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Schwartz M, Stern-Ginossar N. Rethinking human cytomegalovirus latency reservoir. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1524:30-36. [PMID: 37026581 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a prevalent herpesvirus, infecting the majority of the human population. Like other herpesviruses, it causes lifelong infection through the establishment of latency. Although reactivation from latency can cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts, our understanding of HCMV latency and how it is maintained remains limited. Here, we discuss the characterized latency reservoir in hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and the gaps in our knowledge of mechanisms that facilitate HCMV genome maintenance in dividing cells. We further review clinical evidence that strongly suggests the tissue origin of HCMV reactivation, and we outline similarities to murine cytomegalovirus where latency in tissue-resident cells has been demonstrated. Overall, we think these observations call for a rethinking of HCMV latency reservoirs and point to potential sources of HCMV latency that reside in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noam Stern-Ginossar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Sitnik KM, Krstanović F, Gödecke N, Rand U, Kubsch T, Maaß H, Kim Y, Brizić I, Čičin-Šain L. Fibroblasts are a site of murine cytomegalovirus lytic replication and Stat1-dependent latent persistence in vivo. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3087. [PMID: 37248241 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, no herpesvirus has been shown to latently persist in fibroblastic cells. Here, we show that murine cytomegalovirus, a β-herpesvirus, persists for the long term and across organs in PDGFRα-positive fibroblastic cells, with similar or higher genome loads than in the previously known sites of murine cytomegalovirus latency. Whereas murine cytomegalovirus gene transcription in PDGFRα-positive fibroblastic cells is almost completely silenced at 5 months post-infection, these cells give rise to reactivated virus ex vivo, arguing that they support latent murine cytomegalovirus infection. Notably, PDGFRα-positive fibroblastic cells also support productive virus replication during primary murine cytomegalovirus infection. Mechanistically, Stat1-deficiency promotes lytic infection but abolishes latent persistence of murine cytomegalovirus in PDGFRα-positive fibroblastic cells in vivo. In sum, fibroblastic cells have a dual role as a site of lytic murine cytomegalovirus replication and a reservoir of latent murine cytomegalovirus in vivo and STAT1 is required for murine cytomegalovirus latent persistence in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Sitnik
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fran Krstanović
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Natascha Gödecke
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulfert Rand
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Kubsch
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Henrike Maaß
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yeonsu Kim
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine, a joint venture of HZI and MHH, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig site, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Abstract
While many viral infections are limited and eventually resolved by the host immune response or by death of the host, other viruses establish long-term relationships with the host by way of a persistent infection, that range from chronic viruses that may be eventually cleared to those that establish life-long persistent or latent infection. Viruses infecting hosts from bacteria to humans establish quiescent infections that must be reactivated to produce progeny. For mammalian viruses, most notably herpesviruses, this quiescent maintenance of viral genomes in the absence of virus replication is referred to as latency. The latent strategy allows the virus to persist quiescently within a single host until conditions indicate a need to reactivate to reach a new host or, to re-seed a reservoir within the host. Here, I review common themes in viral strategies to regulate the latent cycle and reactivate from it ranging from bacteriophage to herpesviruses with a focus on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Themes central to herpesvirus latency include, epigenetic repression of viral gene expression and mechanisms to regulate host signaling and survival. Critical to the success of a latent program are mechanisms by which the virus can "sense" fluctuations in host biology (within the host) or environment (outside the host) and make appropriate "decisions" to maintain latency or re-initiate the replicative program. The signals or environments that indicate the establishment of a latent state, the very nature of the latent state, as well as the signals driving reactivation have been topics of intense study from bacteriophage to human viruses, as these questions encompass the height of complexity in virus-host interactions-where the host and the virus coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Goodrum
- Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
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Jones IKA, Haese NN, Gatault P, Streblow ZJ, Andoh TF, Denton M, Streblow CE, Bonin K, Kreklywich CN, Burg JM, Orloff SL, Streblow DN. Rat Cytomegalovirus Virion-Associated Proteins R131 and R129 Are Necessary for Infection of Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Pathogens 2020; 9:E963. [PMID: 33228102 PMCID: PMC7699341 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) establishes persistent, latent infection in hosts, causing diseases in immunocompromised patients, transplant recipients, and neonates. CMV infection modifies the host chemokine axis by modulating chemokine and chemokine receptor expression and by encoding putative chemokine and chemokine receptor homologues. The viral proteins have roles in cellular signaling, migration, and transformation, as well as viral dissemination, tropism, latency and reactivation. Herein, we review the contribution of CMV-encoded chemokines and chemokine receptors to these processes, and further elucidate the viral tropism role of rat CMV (RCMV) R129 and R131. These homologues of the human CMV (HCMV)-encoded chemokines UL128 and UL130 are of particular interest because of their dual role as chemokines and members of the pentameric entry complex, which is required for entry into cell types that are essential for viral transmission and dissemination. The contributions of UL128 and UL130 to acceleration of solid organ transplant chronic rejection are poorly understood, and are in need of an effective in vivo model system to elucidate the phenomenon. We demonstrated similar molecular entry requirements for R129 and R131 in the rat cells, as observed for HCMV, and provided evidence that R129 and R131 are part of the viral entry complex required for entry into macrophages, dendritic cells, and bone marrow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K. A. Jones
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
| | - Nicole N. Haese
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
| | - Philippe Gatault
- Renal Transplant Unit, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, University Hospital of Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
| | - Zachary J. Streblow
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
| | - Takeshi F. Andoh
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.M.B.); (S.L.O.)
