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Miao X, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Chang S, Zhao P, Wang Y. Establishment of an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting avian reticuloendotheliosis virus. J Virol Methods 2022; 302:114476. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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2
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Li M, Wang P, Li Q, Deng Q, Shi M, Mo M, Wei T, Huang T, Wei P. Reemergence of reticuloendotheliosis virus and Marek's disease virus co-infection in Yellow-Chickens in Southern China. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101099. [PMID: 34174570 PMCID: PMC8242061 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) and the Marek's disease virus (MDV) cause reticuloendotheliosis (RE) and Marek's disease (MD) in poultry, respectively. According to epidemiological results obtained in our laboratory from 2010 to 2017, the positive rates of REV and MDV co-infection remained at low levels. In the present study, during the period of October 2018 to July 2020, 4 clinical cases with high morbidity (5%-20%) and mortality (2%-10%), caused by the co-infection of REV and vv+ MDV-like strains, were diagnosed and analyzed by histopathological observation, cell cultures and detection with ELISA and IFA, and the PCR and by sequencing of the isolates’ genes. Sequencing and the sequence analysis on the complete genomes of the REV strains and the meq genes of the MDV strains were performed. The results, based on the complete genome, LTR, gag, pol, and env genes’ nucleotide sequences of the REV strains, showed that the REV isolates and 68.0 % (17/25) of the reference strains were in a same branch, and all had a high sequence similarity (>99.0%). The similarities between the four isolates and a vv+MDV strain GX18NNM4 were very high, up to 99.3-99.8%. Also, the amino acid residuals at locations 71, 77, 80, 115, 139, 176, and 217 were all the same as A, E, Y, A, A, R, and A, respectively, in the meq gene of the four MDV isolates. In addition, the substitutes at P176R and P217A interrupted the stretches of the proline-rich repeat PPPP, indicating that these strains belonged to the vv+ MDV-like category. Our findings indicated that the more recent and frequent reemergence of REV and the subsequent co-infection with vv+ MDV-like strain has become one of the causes of the clinical outbreaks of tumors and is undoubtedly a threat to the poultry industry in southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Peikun Wang
- Institute of Microbe and Host Health, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong 276005, China
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Qiaomu Deng
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Mengya Shi
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Meilan Mo
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Tianchao Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Teng Huang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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3
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An optimized secretory expression system and immunogenicity evaluation for glycosylated gp90 of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus. Vet Res 2020; 51:133. [PMID: 33076991 PMCID: PMC7574338 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis is an important immunosuppressive disease, associated with avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) infection, and causes notable economic losses worldwide. Glycoprotein gp90 is an important structural protein of REV, and considered to be the most important immunogenic antigen, which can induce neutralizing antibodies against REV. In this study, an optimized suspension culture system was developed and applied to secretory express the immunogenic surface antigen gp90. To achieve an optimal glycosylation, the gp90 was designed to secretory expressed into the supernatant of the cell culture, which also occurs in the natural protein maturation procedure of REV. Serum-free culture medium was introduced to simplify the purification process and reduce the production costs. Based on the purified glycosylated gp90, an oil-emulsion subunit REV vaccine candidate was developed and evaluated in chickens. The subunit gp90-based vaccine induced fast immune responses, high levels of antibodies (REV-specific antibody, gp90-specific antibody, and neutralizing antibody against REV), and preferential T helper 2 (Th2) (interleukin-4 secretion) not Th1 (interferon-γ secretion) response. Furthermore, the viremia induced by REV infection was significantly reduced in chickens immunized with the glycosylated gp90. Overall, an optimized secretory expression system for glycosylated gp90 was developed, and the glycosylated gp90 obtained in this study retained good immunogenicity and could be an attractive vaccine candidate to protect chickens against REV horizonal infection.
