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Harper CP, Day A, Tsingos M, Ding E, Zeng E, Stumpf SD, Qi Y, Robinson A, Greif J, Blodgett JAV. Critical analysis of polycyclic tetramate macrolactam biosynthetic gene cluster phylogeny and functional diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0060024. [PMID: 38771054 PMCID: PMC11218653 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00600-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic tetramate macrolactams (PTMs) are bioactive natural products commonly associated with certain actinobacterial and proteobacterial lineages. These molecules have been the subject of numerous structure-activity investigations since the 1970s. New members continue to be pursued in wild and engineered bacterial strains, and advances in PTM biosynthesis suggest their outwardly simplistic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) belie unexpected product complexity. To address the origins of this complexity and understand its influence on PTM discovery, we engaged in a combination of bioinformatics to systematically classify PTM BGCs and PTM-targeted metabolomics to compare the products of select BGC types. By comparing groups of producers and BGC mutants, we exposed knowledge gaps that complicate bioinformatics-driven product predictions. In sum, we provide new insights into the evolution of PTM BGCs while systematically accounting for the PTMs discovered thus far. The combined computational and metabologenomic findings presented here should prove useful for guiding future discovery.IMPORTANCEPolycyclic tetramate macrolactam (PTM) pathways are frequently found within the genomes of biotechnologically important bacteria, including Streptomyces and Lysobacter spp. Their molecular products are typically bioactive, having substantial agricultural and therapeutic interest. Leveraging bacterial genomics for the discovery of new related molecules is thus desirable, but drawing accurate structural predictions from bioinformatics alone remains challenging. This difficulty stems from a combination of previously underappreciated biosynthetic complexity and remaining knowledge gaps, compounded by a stream of yet-uncharacterized PTM biosynthetic loci gleaned from recently sequenced bacterial genomes. We engaged in the following study to create a useful framework for cataloging historic PTM clusters, identifying new cluster variations, and tracing evolutionary paths for these molecules. Our data suggest new PTM chemistry remains discoverable in nature. However, our metabolomic and mutational analyses emphasize the practical limitations of genomics-based discovery by exposing hidden complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Day
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Maya Tsingos
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Edward Ding
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Elizabeth Zeng
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Spencer D. Stumpf
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yunci Qi
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Adam Robinson
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer Greif
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Shelley BA, Pandey B, Sarwar A, Douches D, Collins P, Qu X, Pasche J, Clarke CR. The Role of Soil Abundance of TxtAB in Potato Common Scab Disease Severity. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1176-1185. [PMID: 38079373 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0347-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Common scab is an economically costly soilborne disease of potato endemic in many potato-growing regions. The disease is caused by species of Streptomyces bacteria that produce the phytotoxin thaxtomin A. The primary disease management tool available to growers is planting resistant cultivars, but no cultivar is fully resistant to common scab, and partially resistant cultivars are often not the preferred choice of growers because of agronomic or market considerations. Therefore, growers would benefit from knowledge of the presence and severity of common scab infestations in field soils to make informed planting decisions. We implemented a quantitative PCR diagnostic assay to enable field detection and quantification of all strains of Streptomyces that cause common scab in the United States through amplification of thaxtomin A biosynthetic genes. Greenhouse trials confirmed that pathogen abundance was highly correlated with disease severity for five distinct phytopathogenic Streptomyces species, although the degree of disease severity was dependent on the pathogen species. Correlations between the abundance of the thaxtomin biosynthetic genes from field soil with disease on tubers at field sites across four U.S. states and across 2 years were not as strong as correlations observed in greenhouse assays. We also developed an effective droplet digital PCR diagnostic assay that also has potential for field quantification of thaxtomin biosynthetic genes. Further improvement of the PCR assays and added modeling of other environmental factors that impact disease outcome, such as soil composition, can aid growers in making informed planting decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Shelley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Lab, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Binod Pandey
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Arslan Sarwar
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - David Douches
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Paul Collins
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Lab, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Xinshun Qu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Julie Pasche
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Christopher R Clarke
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Lab, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705
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3
