and s) and heavy (c) quarks. The large difference between the observed Δv_{1} of charged hadrons and D^{0} mesons may reflect different sensitivity of the charm and light quarks to the early time dynamics of a heavy ion collision. These observations challenge some recent theoretical calculations, which predicted a negative and an order of magnitude smaller value of dΔv_{1}/dη for both light flavor and charmed hadrons.

Evidence of Spin-Orbital Angular Momentum Interactions in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

The first evidence of spin alignment of vector mesons (K^{*0} and ϕ) in heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is reported. The spin density matrix element ρ_{00} is measured at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) in Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy (sqrt[s_{NN}]) of 2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector. ρ_{00} values are found to be less than 1/3 (1/3 implies no spin alignment) at low transverse momentum (p_{T}<2  GeV/c) for K^{*0} and ϕ at a level of 3σ and 2σ, respectively. No significant spin alignment is observed for the K_{S}^{0} meson (spin=0) in Pb-Pb collisions and for the vector mesons in pp collisions. The measured spin alignment is unexpectedly large but qualitatively consistent with the expectation from models which attribute it to a polarization of quarks in the presence of angular momentum in heavy-ion collisions and a subsequent hadronization by the process of recombination.

Flavihumibacter soli sp. nov., Isolated from Soil

A novel Gram-stain-positive, strictly aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain R14T was isolated from steep grove soil and taxonomically characterized using a polyphasic approach. Cells showed oxidase-negative and catalase-positive activities and grew at 25-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 6.5), and in the presence of 0-0.5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%). Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain R14T formed a phylogenetic lineage with Flavihumibacter genus members within the family Chitinophagaceae. Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain R14T shared highest similarities with Flavihumibacter solisilvae 3-3T (97.5%), Flavihumibacter petaseus NBRC 106054T (96.7%), and Flavihumibacter stibioxidans YS-17T (96.1%). The G+C content of strain R14T calculated from its whole genome sequence was 44.6 mol%. Strain R14T contained menaquinone-7 and iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 3-OH, C_16:0, C_15:1 ω6c, and iso-C_15:0-G as the sole respiratory isoprenoid quinone and major cellular fatty acids, respectively. Major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, and four unidentified lipids. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain R14T, it could be concluded that strain R14T represents a novel species of the genus Flavihumibacter, for which the name Flavihumibacter soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R14T (=KACC 21229T = JCM 33473T).

Scattering Studies with Low-Energy Kaon-Proton Femtoscopy in Proton-Proton Collisions at the LHC

The study of the strength and behavior of the antikaon-nucleon (K[over ¯]N) interaction constitutes one of the key focuses of the strangeness sector in low-energy quantum chromodynamics (QCD). In this Letter a unique high-precision measurement of the strong interaction between kaons and protons, close and above the kinematic threshold, is presented. The femtoscopic measurements of the correlation function at low pair-frame relative momentum of (K^{+}p⊕K^{-}p[over ¯]) and (K^{-}p⊕K^{+}p[over ¯]) pairs measured in pp collisions at sqrt[s]=5, 7, and 13 TeV are reported. A structure observed around a relative momentum of 58  MeV/c in the measured correlation function of (K^{-}p⊕K^{+}p[over ¯]) with a significance of 4.4σ constitutes the first experimental evidence for the opening of the (K[over ¯]^{0}n⊕K^{0}n[over ¯]) isospin breaking channel due to the mass difference between charged and neutral kaons. The measured correlation functions have been compared to Jülich and Kyoto models in addition to the Coulomb potential. The high-precision data at low relative momenta presented in this work prove femtoscopy to be a powerful complementary tool to scattering experiments and provide new constraints above the K[over ¯]N threshold for low-energy QCD chiral models.