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4
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Chacón RD, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, De la Torre DI, de Sá LRM, Piantino Ferreira AJ. An atypical clinicopathological manifestation of fowlpox virus associated with reticuloendotheliosis virus in commercial laying hen flocks in Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2923-2935. [PMID: 32519513 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fowlpox (FP) is a common epitheliotropic disease in chickens that is usually controlled by live attenuated vaccines. However, there have been some reports of outbreaks of FP in recent years, even in vaccinated flocks, presenting as atypical lesions and feathering abnormalities in chickens. These findings can be associated with fowlpox virus (FPV) with the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) integrated into its genome. In the present study, outbreaks of atypical FP were explored in vaccinated commercial laying hen flocks to determine the nature of the causative agent by histopathologic and molecular approaches. FPV and REV were detected and classified into subclade A1 of the genus Avipoxvirus and subtype 3 of REV (REV3), respectively. Additionally, heterogeneous populations of FPV with partial (containing only a remnant long terminal repeat-LTR) or total (all functional genes) integration of REV were identified by heterologous PCRs and detected considering reference integration sites. These results indicate the mechanism of chimeric genome FPV-REV associated with outbreaks and atypical clinicopathological manifestations in commercial laying hens for the first time in Brazil and in South America. In addition, this study demonstrates the emergence of REV integrated in the FPV genome in Brazilian chicken flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy D Chacón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Inter-units Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - David I De la Torre
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian R M de Sá
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Li K, Liu Y, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Yao Y, Nair V, Liu C, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Qi X, Cui H, Gao L, Wang X. Prevention of Avian Retrovirus Infection in Chickens Using CRISPR-Cas9 Delivered by Marek's Disease Virus. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 21:343-353. [PMID: 32650233 PMCID: PMC7340974 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is an avian retrovirus that causes an oncogenic, immunosuppressive, and runting-stunting syndrome in avian hosts. The co-infection of REV and Marek’s disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic herpesvirus in chickens, further increases disease severity and reduces MDV vaccine efficacy. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system has successfully been used against pathogens in mammalian cells. However, the large size of the CRISPR-Cas9 coding sequences makes its in vivo delivery challenging. Here, following the design of a panel of single-guided RNAs targeting REV, we demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9 can efficiently mediate the editing of the long terminal repeats of REV, resulting in the inhibition of viral protein expression. The CRISPR-Cas9 system disrupts the integrated proviral genome and provides defense against new viral infection and replication in chicken cells. Moreover, by constructing recombinant MDV carrying CRISPR-Cas9 components using an attenuated MDV vaccine strain as the vector, we efficiently delivered the CRISPR-Cas9 system into chickens, and the MDV-delivered CRISPR-Cas9 drastically reduced REV viral load and significantly diminished REV-associated symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first study establishing avian retrovirus resistance in chickens utilizing herpesvirus-delivered CRISPR-Cas9, which provides a novel and effective strategy against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Zengkun Xu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Changjun Liu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Li Gao
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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6
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Wang Q, Hu H, Chen G, Liu H, Wang S, Xia D, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Ma J, Xu Y, Xu Z, Ou C, Liu X. Identification and assessment of pathogenicity of a naturally reassorted infectious bursal disease virus from Henan, China. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6433-6444. [PMID: 31504884 PMCID: PMC8913969 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is still a vital etiological agent in poultry farms. IBDV outbreaks occasionally occur due to the presence of very virulent, reassortment or variant strains. Vaccine immunization has played crucial roles in IBD control for decades. However, survival pressure of IBDV from the vaccine immunization also increases the reassortments of circulating viruses. In this study, an IBDV strain was isolated from several broiler farms in Henan Province, central part of China, and named IBDV HN strain. Based on the results of RT-PCR, sequencing and phylogenic analyses of VP1 and VP2 genes, the IBDV HN strain is a novel reassortment strain in the Henan region. Segment A of this strain appears to originate from the very virulent IBDV strain, while segment B comes from the other field reassortment strains. This may be the result of natural reassortant of virus circulating in the field. About 60% (6/10) of experimentally infected specific pathogen-free chickens died after 3 to 5 d post-infection with typical symptom and pathological lesions. The IBDV HN strain was prone to horizontal transmission, which poses a serious threat to the chicken industry. Further investigation on the prevalence, virulence, and evolution of HN strain IBDV will provide a foundation for the prevention and control of the disease in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Wang