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Vincent CV, Bignell DRD. Regulation of virulence mechanisms in plant-pathogenic Streptomyces. Can J Microbiol 2024; 70:199-212. [PMID: 38190652 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2023-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Streptomyces have a uniquely complex developmental life cycle that involves the coordination of morphological differentiation with the production of numerous bioactive specialized metabolites. The majority of Streptomyces spp. are soil-dwelling saprophytes, while plant pathogenicity is a rare attribute among members of this genus. Phytopathogenic Streptomyces are responsible for economically important diseases such as common scab, which affects potato and other root crops. Following the acquisition of genes encoding virulence factors, Streptomyces pathogens are expected to have specifically adapted their regulatory pathways to enable transition from a primarily saprophytic to a pathogenic lifestyle. Investigations of the regulation of pathogenesis have primarily focused on Streptomyces scabiei and the principal pathogenicity determinant thaxtomin A. The coordination of growth and thaxtomin A production in this species is controlled in a hierarchical manner by cluster-situated regulators, pleiotropic regulators, signalling and plant-derived molecules, and nutrients. Although the majority of phytopathogenic Streptomyces produce thaxtomins, many also produce additional virulence factors, and there are scab-causing pathogens that do not produce thaxtomins. The development of effective control strategies for common scab and other Streptomyces plant diseases requires a more in-depth understanding of the genetic and environmental factors that modulate the plant pathogenic lifestyle of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrie V Vincent
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Dawn R D Bignell
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Weisberg AJ, Pearce E, Kramer CG, Chang JH, Clarke CR. Diverse mobile genetic elements shaped the evolution of Streptomyces virulence. Microb Genom 2023; 9. [PMID: 37930748 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements can innovate bacteria with new traits. In plant pathogenic Streptomyces, frequent and recent acquisition of integrative and conjugative or mobilizable genetic elements is predicted to lead to the emergence of new lineages that gained the capacity to synthesize Thaxtomin, a phytotoxin neccesary for induction of common scab disease on tuber and root crops. Here, we identified components of the Streptomyces-potato pathosystem implicated in virulence and investigated them as a nested and interacting system to reevaluate evolutionary models. We sequenced and analysed genomes of 166 strains isolated from over six decades of sampling primarily from field-grown potatoes. Virulence genes were associated to multiple subtypes of genetic elements differing in mechanisms of transmission and evolutionary histories. Evidence is consistent with few ancient acquisition events followed by recurrent loss or swaps of elements carrying Thaxtomin A-associated genes. Subtypes of another genetic element implicated in virulence are more distributed across Streptomyces. However, neither the subtype classification of genetic elements containing virulence genes nor taxonomic identity was predictive of pathogenicity on potato. Last, findings suggested that phytopathogenic strains are generally endemic to potato fields and some lineages were established by historical spread and further dispersed by few recent transmission events. Results from a hierarchical and system-wide characterization refine our understanding by revealing multiple mechanisms that gene and bacterial dispersion have had on shaping the evolution of a Gram-positive pathogen in agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Weisberg
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Emma Pearce
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Charles G Kramer
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Jeff H Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Christopher R Clarke
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
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Cao J, Wang Z, Wu J, Zhao P, Li C, Li X, Liu L, Zhao Y, Zhong N. Phosphorus accumulation aggravates potato common scab and to be controlled by phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2316-2320. [PMID: 37739845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Microbial Technology of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Microbial Technology of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiahe Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Microbial Technology of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Microbial Technology of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The Enterprise Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Potato Fertilizer and Pesticide, Hulunbuir 021000, China
| | - Chengchen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Microbial Technology of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yonglong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Microbial Technology of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Naiqin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Microbial Technology of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The Enterprise Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Potato Fertilizer and Pesticide, Hulunbuir 021000, China.
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Schuntermann DB, Fischer JT, Bile J, Gaier SA, Shelley BA, Awawdeh A, Jahn M, Hoffman KS, Westhof E, Söll D, Clarke CR, Vargas-Rodriguez O. Mistranslation of the genetic code by a new family of bacterial transfer RNAs. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104852. [PMID: 37224963 PMCID: PMC10404621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The correct coupling of amino acids with transfer RNAs (tRNAs) is vital for translating genetic information into functional proteins. Errors during this process lead to mistranslation, where a codon is translated using the wrong amino acid. While unregulated and prolonged mistranslation is often toxic, growing evidence suggests that organisms, from bacteria to humans, can induce and use mistranslation as a mechanism to overcome unfavorable environmental conditions. Most known cases of mistranslation are caused by translation factors with poor substrate specificity or when substrate discrimination is sensitive to molecular changes such as mutations or posttranslational modifications. Here we report two novel families of tRNAs, encoded by bacteria from the Streptomyces and Kitasatospora genera, that adopted dual identities by integrating the anticodons AUU (for Asn) or AGU (for Thr) into the structure of a distinct proline tRNA. These tRNAs are typically encoded next to a full-length or truncated version of a distinct isoform of bacterial-type prolyl-tRNA synthetase. Using two protein reporters, we showed that these tRNAs translate asparagine and threonine codons with proline. Moreover, when expressed in Escherichia coli, the tRNAs cause varying growth defects due to global Asn-to-Pro and Thr-to-Pro mutations. Yet, proteome-wide substitutions of Asn with Pro induced by tRNA expression increased cell tolerance to the antibiotic carbenicillin, indicating that Pro mistranslation can be beneficial under certain conditions. Collectively, our results significantly expand the catalog of organisms known to possess dedicated mistranslation machinery and support the concept that mistranslation is a mechanism for cellular resiliency against environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik B Schuntermann
