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Mwanza P, Jukes M, Dealtry G, Lee M, Moore S. Selection for and Analysis of UV-Resistant Cryptophlebia Leucotreta Granulovirus-SA as a Biopesticide for Thaumatotibia leucotreta. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010028. [PMID: 35062232 PMCID: PMC8780862 DOI: 10.3390/v14010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus-SA (CrleGV-SA) is used as a commercial biopesticide for the false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta, in citrus and other crops. The virus is sensitive to UV irradiation from sunlight, which reduces its efficacy as a biopesticide in the field. We selected a UV-resistant CrleGV-SA isolate, with more than a thousand-fold improved virulence compared to the wild-type isolate, measured by comparing LC50 values. CrleGV-SA purified from infected T. leucotreta larvae was exposed to UV irradiation under controlled laboratory conditions in a climate chamber mimicking field conditions. Five cycles of UV exposure, followed by propagating the virus that retained infectivity in vivo with re-exposure to UV, were conducted to isolate and select for UV-resistant virus. Serial dilution bioassays were conducted against neonates after each UV exposure cycle. The concentration-responses of the infectious UV-exposed virus populations were compared by probit analysis with those from previous cycles and from the original CrleGV-SA virus population. NGS sequences of CrleGV-SA samples from UV exposure cycle 1 and cycle 5 were compared with the GenBank CrleGV-SA sequence. Changes in the genomes of infective virus from cycles 1 and 5 generated SNPs thought to be responsible for establishing UV tolerance. Additional SNPs, detected only in the cycle 5 sequence, may enhance UV tolerance and improve the virulence of the UV-tolerant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mwanza
- Department of Physiology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6031, South Africa;
| | - Michael Jukes
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa; (M.J.); (S.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Gill Dealtry
- Department of Physiology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6031, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Lee
- Centre for HRTEM, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6001, South Africa;
| | - Sean Moore
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa; (M.J.); (S.M.)
- Citrus Research International, Gqeberha 6065, South Africa
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Kokusho R, Katsuma S. Loss of p24 from the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus genome results in the formation of cuboidal occlusion bodies. Virology 2021; 559:173-181. [PMID: 33930820 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Some insect viruses produce the occlusion body (OB), a large crystalline particle comprising a viral protein that occludes virions to protect them from harsh environments. The shapes and sizes of OBs are diverse depending on baculovirus species, but the detailed molecular mechanism determining them has yet to be totally clarified yet. Here we generated Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) mutants of the p24 gene that encodes a viral capsid protein and found that p24-mutated BmNPVs produced cuboidal OBs with a slightly larger size than typical truncated octahedral OBs produced by wild-type BmNPVs. Meanwhile, p24 disruption has no significant impact on progeny virus production and viral pathogenicity. In addition, we experimentally demonstrated that a single amino acid substitution found in the P24 protein of the BmNPV Cubic isolate caused cuboidal OB production. These results suggest that p24 has a crucial role in generating the typical shape of OBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Kokusho
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Susumu Katsuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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Appearances are deceptive: Three RNA viruses co-infected with the nucleopolyhedrovirus in host Lymantria dispar. Virus Res 2021; 297:198371. [PMID: 33684420 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The virus infection, which visually looks like typical monoinfection, in fact may hide a great complex of different species. Without detailed analysis, we may miss the important interaction between pathogens, including new species. In the current study, we found the new species inside the mix of cubic and polyhedral occlusion bodies (OBs) isolated from the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Ld). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that into the one cadaver were OBs which belonged to baculovirus and cypoviruses. The baculovirus produced polyhedral OBs, while cypoviruses produced polyhedral and cubic OBs. Genomic analysis detected the multiple Ld nucleopolyhedroviruses, and cypoviruses were Hubei lepidoptera virus 3 and Dendrolimus punctatus cypovirus 1. This represents the first isolation of the Hubei lepidoptera virus 3 from the gypsy moth, proposed as "Lymantria dispar cypovirus 3". The RNAseq analysis also revealed the presence of Lymantria dispar iflavirus 1. The insecticidal activity of the mixed infection was comparable to that of typical baculovirus monoinfection. Thus, we demonstrate that i) the shape of OBs identified by light microscopy cannot be a robust indicator of viral species infecting the host; ii) only specific analysis may reveal the true composition of viral infection.