Abstract ES3-2: Sooner or later: considering risk over time, and implications for management

Cancer risk management revolves around the following important areas: genetic evaluation, surveillance recommendations, risk-reducing options, and lifestyle modification. Aspects of time are important for all of these areas, with the possible exception of lifestyle modification. For genetic evaluation, age at onset of affected individuals is a key parameter. Decisions about surveillance and risk-reducing strategies are based on age, and time-dependent estimates of cancer risk, with the most commonly-used time-frames being 5 years, 10 years, and remaining lifetime (to age 85 or 90). However, little attention is generally given to the time-frame of the benefit. For example, surveillance recommendations are based on lifetime risk when in fact the benefit (as defined by cancer detection success) cannot exceed the lead-time of the test. On the other hand, risk reduction (particularly with medication) is often presented based on risk estimated over the next 5 years. As more women are designated high risk, given increased prevalence of MRI surveillance and subsequent biopsies, and increased use of genetic testing with identification of moderate penetrance genetic variants, the question of risk thresholds that should be used for recommendations related to risk management become increasingly important. Surveillance recommendations: Remaining lifetime risk (RLR) estimates for women in their 40s generally project over 40 years or more. However, validation of these very long-term projections remains questionable, and validation is most robust for the 10-year time-frame (PMID 25956172). The lead-time gained with MRI surveillance has been estimated at 1-2 years for carriers of BRCA 1/2 mutations, and 4 years for non-carriers with positive family history of breast cancer (PMID 25820931) The predicted mean preclinical detectable phase (i.e. the time during which a cancer is screen-detectable) is estimated to be 1 to 4 years for BRCA1 and 2 to 7 years for BRCA2 (PMID 22744338). Similar estimates for non-carrier women at increased familial risk are unlikely to be longer than 10 years. Therefore, given the greater reliability of 10-year risk estimates, it appears most reasonable to make recommendations for intensified screening based on 10-year risk rather than RLR. Recommendations for use of risk-reducing medications (RR-meds): In contrast to screening, have been made to non-carrier high risk women based on 5-year risk estimates of 1.7% or greater. Acceptance of medications has been low for a variety of reasons, one of which is the seemingly small risk conveyed by a 5-year risk estimates. Here, it would seem reasonable to extend the time-frame over which risk is calculated, since the protective benefit of tamoxifen is known to extend to ~15 years, and is likely to be in the same range for aromatase inhibitors. New ASCO guidelines on use of RR-meds now includes 10-year estimates of 3% with the NCI BCRAT, or 5% with the Tyrer-Cuzick. In summary, the use of 10-year risk estimates would simplify the management counseling of women at increased risk of breast cancer for both practitioner and patient, and place it on a better evidence base than the use of RLR or the 5-year interval.

Citation Format: SA Khan. Sooner or later: considering risk over time, and implications for management [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES3-2.

Halomonas urmiana sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from Urmia Lake in Iran

In the course of screening halophilic bacteria in Urmia Lake in Iran, which is being threatened by dryness, a novel Gram-negative, moderately halophilic, heterotrophic and short rod-shaped bacteria was isolated and characterized. The bacterium was isolated from a water specimen and designated as TBZ3^T. Colonies were found to be creamy yellow, with catalase- and oxidase-positive activities. The growth of strain TBZ3^T was observed to be at 10-45 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0.5-20 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 7.5 %). Strain TBZ3^T contained C_16 : 0, cyclo-C_19 : 0  ω8c, summed feature 3 (comprising C_16 : 1  ω7c and/or C_16 : 1  ω6c) and summed feature 8 (comprising C_18 : 1  ω7c and/or C_18 : 1  ω6c) as major fatty acids and ubiquinone-9 as the only respiratory isoprenoid quinone. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, glycolipid, unidentified phospholipid and unidentified polar lipids were detected as the major polar lipids. Strain TBZ3^T was found to be most closely related to Halomonas saccharevitans AJ275^T , Halomonas denitrificans M29^T and Halomonas sediminicola CPS11^T with the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.93, 98.15 and 97.60 % respectively and in phylogenetic analysis strain TBZ3^T grouped with Halomonas saccharevitans AJ275^T contained within a large cluster within the genus Halomonas. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular properties, strain TBZ3^T represents a novel species of the Halomonas genus, for which the name Halomonas urmiana sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TBZ3^T (=DSM 22871^T=LMG 25416^T).