- Postdoctoral Research and Development Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Huilong Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Guangli Chen
- Xinxiang Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Hailin Liu
- Xinxiang Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Dasong Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Jinqing Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Jinyou Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Yanzhao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Changbo Ou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xingyou Liu
- Postdoctoral Research and Development Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
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7
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Xu A, Huo C, Zhong Q, Xu M, Yang Y, Tian H, Zhang G, Hu Y. Isolation and pathogenicity testing of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus from layer chickens in China. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:389-393. [PMID: 32233842 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720914881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) can cause runting, immunosuppression, acute reticulum cell neoplasia, and chronic lymphoid tumors in a variety of domestic and wild birds. We diagnosed a case of reticuloendotheliosis with obvious tumors in liver and kidney. We isolated and sequenced the virus and performed pathogenicity testing of the REV strain. Immunohistochemistry and PCR confirmed that the diseased layer chickens were infected with REV. The strain, named BJ1503, was successfully isolated from the case by inoculation of tissue homogenates onto chicken embryo fibroblasts. The length of the proviral REV genome is 8,293 nucleotides. The isolate had 99.7% identity with REV-HA9901 (AY842951.1), which was isolated from Jiangsu, China, in 1999. The chickens infected with REV-BJ1503 had depressed weight gain and lymphoid atrophy. Our findings suggest that REV isolate BJ1503 was phylogenetically close to the earlier strain found in China, with minor variations, and the virus was associated with severe production problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine (A. Xu, Huo, Zhong, Tian, Zhang, Hu).,Diagnostic & Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases (M. Xu, Zhang, Hu).,China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China (Yang)
| | - Caiyun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine (A. Xu, Huo, Zhong, Tian, Zhang, Hu).,Diagnostic & Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases (M. Xu, Zhang, Hu).,China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China (Yang)
| | - Qi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine (A. Xu, Huo, Zhong, Tian, Zhang, Hu).,Diagnostic & Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases (M. Xu, Zhang, Hu).,China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China (Yang)
| | - Meiyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine (A. Xu, Huo, Zhong, Tian, Zhang, Hu).,Diagnostic & Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases (M. Xu, Zhang, Hu).,China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China (Yang)
| | - Yurong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine (A. Xu, Huo, Zhong, Tian, Zhang, Hu).,Diagnostic & Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases (M. Xu, Zhang, Hu).,China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China (Yang)
| | - Haiyan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine (A. Xu, Huo, Zhong, Tian, Zhang, Hu).,Diagnostic & Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases (M. Xu, Zhang, Hu).,China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China (Yang)
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine (A. Xu, Huo, Zhong, Tian, Zhang, Hu).,Diagnostic & Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases (M. Xu, Zhang, Hu).,China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China (Yang)
| | - Yanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine (A. Xu, Huo, Zhong, Tian, Zhang, Hu).,Diagnostic & Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases (M. Xu, Zhang, Hu).,China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China (Yang)
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8
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Detection and Molecular Characterization of a Natural Coinfection of Marek's Disease Virus and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus in Brazilian Backyard Chicken Flock. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040092. [PMID: 31756886 PMCID: PMC6958383 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) and the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) are two of the primary oncogenic viruses that significantly affect chickens. In Brazil, there have been no previous published reports on the presence of field REV alone or in coinfection. This retrospective study analyzes samples from a case of lymphoproliferative lesions from a backyard chicken flock. MDV and REV were detected by PCR and classified as MDV1 and REV3, respectively, through sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on the glycoprotein B (gB) genes for MDV and the polymerase (pol) and envelope (env) genes for REV. Real-time PCR reactions were performed for MDV to rule out the presence of the Rispens vaccine strain. This is the first report of the presence of REV in coinfection with a MDV clinical case in Brazil and the first molecular characterization of REV in South America. This study highlights the importance of molecular diagnosis for REV and MDV in poultry. In addition, this study highlights the distribution of these two viruses worldwide and the latent risk of them solely or in coinfection to this part of the world.