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jonathan T Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jonmatthew Bile
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sarah A Gaier
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brett A Shelley
- Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Lab, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Aya Awawdeh
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martina Jahn
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Eric Westhof
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dieter Söll
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Christopher R Clarke
- Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Lab, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Oscar Vargas-Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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7
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Role of Alternative Elicitor Transporters in the Onset of Plant Host Colonization by Streptomyces scabiei 87-22. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020234. [PMID: 36829511 PMCID: PMC9953190 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant colonization by Streptomyces scabiei, the main cause of common scab disease on root and tuber crops, is triggered by cello-oligosaccharides, cellotriose being the most efficient elicitor. The import of cello-oligosaccharides via the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter CebEFG-MsiK induces the production of thaxtomin phytotoxins, the central virulence determinants of this species, as well as many other metabolites that compose the 'virulome' of S. scabiei. Homology searches revealed paralogues of the CebEFG proteins, encoded by the cebEFG2 cluster, while another ABC-type transporter, PitEFG, is encoded on the pathogenicity island (PAI). We investigated the gene expression of these candidate alternative elicitor importers in S. scabiei 87-22 upon cello-oligosaccharide supply by transcriptomic analysis, which revealed that cebEFG2 expression is highly activated by both cellobiose and cellotriose, while pitEFG expression was barely induced. Accordingly, deletion of pitE had no impact on virulence and thaxtomin production under the conditions tested, while the deletion of cebEFG2 reduced virulence and thaxtomin production, though not as strong as the mutants of the main cello-oligosaccharide transporter cebEFG1. Our results thus suggest that both ceb clusters participate, at different levels, in importing the virulence elicitors, while PitEFG plays no role in this process under the conditions tested. Interestingly, under more complex culture conditions, the addition of cellobiose restored thaxtomin production when both ceb clusters were disabled, suggesting the existence of an additional mechanism that is involved in sensing or importing the elicitor of the onset of the pathogenic lifestyle of S. scabiei.
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Nguyen HP, Shelley BA, Mowery J, Clarke CR. Description of Streptomyces griseiscabiei sp. nov. and reassignment of Streptomyces sp. strain NRRL B-16521 to Streptomyces acidiscabies. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces
strain NRRL B-2795T (DSM 112329T=NRRL B-2795T) is described as the type strain of Streptomyces griseiscabiei sp. nov. using whole-genome average nucleotide identity and multilocus sequence analyses in addition to phenotypic characterization of carbon source utilization, spore chain morphology, melanin production, salt tolerance, pH tolerance, plant pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance. This strain was previously classified as
Streptomyces scabiei
but suggested as a potential novel species. A second
Streptomyces
strain, NRRL B-16521, previously named
Streptomyces scabiei
, and also previously suggested as a potential novel species, is assigned to
Streptomyces acidiscabies
based on whole-genome average nucleotide identity. Morphological and biochemical characterizations also support this designation for NRRL B-16521. Both
Streptomyces
sp. strain NRRL B-2795T and NRRL B-16521 cause common scab on multiple cultivars of potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien P. Nguyen
- Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Lab, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Brett A. Shelley
- Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Lab, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Joseph Mowery
- Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA , Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Christopher R. Clarke
- Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Lab, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Clarke CR, Kramer CG, Kotha RR, Luthria DL. The Phytotoxin Thaxtomin A Is the Primary Virulence Determinant for Scab Disease of Beet, Carrot, and Radish Caused by Streptomyces scabiei. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2288-2295. [PMID: 35694886 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-22-0072-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several species of Streptomyces cause common scab, a major disease of potato, primarily through the phytotoxic effects of the phytotoxin thaxtomin A. Several phytopathogenic Streptomyces species have also been implicated as the causative agents of scab diseases of taproot crops including beet, carrot, radish, parsnip, and turnip. But the molecular mechanisms employed by Streptomyces to infect these crops is unknown. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that thaxtomin A biosynthesis is also necessary for Streptomyces-caused scab of beet, carrot, radish, and turnip. Thaxtomin A induced plant stunting and cell death of all four of these species. Streptomyces mutants in which the transcriptional regulator of thaxtomin A biosynthesis is disrupted were nonvirulent on all four crops, and complementation of the transcriptional regulator rescued thaxtomin A biosynthesis and plant pathogenicity to wild-type levels. These results demonstrate that thaxtomin A is the primary virulence determinant of scab disease of these other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Clarke
- Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
| | - Charles G Kramer
- Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
| | - Raghavendhar R Kotha
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
| | - Devanand L Luthria
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
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