Aestuariirhabdus litorea gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a sea tidal flat and proposal of Aestuariirhabdaceae fam. nov

A Gram-negative, moderately halophilic and facultatively aerobic bacterium, designated strain GTF13^T, was isolated from a sea tidal flat. Cells were curved rods and motile by a single polar flagellum showing catalase and oxidase activities. Growth was observed at 20-37 °C, pH 5.0-8.5 and 1.0-6.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain GTF13^T contained C_16:0, summed feature 3 (comprising C_16 : 1  ω6c/C_16 : 1  ω7c), summed feature 8 (comprising C_18 : 1  ω6c/C_18 : 1  ω7c) and C_12 : 0 3-OH as major fatty acids and ubiquinone-9 and ubiquinone-8 as major quinones. Phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified phospholipids were detected as major polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 59.8 mol%. Strain GTF13^T was most closely related to Simiduia agarivorans SA1^T, Endozoicomonas montiporae CL-33^T and Pseudomonas segetis FR1439^T, belonging to different families or orders of the class Gammaproteobacteria, with less than 92.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GTF13^T formed a phylogenetic lineage with the family Litoricolaceae, but the genome-based phylogenomic tree showed that strain GTF13^T formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage within the order Oceanospirillales. The very low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities and distinct phylogenetic relationships, together with distinct phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties, served to differentiate strain GTF13^T from phylogenetically closely related families. Here, strain GTF13^T is proposed as a novel genus and species, for which the name Aestuariirhabdus litorea gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, within a new family Aestuariirhabdaceae fam. nov. of the order Oceanospirillales. The type strain is GTF13^T (=KACC 19788^T=JCM 32043^T).

Geomonas soli gen. nov., sp. nov., a New Member of the Family Comamonadaceae, Isolated from Soil

A Gram-stain negative, facultative aerobic bacterial strain, designated strain S-16^T, was isolated from soil in South Korea. Colonies were white-milkish and cells were non-motile rods with oxidase- and catalase-positive activities. The growth of strain S-16^T was observed at 20-40 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C) and pH 5.5-7.0 (optimum, pH 6.5). Ubiquinone-8 was identified as the sole respiratory quinone and C_12:0, C_16:0, C_18:0, C_15:1ω5c and summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c) were identified as the major fatty acids (>5%). The major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminophospholipid, two unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified polar lipid. The G + C content of the genomic DNA calculated from the whole genome sequence was 66.8 mol%. Strain S-16^T was most closely related to Piscinibacter aquaticus IMCC1728^T, Rhizobacter gummiphilus NS21^T and Rhizobacter dauci H6^T with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 97.93%, 97.93% and 97.44%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and whole genome sequences suggested that strain S-16^T could form a distinct phyletic lineage as a new genus within the family Comamonadaceae. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular features, strain S-16^T represents the type strain of a novel species of a novel genus within the family Comamonadaceae, for which the name Geomonas soli gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S-16^T (= KACC 19792^T = JCM 32971^T).

Measurement of ϒ(1S) Elliptic Flow at Forward Rapidity in Pb-Pb Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV

The first measurement of the ϒ(1S) elliptic flow coefficient (v_{2}) is performed at forward rapidity (2.5<y<4) in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The results are obtained with the scalar product method and are reported as a function of transverse momentum (p_{T}) up to 15  GeV/c in the 5%-60% centrality interval. The measured ϒ(1S)v_{2} is consistent with 0 and with the small positive values predicted by transport models within uncertainties. The v_{2} coefficient in 2<p_{T}<15  GeV/c is lower than that of inclusive J/ψ mesons in the same p_{T} interval by 2.6 standard deviations. These results, combined with earlier suppression measurements, are in agreement with a scenario in which the ϒ(1S) production in Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energies is dominated by dissociation limited to the early stage of the collision, whereas in the J/ψ case there is substantial experimental evidence of an additional regeneration component.