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9
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Thontiravong A, Wannaratana S, Sasipreeyajan J. Genetic characterization of reticuloendotheliosis virus in chickens in Thailand. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2432-2438. [PMID: 30668827 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) causes an immunosuppressive, runting, and oncogenic disease in poultry, posing a significant threat to the poultry industry. In Thailand, an unidentified disease associated with runting-stunting syndrome and neoplasia, resembling REV infection, has been continuously observed in several chicken farms. However, REV infection in Thailand has never been reported. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and genetic characteristics of REVs in chickens in Thailand from 2013 to 2016. Of the 130 clinical samples obtained from 29 chicken farms from 9 provinces located in the major chicken-raising regions of Thailand, including the central, eastern, northern, and northeastern parts of Thailand, 51 samples (39.23%) and 21 farms (72.41%) were REV-positive. REV-positive samples were detected in all 9 provinces tested. Our results demonstrated that REV was extensively distributed in the major chicken-raising regions of Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome sequence showed that Thai REV was most closely related to Chinese, Taiwanese, and the US REV strains isolated from different avian species and clustered into REV subtype III. This finding indicates that REV subtype III was predominantly circulated in Thai chicken flocks. This study is the first report on REV infection in chickens in Thailand. Our findings raise the awareness of REV as another causative agent of runting and oncogenic disease in chickens in Thailand and highlight the wide distribution of REV infection among chickens worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suwarak Wannaratana
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-Ok, Chonburi 20110, Thailand
| | - Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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10
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A New Strategy for the Detection of Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus Contamination in Attenuated Live Vaccine by Droplet Digital PCR. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2750472. [PMID: 31223613 PMCID: PMC6541982 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2750472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) causes the atrophy of bone marrow hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues in chicks, leading to huge economic losses all over the world. The using of attenuated vaccine contaminated with CIAV increased the mortality and the pathogenicity of other diseases in many farms. However, it is difficult to detect the CIAV contamination by general detection technology due to the extremely low dose of CIAV in vaccines. In this study, we established a new method called droplet digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (ddPCR) to detect CIAV contamination of vaccines more sensitively and accurately. The lowest detection limitation of this method is 2.4 copies of CIAV plasmid or CIAV contamination at 0.1 EID50/1000 feathers in vaccines without any positive signals of other viruses. Besides, the sensitivity of ddPCR is 100 times greater than that of conventional PCR and 10 times greater than that of real-time PCR. The ddPCR technique is more sensitive and more intuitive. Therefore, it could be valuable for the detection of CIAV contamination in vaccines.
