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Dimitriadis K, Katelani S, Pappa M, Fragkoulis GE, Androutsakos T. The Role of Interleukins in HBV Infection: A Narrative Review. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1675. [PMID: 38138902 PMCID: PMC10744424 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide medical issue with significant morbidity and mortality, as it is the main cause of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Both innate and adaptive immune responses play a key role in HBV replication and suppression. Recently, the pathophysiological function of interleukins (IL) in the natural course of HBV has gained much attention as a result of the broad use of anti-interleukin agents for a variety of autoimmune diseases and the accompanying risk of HBV reactivation. We present a narrative review regarding the role of IL in HBV infection. Collectively, the pro-inflammatory ILs, namely IL-1, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-21, seem to play a critical role in the suppression of HBV replication. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-23 and IL-35 probably act as HBV replication enhancers, while IL-17 has been correlated with HBV-related liver injury. Interestingly enough, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-12 have been tried as therapeutic options against HBV infection with contradictory results. Lastly, the role of IL-22 remains largely ill defined, although preliminary data suggest that it may play a significant role in HBV replication, proliferation and subsequent liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Dimitriadis
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Stamatia Katelani
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Maria Pappa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Propaedeutic Clinic, “Laiko” Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (G.E.F.)
| | - George E. Fragkoulis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Propaedeutic Clinic, “Laiko” Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (G.E.F.)
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Theodoros Androutsakos
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.D.); (S.K.)
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2
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Mahfooz NS, Merling MR, Claeys TA, Dowling JW, Forero A, Robinson RT. Human IL-35 Inhibits the Bioactivity of IL-12 and Its Interaction with IL-12Rβ2. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:431-441. [PMID: 37289499 PMCID: PMC10580122 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-35 is an immunosuppressive cytokine with roles in cancer, autoimmunity, and infectious disease. In the conventional model of IL-35 biology, the p35 and Ebi3 domains of this cytokine interact with IL-12Rβ2 and gp130, respectively, on the cell surface of regulatory T and regulatory B cells, triggering their suppression of Th cell activity. Here we use a human IL-12 bioactivity reporter cell line, protein binding assays, and primary human Th cells to demonstrate an additional mechanism by which IL-35 suppresses Th cell activity, wherein IL-35 directly inhibits the association of IL-12 with its surface receptor IL-12Rβ2 and downstream IL-12-dependent activities. IL-12 binding to the surface receptor IL-12Rβ1 was unaffected by IL-35. These data demonstrate that in addition to acting via regulatory T and regulatory B cells, human IL-35 can also directly suppress IL-12 bioactivity and its interaction with IL-12Rβ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmus S. Mahfooz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Marlena R. Merling
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Tiffany A. Claeys
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jack W. Dowling
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Richard T. Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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3
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Zysk W, Gleń J, Trzeciak M. Current Insight into the Role of IL-35 and Its Potential Involvement in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415709. [PMID: 36555351 PMCID: PMC9779445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 35 (IL-35), a new member of the IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines, could induce two different types of regulatory cells including regulatory T and B cells such as IL-35-induced regulatory T cells and IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (IL-10+Bregs), and IL-35-producing regulatory B cells (IL-35+Bregs). These cells appear to play an important role in modulating the immune system in numerous diseases. Several findings suggested that the expression of IL-35 is dysregulated in many autoimmune, inflammatory, and allergic diseases. Due to the functions of IL-35, it seems that this cytokine may act as an efficient therapeutic strategy for numerous conditions including atopic dermatitis (AD). We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of IL-35 in modulating the immune system. Additionally, we highlight IL-35 as a specific immunological target, discuss its possible involvement in the pathogenesis of AD, and hypothesize that IL-35 may become a novel target for the treatment of AD. However, further studies are required to evaluate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Zysk
- Dermatological Students Scientific Association, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Gleń
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Trzeciak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-584-40-10
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4
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Zhong S, Zhang T, Tang L, Li Y. Cytokines and Chemokines in HBV Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:805625. [PMID: 34926586 PMCID: PMC8674621 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.805625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a leading cause of hepatic inflammation and damage. The pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is predominantly mediated by persistent intrahepatic immunopathology. With the characterization of unique anatomical and immunological structure, the liver is also deemed an immunological organ, which gives rise to massive cytokines and chemokines under pathogenesis conditions, having significant implications for the progression of HBV infection. The intrahepatic innate immune system is responsible for the formidable source of cytokines and chemokines, with the latter also derived from hepatic parenchymal cells. In addition, systemic cytokines and chemokines are disturbed along with the disease course. Since HBV is a stealth virus, persistent exposure to HBV-related antigens confers to immune exhaustion, whereby regulatory cells are recruited by intrahepatic chemokines and cytokines, including interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor β, are involved in such series of causal events. Although the considerable value of two types of available approved treatment, interferons and nucleos(t)ide analogues, effectively suppress HBV replication, neither of them is sufficient for optimal restoration of the immunological attrition state to win the battle of the functional or virological cure of CHB infection. Notably, cytokines and chemokines play a crucial role in regulating the immune response. They exert effects by directly acting on HBV or indirectly manipulating target immune cells. As such, specific cytokines and chemokines, with a potential possibility to serve as novel immunological interventions, combined with those that target the virus itself, seem to be promising prospects in curative CHB infection. Here, we systematically review the recent literature that elucidates cytokine and chemokine-mediated pathogenesis and immune exhaustion of HBV infection and their dynamics triggered by current mainstream anti-HBV therapy. The predictive value of disease progression or control and the immunotherapies target of specific major cytokines and chemokines in CHB infection will also be delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Ye C, Yano H, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Interleukin-35: Structure, Function and Its Impact on Immune-Related Diseases. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2021; 41:391-406. [PMID: 34788131 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2021.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses is maintained through immunoregulatory cell populations and immunosuppressive cytokines. Interleukin-35 (IL-35), an inhibitory cytokine that belongs to the IL-12 family, is capable of potently suppressing T cell proliferation and inducing IL-35-producing induced regulatory T cells (iTr35) to limit inflammatory responses. Over the past decade, a growing number of studies have indicated that IL-35 plays an important role in controlling immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancer. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the biology of IL-35 and its contribution in different diseases, and we discuss the potential of and barriers to harnessing IL-35 as a clinical biomarker or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ye
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Tang Y, Ma T, Jia S, Zhang Q, Liu S, Qi L, Yang L. The Mechanism of Interleukin-35 in Chronic Hepatitis B. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:516-524. [PMID: 34233371 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a newly identified inhibitory cytokine. It has recently been found to play an extremely important role in chronic hepatitis B disease, which makes it likely to be a target for new therapies for hepatitis B malady. IL-35 modulates a variety of immune mechanisms to cause persistent viral infections, such as affecting the ratio of helper T cells, reducing the activity of cytotoxic T cells, hindering the antigen presentation capacity for dendritic cells, and increasing the transcription level of hepatitis B virus. On the other hand, IL-35 can control the inflammation caused by hepatitis B liver injury. Therefore, to seek a breakthrough in curing hepatitis B disease, the contradictory part of IL-35 in the occurrence and development of this sickness is worthy of further discussion and research. This article will systematically review the biological effects of IL-35 and the specific mechanisms affecting the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shengnan Jia
- Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Core Medical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Lanlan Yang
- Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Li X, Liu X, Wang W. IL-35: A Novel Immunomodulator in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Liver Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:614847. [PMID: 33777929 PMCID: PMC7990793 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.614847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a risk factor for liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), however, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the progression of HBV-related diseases. It has been well acknowledged that host immune response was closely related to the clinical outcomes of patients with HBV infection. As the factors closely related to the immunomodulatory process, cytokines are crucial in the cell-cell communication and the host responses to HBV infection. Recently, a newly discovered cytokine, designated as interleukin-35 (IL-35), has been proved to be essential for the progression of chronic HBV infection, the development of cirrhosis, the transformation of cirrhosis to HCC, and the metastasis of HCC. Specifically, it showed various biological activities such as inhibiting the HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) proliferation and cytotoxicity, deactivating the immature effector T-cells (Teffs), as well as delaying the proliferation of dendritic cells. It regulated the immune responses by acting as a “brake” on the activation of Teffs, which subsequently played important roles in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases and malignancies. In this review, we focused on the most recent data on the relationship between IL-35 and chronic HBV infection, LC and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefen Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Zhao N, Liu X, Guo H, Zhao X, Qiu Y, Wang W. Interleukin-35: An emerging player in the progression of liver diseases. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2021; 45:101518. [PMID: 33387857 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-35(IL-35), a newly identified immunosuppressive cytokine, has recently been shown to play a significant role in the progression of various autoimmune diseases and malignant tumors. The liver is the largest organ in the body and is generally regarded as an important lymphoid organ by an increasing number of immunologists. A number of reports have demonstrated that IL-35 plays essential roles in maintaining the immune homeostasis of the liver microenvironment. This review summarizes the existing studies of IL-35 in liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, immune liver injury, liver cirrhosis and carcinoma. We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the vital roles of IL-35 in hepatic damage and explore new alternative therapeutic targets for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiangnan Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yujie Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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9
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin-35 subunit genes predict host susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus infection among Iraqi patients. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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10