Maribacter algicola sp. nov., isolated from a marine red alga, Porphyridium marinum, and transfer of Maripseudobacter aurantiacus Chen et al. 2017 to the genus Maribacter as Maribacter aurantiacus comb. nov

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic and moderately halophilic bacterial strain, designated strain PoM-212^T, was isolated from a marine alga, Porphyridium marinum, in the Republic of Korea. Cells were catalase- and oxidase-positive rods with gliding motility without flagellum. Growth was observed at 20-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and pH 5.0-8.5 (pH 5.0-5.5) and in the presence of 0.5-5 % (w/v) NaCl (2-3 %). Strain PoM-212^T contained iso-C_15 : 1, iso-C_15 : 0, iso-C_17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C_16 : 1ω7c and/or C_16 : 1ω6c) as major fatty acids and menaquinone-6 as the sole isoprenoid quinone. Phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified polar lipids were detected as major polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 41.0 mol%. Strain PoM-212^T was most closely related to Maribacter lutimaris KJ4^T, Maripseudobacter aurantiacus CDA4^T and Maribacter flavus C3^T with 97.2, 97.2 and 97.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively, and it formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage from them within the genus Maribacter. Maripseudobacter aurantiacus formed a close phylogenetic lineage with Maribacter flavus with 99.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, but their digital DNA-DNA hybridization value was 67.4 %. On the basis of its phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular properties, strain PoM-212^T represents a novel species of the genus Maribacter, for which the name Maribacter algicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PoM-212^T (=KACC 19789^T=JCM 32941^T). The transfer of Maripseudobacter aurantiacus to the genus Maribacter as Maribacter aurantiacus comb. nov. is also proposed (type strain CDA4^T=KCTC 52409^T=MCCC 1K03210^T).

Evaluation of bioherbicidal potential of Carica papaya leaves

Due to increased number of herbicide resistant weeds, it is needed to explore the allelopathic potential of plants as an alternative. The research was conducted to investigate allelopathic effects of Carica papaya L. leaf powder and aqueous extract on seeds as well as pre-germinated seeds of Avena fatua L., Helianthus annuus L., Rumex dentatus L., Zea mays L. and Triticum aestivum L. on filter paper and soil in Weed Management Program Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection at PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan. Germination percentage (%), radicle length (cm) and plumule length (cm) were parameters observed for 'Plant leaf powder bioassay' and 'Aqueous extract method'. Most significant growth inhibition was observed in A. fatua seedlings in filter paper method. A. fatua radicle length was reduced by C. papaya aqueous extract (80%) and leaf powder (89%) bioassays. Plumule length was reduced under the influence of aqueous extract (57-73%) and powdered material (59-77%). The inhibitory effects on other test species were in sequence of H. annuus followed by Z. mays and R. dentatus. The aqueous extract showed non-significant effect on wheat seed germination, radicle and plumule growth. It is suggested that C. papaya aqueous extract can be used as source of weed management in wheat crop.

An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in a non-endemic region of north-east India

Background There are few comprehensive reports of epidemic Japanese encephalitis in a previously unaffected region. We report our experience of a first-ever outbreak of it in Sonitpur District, Assam, India, with 45 laboratorycon confirmed cases at a single hospital. Method Between 2 July and 11 August 2008, patients meeting the WHO definition of acute encephalitis syndrome were assessed in a single hospital and had tests including blood and cerebrospinal fluid for Japanese encephalitis antibody titres. Results Ninety-six cases meeting the definition of acute encephalitis syndrome were identified with 45 cases of Japanese encephalitis confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid or blood results. For Japanese encephalitis positive patients, mean age was 36 (range 4-80). Of the 45, 11 (24%) died and a further 21 (47%) had significant residual deficits. Focal neurological signs (40%) and seizures (25%) were common. Conclusion An effective Japanese encephalitis vaccine is the key intervention for limiting the population impact of this disease. Identification of these cases led to a district-wide mass vaccination campaign.