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11
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Su Q, Wang T, Meng F, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Synergetic pathogenicity of Newcastle disease vaccines LaSota strain and contaminated chicken infectious anemia virus. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1985-1992. [PMID: 30566627 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-attenuated vaccine has been widely used to prevent ND in poultry flocks, while many reports also mentioned the exogenous virus contamination in attenuated vaccines, which might be the reason for the widespread of some contagious diseases. Recently, the chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) contamination in the NDV-attenuated vaccine was also found in China, though no systemic study has studied the pathogenicity or infection mechanism of this special transmission route. Accordingly, simulation experiments were launched using CIAV isolated from a contaminated NDV-attenuated vaccine. Results showed that using NDV-attenuated vaccine contaminated with CIAV could cause CIA in chickens with obvious symptoms, including anemia, hemorrhage, lymphoatrophy, and growth retardation, while the synergistic reaction of CIAV and LaSota prompted their multiplication in vivo and disturbed the production of antibodies against each other. And CIAV could significantly reduce the NDV antibody titers and decrease the protective effectiveness. This study showed the synergetic pathogenicity of CIAV and LaSota strain after using contaminated NDV-attenuated vaccine, helping us to understand how the CIAV causes infection and induces severe diseases with a relatively low dose through the mouth, as well as reminding us that the damage of an attenuated vaccine contaminated with CIAV even in extremely low dose is not insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Taían, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Taían, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Taían, Shandong, China
| | - Tuanjie Wang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Fanfeng Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Taían, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Taían, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Taían, Shandong, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Taían, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Taían, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Taían, Shandong, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Taían, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Taían, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Taían, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Taían, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Taían, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Taían, Shandong, China
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12
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Su Q, Meng F, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Chicken infectious anemia virus helps fowl adenovirus break the protection of maternal antibody and cause inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome in layers after using co-contaminated Newcastle disease virus-attenuated vaccine. Poult Sci 2019; 98:621-628. [PMID: 30358862 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS) caused by fowl adenovirus type 4 (FAdV-4) has caused huge economic losses for China in the past five years. At present, this disease is controlled in many flocks with the inactivated FAdV vaccine, but the offspring chicks of a layer breeding flock that were vaccinated with this vaccine still became infected and developed IBH-HPS with a 20% mortality rate. Analysis revealed that the NDV-attenuated vaccine in use from the above-mentioned poultry farm was simultaneously contaminated with FAdV-4 and chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV). The FAdV and CIAV isolated from the vaccine were purified for the artificial preparation of an NDV-attenuated vaccine singly contaminated with FAdV or CIAV, or simultaneously contaminated with both of them. Seven-day-old layers with maternal FAdV antibody were inoculated with the artificially prepared, contaminated vaccines and assessed for corresponding indices. The experiments showed that no obvious symptoms occurred after using the NDV-attenuated vaccine singly contaminated with FAdV or CIAV; however, common IBH and occasional HPS-related death was found in birds after administering the NDV-attenuated vaccine co-contaminated with FAdV and CIAV. In conclusion, this study illustrated that CIAV could assist FAdV in breaking maternal FAdV antibody protection, which then caused the IBH-HPS after vaccination with the co-contaminated NDV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - F Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Y Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Y Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Z Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Z Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - S Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - P Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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13
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Su Q, Liu X, Li Y, Meng F, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. The intracorporal interaction of fowl adenovirus type 4 and LaSota strain significantly aggravates the pathogenicity of one another after using contaminated Newcastle disease virus-attenuated vaccine. Poult Sci 2019; 98:613-620. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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14
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Cong F, Zhu Y, Wang J, Lian Y, Liu X, Xiao L, Huang R, Zhang Y, Chen M, Guo P. A multiplex xTAG assay for the simultaneous detection of five chicken immunosuppressive viruses. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:347. [PMID: 30442149 PMCID: PMC6238339 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chicken anemia virus (CAV), avian reovirus (ARV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Marek’s disease virus (MDV) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) all cause immunosuppressive disease in birds through vertical or horizontal transmission. Mixed infections with these immunosuppressive pathogens lead to atypical clinical signs and obstruct accurate diagnoses and epidemiological investigations. Therefore, it is essential to develop a high-throughput assay for the simultaneous detection of these immunosuppressive viruses with high specificity and sensitivity. The aim of this study was to establish a novel method using a RT-PCR assay combined with fluorescence labeled polystyrene bead microarray (multiplex xTAG assay) to detect single or mixed viral infections. Results The results showed that the established xTAG assay had no nonspecific reactions with avian influenza virus (AIV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). The limit of detection was 1.0 × 103 copies/μL for IBDV and 1.0 × 102copies/μL for the other four viruses. Ninety field samples were tested and the results were confirmed using conventional RT-PCR methods. The detection results of these two methods were 100% consistent. The established multiplex xTAG assay allows a high throughput and simultaneous detection of five chicken immunosuppressive viruses. Conclusion The multiplex xTAG assay has been showed to be an additional tool for molecular epidemiology studies of five chicken immunosuppressive viruses in the poultry industry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1663-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cong
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China
| | - Yujun Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China
| | - Yuexiao Lian
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiangnan Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China
| | - Ren Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China
| | - Meili Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China.
| | - Pengju Guo
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China.