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Matsuda–Imai N, Katsuma S. Characterization of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus infection in fat body-derived Bombyx mori cultured cells. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 177:107476. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Morphological properties of the occlusion body of Adoxophyes orana granulovirus. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 154:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Krejmer-Rabalska M, Rabalski L, Lobo de Souza M, Moore SD, Szewczyk B. New Method for Differentiation of Granuloviruses (Betabaculoviruses) Based on Multitemperature Single Stranded Conformational Polymorphism. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010083. [PMID: 29283392 PMCID: PMC5796033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculoviruses have been used as biopesticides for decades. Recently, due to the excessive use of chemical pesticides there is a need for finding new agents that may be useful in biological protection. Sometimes few isolates or species are discovered in one host. In the past few years, many new baculovirus species have been isolated from environmental samples, thoroughly characterized and thanks to next generation sequencing methods their genomes are being deposited in the GenBank database. Next generation sequencing (NGS) methodology is the most certain way of detection, but it has many disadvantages. During our studies, we have developed a method based on Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by Multitemperature Single Stranded Conformational Polymorphism (MSSCP) which allows for distinguishing new granulovirus isolates in only a few hours and at low-cost. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis of betabaculoviruses, representative species have been chosen. The alignment of highly conserved genes—granulin and late expression factor-9, was performed and the degenerate primers were designed to amplify the most variable, short DNA fragments flanked with the most conserved sequences. Afterwards, products of PCR reaction were analysed by MSSCP technique. In our opinion, the proposed method may be used for screening of new isolates derived from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Krejmer-Rabalska
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-807 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Lukasz Rabalski
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-807 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Marlinda Lobo de Souza
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estacao Biológica, 70770-900 Brasilia, Brazil.
| | - Sean D Moore
- Citrus Research International (CRI), P.O. Box 20285, Humewood 6013, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Boguslaw Szewczyk
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-807 Gdansk, Poland.
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Akhanaev YB, Belousova IA, Ershov NI, Nakai M, Martemyanov VV, Glupov VV. Comparison of tolerance to sunlight between spatially distant and genetically different strains of Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189992. [PMID: 29261790 PMCID: PMC5738102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculoviruses are a family of insect-specific pathogenic viruses can persist outside for long periods through the formation of occlusion bodies. In spite of this ability, the UV of sunlight is an essential factor that limits the survival of baculoviruses outside the host. In the current study, we compared the UV tolerance of two strains of Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV), which were isolated in spatially different regions (LdMNPV-27/0 in Western Siberia (Russia) and LdMNPV-45/0 in North America (USA)) and dramatically differ in their potency. We exposed the studied strains to sunlight in an open area for 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 hours and later perorally inoculated host larvae with the same doses of virus (5x105) and with doses leading to same effect (LD90). We observed that strain LdMNPV-45/0, which previously showed high virulence against L. dispar larvae, was more sensitive to UV irradiation (estimated as the relative rate of inactivation (r, h -1) and as the half-life of the virus (τ1/2, h)) compared to LdMNPV-27/0. Exposure to sunlight induced a significant delay of LdMNPV-45/0-induced pathogenesis already after 0.25 h of sunlight exposure, while for LdMNPV-27/0 this delay was occurred only after 2 h exposure in spite of used concentrations. We also compared the sequences of the main structural proteins of the studied strains as UV light contributes not only to genome damage in viruses but also to structural protein damage. The most prominent genetic difference between the structural proteins of the strains was related to the loss of the virus enhancin factor-1 (vef-1) gene in the LdMNPV-27/0 strain. Thus initially highly potent viral strain (such as LdMNPV-45/0) is not recommend to use in the regions (or forest stand density) with high UV load. The role of virus enhancin factor-1 in baculovirus tolerance to UV needs for following studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy B. Akhanaev
- Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina A. Belousova
- Laboratory of ecological parasitology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Nikita I. Ershov
- Molecular Genetics Department, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Madoka Nakai
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov
- Laboratory of ecological parasitology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Biological Institute, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Viktor V. Glupov
- Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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