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Wang H, Xiang Y, Li X, Liu S, Liu L. High lymphocyte‑to‑monocyte ratio is associated with low α‑fetoprotein expression in patients with hepatitis B virus‑associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2673-2684. [PMID: 32945410 PMCID: PMC7453599 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of the peripheral lymphocyte‑to‑monocyte ratio (LMR) with α‑fetoprotein (AFP) status in patients with AFP‑positive and AFP‑negative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been investigated in detail. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between the LMR and AFP status in these patients. The samples were obtained from patients with a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, who were negative for non‑HBV hepatitis viruses and who did not suffer from autoimmune hepatitis. These patients were retrospectively reviewed and the differences of test indicators in the AFP‑negative and AFP‑positive groups were assessed. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression levels of CD4, CD8 and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‑1), and ELISAs were used to analyze the expression levels of interleukin (IL)‑10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β1. In addition, luciferase reporter assays were used to assess binding of the IL‑10 promoter to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene. Receiver operating characteristic curve and Spearman correlation analyses demonstrated that the AFP‑negative HCC group exhibited a higher LMR, lower D‑dimer and lower fibrin degradation products compared with the AFP‑positive HCC group. The cut‑off value of the LMR was 2.01 for AFP detection, with a sensitivity of 68.6% and a specificity of 75%. The high LMR noted in the AFP‑negative HCC group was accompanied by a lower proportion of CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD8‑PD‑1 expression compared with the corresponding levels of these parameters in the AFP‑positive HCC group. Furthermore, the high levels of IL‑10 and low levels of TGF‑β1 were expressed in the AFP‑positive HCC group. The data indicated that the IL‑10‑592 promoter exhibited a potent induction of luciferase activity in 293T cells cotransfected with a GR‑overexpressing vector compared with the control cells. However, the relative luciferase activity was not altered following a mutation or polymorphism in the IL‑10 gene. These results suggested that a high LMR was indicative of low AFP expression in HBV‑associated HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Linxiu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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11
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Guo Y, Cao W, Zhu Y. Immunoregulatory Functions of the IL-12 Family of Cytokines in Antiviral Systems. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090772. [PMID: 31443406 PMCID: PMC6784021 DOI: 10.3390/v11090772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the interleukin 12 (IL-12) family have been known to be inflammatory factors since their discovery. The IL-12 family consists of IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, and a new member, IL-39, which has recently been identified and has not yet been studied extensively. Current literature has described the mechanisms of immunity of these cytokines and potential uses for therapy and medical cures. IL-12 was found first and is effective in combatting a wide range of naturally occurring viral infections through the upregulation of various cytokines to clear the infected cells. IL-23 has an essential function in immune networks, can induce IL-17 production, and can antagonize inhibition from IL-12 in the presence of T helper (Th) 17 cells, resulting in type II IFN (IFN-γ) regulation. IL-27 has a competitive relationship to IL-35 because they both include the same subunit, the Epstein–Barr virus-induced gene3 (EBi3). This review provides a simple introduction to the IL-12 family and focuses on their functions relevant to their actions to counteract viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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12
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Yeh MM, Bosch DE, Daoud SS. Role of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha in gastrointestinal and liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4074-4091. [PMID: 31435165 PMCID: PMC6700705 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i30.4074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4α) is a highly conserved member of nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors that is expressed in liver and gastrointestinal organs (pancreas, stomach, and intestine). In liver, HNF4α is best known for its role as a master regulator of liver-specific gene expression and essential for adult and fetal liver function. Dysregulation of HNF4α expression has been associated with many human diseases such as ulcerative colitis, colon cancer, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the precise role of HNF4α in the etiology of these human pathogenesis is not well understood. Limited information is known about the role of HNF4α isoforms in liver and gastrointestinal disease progression. There is, therefore, a critical need to know how disruption of the expression of these isoforms may impact on disease progression and phenotypes. In this review, we will update our current understanding on the role of HNF4α in human liver and gastrointestinal diseases. We further provide additional information on possible use of HNF4α as a target for potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Dustin E Bosch
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Sayed S Daoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Health Sciences, Spokane, WA 99210, United States
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13
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Teng DK, Liu Y, Lv YF, Wang L, Zhang W, Wang JP, Li Y. Elevated interleukin-35 suppresses liver inflammation by regulation of T helper 17 cells in acute hepatitis B virus infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:252-259. [PMID: 30851705 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-35 is a responsive anti-inflammatory cytokine implicated in different diseases processes. It has been reported that elevated IL-35 contributed to immunosuppression in chronic hepatitis by modulation of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T cells. However, the role of IL-35 in acute hepatitis B (AHB) was still not completely elucidated. Thus, in the present study, we analyzed the expression and regulatory activity of IL-35 to Th17 cells and inflammatory response during acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in both peripheral blood cells isolated from AHB patients and in hydrodynamic induced HBV-infected mouse model. Plasma IL-35 level and circulating HBV peptides-induced Th17 frequency was significantly elevated in AHB patients, and IL-35 expression negatively correlated with liver inflammation. In vitro IL-35 stimulation to CD4+ T cells purified from AHB patients down-regulated HBV peptides-induced Th17-phenotype, which presented as reduced IL-17 and IL-22 production. In vivo IL-35 administration dampened liver inflammation in HBV plasmid injected mice, however, did not affect HBV antigens production. This process was accompanied by suppression of natural killer cells and down-regulation of HBV peptides-induced Th17 cells in the liver, but did not affect total intrahepatic lymphocytes and other cell subsets numbers or chemokines expression in the liver. In conclusion, the current data indicated that IL-35 might be a novel mediator associated with hepatocytes damage and liver inflammation by regulating HBV peptides-induced Th17 cells during acute HBV infection. The potential anti-inflammatory property of IL-35 might be pivotal for developing new therapeutic approaches for hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Ke Teng
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710068, China
| | - Yi-Fei Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710068, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710068, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Jiu-Ping Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710068, China.