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15
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Dong G, Meng F, Zhang Y, Cui Z, Lidan H, Chang S, Zhao P. Development and evaluation of a droplet digital PCR assay for the detection of fowl adenovirus serotypes 4 and 10 in attenuated vaccines. J Virol Methods 2018; 265:59-65. [PMID: 30222990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in reported cases of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) in chickens in China. The use of live attenuated vaccines contaminated with FAdV-4 has been proved to be one of the important causes of massive outbreaks of hydropericardium syndrome. To detect the contamination with FAdV-4 in attenuated vaccines more promptly and accurately, a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay was developed for the rapid detection of FAdV-4 and FAdV-10. The ability of this assay to detect FAdV-4 contamination in attenuated Newcastle disease virus vaccines was assessed in comparison to a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and a conventional PCR assay. The findings indicated that the ddPCR assay could detect FAdV-4 contamination at 0.1 EID50/1,000 feathers, while the qPCR could detect FAdV-4 contamination at 1 EID50/1,000 feathers with identical genomic targets, which was 1,000-fold more sensitive than conventional PCR detection with a sensitivity of 102 EID50/1,000 feathers. The ddPCR assay also showed high specificity for FAdV-4/10 and no positive signals were detected for other FAdVs. Consequently, the intuitive and rapid results were especially suitable for the detection of FAdV-4 contamination in vaccines. In this study, a ddPCR assay was developed to effectively detect and quantify low-dose FAdV-4 contamination, providing a new method for rapid detection of FAdV-4 contamination in various samples, especially vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwei Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Fanfeng Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Beijing Dafaun Poultry Breeding Company Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yubiao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Hou Lidan
- China Insititute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China.
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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16
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Su Q, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Meng F, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Newcastle disease virus-attenuated vaccine LaSota played a key role in the pathogenicity of contaminated exogenous virus. Vet Res 2018; 49:80. [PMID: 30081944 PMCID: PMC6080498 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-attenuated vaccine has been widely used since the 1950s and made great progress in preventing and controlling Newcastle disease. However, many reports mention exogenous virus contamination in attenuated vaccines, while co-contamination with fowl adenovirus (FAdV) and chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) in the NDV-attenuated vaccine also emerged in China recently, which proved to be an important reason for the outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis–hydropericardium syndrome in some flocks. It is amazing that exogenous virus contamination at extremely low doses still infected chickens and induced severe disease; thus, we speculated that there must be some interaction between the NDV-attenuated vaccine and the contaminated exogenous viruses within. Accordingly, simulation experiments were launched using FAdV and CIAV isolated from the abovementioned vaccine. The results showed that the pathogenicity of FAdV and CIAV co-infection through the contaminated vaccine was significantly higher than that of direct oral infection, while the synergistic reaction of these viruses and LaSota prompted their multiplication in vivo and disturbed the production of antibodies against each other. This study showed the interactions of FAdV, CIAV and LaSota after using contaminated NDV-attenuated vaccine, helping us to understand how the contaminated exogenous viruses cause infection and induce severe disease at a relatively low dose through the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Street, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Fanfeng Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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17
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Su Q, Li Y, Meng F, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Newcastle disease virus-attenuated vaccine co-contaminated with fowl adenovirus and chicken infectious anemia virus results in inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome in poultry. Vet Microbiol 2018; 218:52-59. [PMID: 29685221 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS) induced by fowl adenovirus type 4 (FAdV-4) has caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry of China, but the source of infection for different flocks, especially flocks with high biological safety conditions, has remained unclear. This study tested the pathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-attenuated vaccine from a large-scale poultry