Arenimonas terrae sp. nov., isolated from orchard soil

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic bacterial strain, designated R29^T, was isolated from orchard soil in Hwasun, South Korea. Cells were non-motile rods with catalase and oxidase activities. Growth was observed at 15-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and pH 7.0-9.0. Ubiquinone-8 was identified as the predominant isoprenoid quinone. Major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, six phospholipids, an unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified polar lipids. Strain R29^T contained iso-C_15 : 0, iso-C_16 : 0 and summed feature 9 (comprising iso-C_17 : 1 ω9c/10-methyl-C_16 : 0) as major cellular fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA calculated from the whole-genome sequence was 69.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that R29^T was most closely related to Arenimonas daejeonensis T7-07^T and Arenimonas malthae CC-JY-1^T with sequence similarities of 98.0 and 96.9 %, respectively The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between R29^T and the type strains of A. daejeonensis and A. malthae were 87.0 % and 31.6 % and 83.4 % and 26.1 %, respectively. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular features, strain R29^T represents a novel species of the genus Arenimonas, for which the name Arenimonas terrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R29^T (=KACC 19896^T=JCM 33216^T).

Investigations of Anisotropic Flow Using Multiparticle Azimuthal Correlations in pp, p-Pb, Xe-Xe, and Pb-Pb Collisions at the LHC

Measurements of anisotropic flow coefficients (v_{n}) and their cross-correlations using two- and multiparticle cumulant methods are reported in collisions of pp at sqrt[s]=13  TeV, p-Pb at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV, Xe-Xe at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.44  TeV, and Pb-Pb at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV recorded with the ALICE detector. The multiplicity dependence of v_{n} is studied in a very wide range from 20 to 3000 particles produced in the midrapidity region |η|<0.8 for the transverse momentum range 0.2<p_{T}<3.0  GeV/c. An ordering of the coefficients v_{2}>v_{3}>v_{4} is found in pp and p-Pb collisions, similar to that seen in large collision systems, while a weak v_{2} multiplicity dependence is observed relative to nucleus-nucleus collisions in the same multiplicity range. Using a novel subevent method, v_{2} measured with four-particle cumulants is found to be compatible with that from six-particle cumulants in pp and p-Pb collisions. The magnitude of the correlation between v_{n}^{2} and v_{m}^{2}, evaluated with the symmetric cumulants SC(m,n) is observed to be positive at all multiplicities for v_{2} and v_{4}, while for v_{2} and v_{3} it is negative and changes sign for multiplicities below 100, which may indicate a different v_{n} fluctuation pattern in this multiplicity range. The observed long-range multiparticle azimuthal correlations in high multiplicity pp and p-Pb collisions can neither be described by pythia 8 nor by impact-parameter-Glasma, music, and ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics model calculations, and hence, provide new insights into the understanding of collective effects in small collision systems.

First Observation of an Attractive Interaction between a Proton and a Cascade Baryon

This Letter presents the first experimental observation of the attractive strong interaction between a proton and a multistrange baryon (hyperon) Ξ^{-}. The result is extracted from two-particle correlations of combined p-Ξ^{-}⊕p[over ¯]-Ξ[over ¯]^{+} pairs measured in p-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV at the LHC with ALICE. The measured correlation function is compared with the prediction obtained assuming only an attractive Coulomb interaction and a standard deviation in the range [3.6, 5.3] is found. Since the measured p-Ξ^{-}⊕p[over ¯]-Ξ[over ¯]^{+} correlation is significantly enhanced with respect to the Coulomb prediction, the presence of an additional, strong, attractive interaction is evident. The data are compatible with recent lattice calculations by the HAL-QCD Collaboration, with a standard deviation in the range [1.8, 3.7]. The lattice potential predicts a shallow repulsive Ξ^{-} interaction within pure neutron matter and this implies stiffer equations of state for neutron-rich matter including hyperons. Implications of the strong interaction for the modeling of neutron stars are discussed.