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Yang L, Jia S, Shao X, Liu S, Zhang Q, Song J, Wang W, Jin Z. Interleukin-35 modulates the balance between viral specific CD4 +CD25 +CD127 dim/- regulatory T cells and T helper 17 cells in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Virol J 2019; 16:48. [PMID: 30992023 PMCID: PMC6469219 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-35 regulates imbalance between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper (Th) 17 cells, leading to an important modulator in autoimmune disorder, cancer, and infectious diseases. Our previous study revealed an immunosuppressive activity of IL-35 in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the role of regulatory function of IL-35 to viral specific Tregs/Th17 cells balance in chronic HBV infection. Methods A total of 44 HLA-A2 restricted chronic HBV infected patients, including 21 of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and 23 of asymptomatic HBV carriers (ASC) were enrolled. Purified CD4+ T cells or CD4+CD25+CD127dim/− Tregs were stimulated with recombinant IL-35. HBV core antigen specific Tregs and Th17 cells were determined by flow cytometry. FoxP3 and RORγt mRNA was measured by real-time PCR. Cytokines production (IL-10 and IL-17) was investigated by ELISA. Results Peripheral viral specific Tregs was comparable between CHB and ASC. However, increased percentage of viral specific Th17 cells was found in CHB, leading to the reduction of Tregs/Th17 ratio in CHB patients. IL-35 stimulation elevated viral specific Tregs, but not Th17 cells frequency, in both CHB and ASC, resulting in the elevation of Tregs/Th17 ratio in both groups. This process was accompanied by increased expression of FoxP3 mRNA and IL-10 production, and decreased IL-17 secretion and STAT3 phosphorylation in purified CD4+ T cells. Moreover, IL-35 stimulation inhibited viral specific Th17-like phenotype differentiation from Tregs in CHB patients. Effective anti-HBV therapy did not affect viral specific Tregs/Th17 cells frequency or IL-35 expression in CHB patients, however, reduced responsiveness of CD4+ T cells or Tregs to IL-35 stimulation in vitro. Conclusion Our findings indicated that IL-35 regulation to viral specific Tregs/Th17 balance may contribute to viral persistence in chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Yang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shengnan Jia
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xue Shao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wudong Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhenjing Jin
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China.
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Sun W, Zhang J, Chen J. MicroRNA-520a suppresses HBV replication in HepG2.2.15 cells by inactivating AKT. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:4693-4704. [PMID: 30191752 PMCID: PMC6259377 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518792780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether the mechanism by which a microRNA, miR-520a, suppresses the replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) involves the regulation of the serine/threonine kinase (AKT) gene. Methods The effects of miR-520a on the proliferation, mitotic index and apoptosis of the HBV-replicating human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2.2.15 were measured using standard laboratory methods including flow cytometry. The effects of miR-520a on HBV transcription and replication were assessed using methods including immunoassays and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. The effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to AKT on the levels of AKT mRNA and protein were also evaluated. Results In HepG2.2.15 cells, miRNA-520a reduced HBV transcription and replication by reducing AKT levels. MiRNA-520a decreased cell proliferation and mitosis entry of cells and increased apoptosis in HepG2.2.15 cells. AKT levels were reduced significantly by its siRNA, which resulted in suppression of HBV replication in HepG2.2.15 cells. Conclusions MiRNA-520a inhibited AKT gene expression and suppressed HBV transcription and replication. These findings suggest that miRNA-520a may be a novel target for the treatment of HBV infection because miRNA-520a reduced HepG2.2.15 cell survival and inhibited HBV replication associated with the AKT signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- 1 Department of Oncology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinqian Zhang
- 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinglong Chen
- 1 Department of Oncology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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