farm in China where IBH-HPS had appeared with high mortality. Analysis revealed that the NDV-attenuated vaccine in use from the abovementioned poultry farm was simultaneously contaminated with FAdV-4 and chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV). The FAdV and CIAV isolated from the vaccine were purified for the artificial preparation of an NDV-attenuated vaccine singly contaminated with FAdV or CIAV, or simultaneously contaminated with both of them. Seven-day-old specific pathogen-free chicks were inoculated with the artificially prepared contaminated vaccines and tested for corresponding indices. The experiments showed that no hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) and corresponding death occurred after administering the NDV-attenuated vaccine singly contaminated with FAdV or CIAV, but a mortality of 75% with IBH-HPS was commonly found in birds after administering the NDV-attenuated vaccine co-contaminated with FAdV and CIAV. In conclusion, this study found the co-contamination of FAdV-4 and CIAV in the same attenuated vaccine and confirmed that such a contaminated attenuated vaccine was a significant source of infection for outbreaks of IBH-HPS in some flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Yang Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Street, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Fanfeng Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
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18
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Ren Z, Meng F, Li Q, Wang Y, Liu X, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Protection induced by a gp90 protein-based vaccine derived from a Reticuloendotheliosis virus strain isolated from a contaminated IBD vaccine. Virol J 2018. [PMID: 29530099 PMCID: PMC5848573 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reticuloendotheliosis is an immunosuppressive disease caused by avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). It is commonly found in poultry farms and has caused a notable economic loss worldwide. Despite this, there is currently no effective vaccine available to protect against REV infection. Method In this study, gp90 protein derived from an REV isolated from a contaminated vaccine was co-administered with cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) adjuvant to hens to determine if it protects their chicks against REV infection. To synthesize the gp90 protein, the gp90 gene was amplified using polymerase chain reaction, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified. The resulting recombinant protein was injected intramuscularly into breeder hens along with CpG-ODN adjuvant and then serum antibody levels were regularly evaluated. After the fertilized eggs from these vaccinated hens had hatched, the resulting chicks were challenged with a 102.7 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) of REV at 1 day old and the REV antibody levels in these hatched chickens were evaluated before and after the challenge. Viremia and growth rate were measured weekly and statistically analyzed. Results The results suggest that the gp90 recombinant protein was successfully prepared and, when used with CpG-ODN adjuvant to immunize breeder hens, induced serological antibody production against REV in both hens and their hatched chicks. In addition, the maternal antibodies induced by the gp90 protein vaccine effectively protected majority of the chicks from REV infection. Conclusions Overall, we found the gp90 protein obtained in this study may be a potential vaccine candidate that had good immunogenicity and could be an auxiliary measure to accelerate the eradication of REV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Fanfeng Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuchen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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19
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Bi Y, Xu L, Qiu L, Wang S, Liu X, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Chang G, Chen G. Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Inhibits the Immune Response Acting on Lymphocytes from Peripheral Blood of Chicken. Front Physiol 2018; 9:4. [PMID: 29410628 PMCID: PMC5787092 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) causes the atrophy of immune organs and immuno-suppression. The pathogenic mechanisms of REV are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to use RNA sequencing to analyse the effect of REV on immunity and cell proliferation in chicken lymphocytes from peripheral blood in vitro. Overall, 2977 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were examined from cells between infected with REV or no; 56 DEGs related to cell proliferation and 130 DEGs related to immunity were identified. MTT, Q-PCR, and FCM indicated that REV reduced the number of lymphocytes by inhibiting the transition of S/G1 phase through FOXO and p53 pathways. Similarly, REV infection would destroy the immune defense of lymphocytes through MAPK-AP1 via Toll-like receptor-, NOD-like receptor-, and salmonella infection pathways to reduce the secretion of IL8 and IL18. In addition, the reduction of lymphocytes also might be responsible for the lower levels of IL8 