Assessing a thermal spike model of swift heavy ion-matter interactions via Pd1-xNix/Si interface mixing

The thermal spike model (TSM), a widely accepted mechanism of swift heavy ion (SHI)-matter interactions, provides explanation for various SHI induced effects, including mixing across interfaces. We assess the validity of the model via tuning the electron-phonon coupling strength (G) by taking a series Pd_1-xNi_x of a completely solid soluble binary, and then observing Pd_1-xNi_x/Si interface mixing induced by a combination of 100 MeV Au ion irradiation and 4 keV Ar ion sputtering. If the TSM truly describes the SHI-matter interaction mechanism, any non-linearity in x-variation of G must also result in a similar non-linearity in the x-dependence of mixing. Experimentally, the extent of mixing has been parametrized by the irradiation induced change Δσ² in variances of Pd and Ni depth profiles derived from XPS. Computationally, G determined using density functional theory has been used to solve the equations appropriate to the TSM, and then an equivalent quantity L², proportional to Δσ², has been calculated. Both Δσ²(x) and L²(x) show non-linearities, albeit in slightly dissimilar ways, leading to a conjecture that the present work at least does not invalidate the TSM.

Roseicella frigidaeris gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from an air-conditioning system

A Gram-stain-negative, facultatively aerobic bacterial strain, designated DB1506^T, of the family Acetobacteraceae, was isolated from an air-conditioning system in the Republic of Korea. Colonies were pink- to rosy-coloured and cells were non-motile cocci with catalase- and oxidase-positive activities. Growth of strain DB1506^T was observed at 20-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.5-8.5 (pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-0.5 % (w/v) NaCl (0 %). Strain DB1506^T contained summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C18 : 1 2-OH as major fatty acids and ubiquinone-10 as the sole isoprenoid quinone. Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified phospholipids, unidentified aminolipids and unidentified polar lipids were detected as major polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA calculated from the whole genome sequence was 72.5 mol%. Strain DB1506^T was most closely related to Paracraurococcus ruber NS89^T, Dankookia rubra WS-10^T and Siccirubricoccus deserti SYSU D8009^T with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 96.01, 95.88 and 95.44 %, respectively, but strain DB1506^T formed a clearly distinct phylogenic lineage from them within the family Acetobacteraceae. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular properties, strain DB1506^T represents a novel species of a new genus within the family Acetobacteraceae, for which the name Roseicella frigidaeris gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DB1506^T (=KACC 19791^T=JCM 32945^T).

Azimuthal Anisotropy of Heavy-Flavor Decay Electrons in p-Pb Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV

Angular correlations between heavy-flavor decay electrons and charged particles at midrapidity (|η|<0.8) are measured in p-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV. The analysis is carried out for the 0%-20% (high) and 60%-100% (low) multiplicity ranges. The jet contribution in the correlation distribution from high-multiplicity events is removed by subtracting the distribution from low-multiplicity events. An azimuthal modulation remains after removing the jet contribution, similar to previous observations in two-particle angular correlation measurements for light-flavor hadrons. A Fourier decomposition of the modulation results in a positive second-order coefficient (v_{2}) for heavy-flavor decay electrons in the transverse momentum interval 1.5<p_{T}<4  GeV/c in high-multiplicity events, with a significance larger than 5σ. The results are compared with those of charged particles at midrapidity and those of inclusive muons at forward rapidity. The v_{2} measurement of open heavy-flavor particles at midrapidity in small collision systems could provide crucial information to help interpret the anisotropies observed in such systems.