and IL18, and the rescue of lymphocytes would been activated still through FOXO and p53 pathways. Moreover, the immune response for REV in lymphocytes would activate by up-regulating the expression of NOD1, MYD88, and AP1 through Toll-like receptor-/NOD-like receptor/salmonella-MAPK-AP1 pathways. These results indicate that REV could affect lymphocytes from peripheral blood by inhibit the cell proliferation and the immune system. It also was revealed that NOD1, MYD88, and AP1 were the key genes to activate the immune response through Toll-like receptor-/NOD-like receptor/salmonella-MAPK-AP1 pathways. These findings establish the groundwork and provide new clues for deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying REV infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Bi
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Qiu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Liu
- Department of Poultry Genetics and Breeding, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guobin Chang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guohong Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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20
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Su Q, Li Y, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. The experimental transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus by cock semen. J Gen Virol 2017; 99:253-257. [PMID: 29256850 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following artificial insemination, the egg-laying rate of a large-scale breeder chicken flock declined by10-15 %. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis detected the presence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) in semen from the breeder cocks used. Six REV strains were successfully isolated from semen randomly extracted from those cocks. Additionally, the whole sequence of SDAUR-S1 was sequenced and analysed. Cock models with continuous production of REV-positive semen were established by intravenous injection with SDAUR-S1. Eggs were then collected from hens after artificial insemination with REV-positive semen, for virus detection. The positive REV antibody rate for egg albumen was 58.3 % and the REV-positive rate for hatched embryos was 8.3 %, which suggested not only that REV can infect cock semen, but can also infect the offspring. In conclusion, the present study is the first to report on the isolation, genome analysis and transmission of REV in cock semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, PR China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China
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21
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Yang Y, Zhao J, Ma Z, Xu M, Xue J, Zhang G. Serological survey of Reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in chickens in China in 2005 to 2015. Poult Sci 2017; 96:3893-3895. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Sun GR, Zhang YP, Zhou LY, Lv HC, Zhang F, Li K, Gao YL, Qi XL, Cui HY, Wang YQ, Gao L, Pan Q, Wang XM, Liu CJ. Co-Infection with Marek's Disease Virus and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Increases Illness Severity and Reduces Marek's Disease Vaccine Efficacy. Viruses 2017; 9:E158. [PMID: 28635675 PMCID: PMC5490833 DOI: 10.3390/v9060158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) cause Marek's disease (MD) and reticuloendotheliosis (RE), respectively. Co-infection with MDV and REV is common in chickens, causing serious losses to the poultry industry. However, experimental studies of such co-infection are lacking. In this study, Chinese field strains of MDV (ZW/15) and REV (JLR1501) were used as challenge viruses to evaluate the pathogenicity of co-infection and the influence of MD vaccination in chickens. Compared to the MDV-challenged group, the mortality and tumor rates increased significantly by 20.0% (76.7 to 96.7%) and 26.7% (53.3 to 80.0%), in the co-challenged group, respectively. The protective index of the MD vaccines CVI988 and 814 decreased by 33.3 (80.0 to 47.7) and 13.3 (90.0 to 76.7), respectively. These results indicated that MDV and REV co-infection significantly increased disease severity and reduced the vaccine efficacy. The MDV genome load showed no difference in the feather pulps and spleen, and pathogenicity-related MDV gene expression (meq, pp38, vIL-8, and ICP4) in the spleen significantly increased at some time points in the co-challenged group. Clearly, synergistic pathogenicity occurred between MDV and REV, and the protective efficacy of existing MD vaccines was attenuated by co-infection with Chinese field MDV and REV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Rong Sun
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Yan-Ping Zhang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Lin-Yi Zhou
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Hong-Chao Lv
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Yu-Long Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Xiao-Le Qi
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Hong-Yu Cui
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Qing Pan
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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