| | - Michael Denton
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
| | - Cassilyn E. Streblow
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
| | - Kiley Bonin
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
| | - Craig N. Kreklywich
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
| | - Jennifer M. Burg
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.M.B.); (S.L.O.)
| | - Susan L. Orloff
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.M.B.); (S.L.O.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (I.K.A.J.); (N.N.H.); (Z.J.S.); (T.F.A.); (M.D.); (C.E.S.); (K.B.); (C.N.K.)
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Chinta P, Garcia EC, Tajuddin KH, Akhidenor N, Davis A, Faure L, Spencer JV. Control of Cytokines in Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100858. [PMID: 33096622 PMCID: PMC7589642 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has evolved a number of mechanisms for long-term co-existence within its host. HCMV infects a wide range of cell types, including fibroblasts, epithelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and myeloid progenitor cells. Lytic infection, with the production of infectious progeny virions, occurs in differentiated cell types, while undifferentiated myeloid precursor cells are the primary site of latent infection. The outcome of HCMV infection depends partly on the cell type and differentiation state but is also influenced by the composition of the immune environment. In this review, we discuss the role of early interactions between HCMV and the host immune system, particularly cytokine and chemokine networks, that facilitate the establishment of lifelong latent infection. A better understanding of these cytokine signaling pathways could lead to novel therapeutic targets that might prevent latency or eradicate latently infected cells.
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New Insights Into the Molecular Mechanisms and Immune Control of Cytomegalovirus Reactivation. Transplantation 2020; 104:e118-e124. [PMID: 31996662 PMCID: PMC7790173 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a β-herpesvirus that establishes lifelong latency in infected hosts. Following transplantation of a latently infected organ, reactivation can occur and consists of a spectrum of clinically apparent syndromes from mild symptoms to tissue-invasive, resulting in both direct and indirect sequelae. Before the advent of effective antiviral agents, the primary treatment was reduction in immunosuppression (IS). While antiviral agents provide effective prophylaxis, there are several important caveats associated with their use, including drug toxicity and resistance. The traditional view attributes CMV reactivation and the ensuing clinical disease primarily to IS, either intrinsic to disease-related immune compromise or from the extrinsic administration of IS agents. However, previous data from both animal models and human subjects showed that inflammatory signals could induce upregulation of latent viral gene expression. New data demonstrate that ischemia/reperfusion is necessary and sufficient to induce CMV reactivation following murine transplantation of a latently infected graft. In this article, we review a growing body of evidence that suggests that reactivation of both human CMV and murine CMV is first triggered by molecular events that activate CMV gene expression and lytic infection and viral dissemination are then facilitated by IS. The initial activation of viral gene expression may be mediated by oxidative stress, DNA damage, or inflammatory cytokines, and these factors may act synergistically. New therapeutic approaches are needed to capture this complex array of targets.
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Mlera L, Moy M, Maness K, Tran LN, Goodrum FD. The Role of the Human Cytomegalovirus UL133-UL138 Gene Locus in Latency and Reactivation. Viruses 2020; 12:E714. [PMID: 32630219 PMCID: PMC7411667 DOI: 10.3390/v12070714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) latency, the means by which the virus persists indefinitely in an infected individual, is a major frontier of current research efforts in the field. Towards developing a comprehensive understanding of HCMV latency and its reactivation from latency, viral determinants of latency and reactivation and their host interactions that govern the latent state and reactivation from latency have been identified. The polycistronic UL133-UL138 locus encodes determinants of both latency and reactivation. In this review, we survey the model systems used to investigate latency and new findings from these systems. Particular focus is given to the roles of the UL133, UL135, UL136 and UL138 proteins in regulating viral latency and how their known host interactions contribute to regulating host signaling pathways towards the establishment of or exit from latency. Understanding the mechanisms underlying viral latency and reactivation is important in developing strategies to block reactivation and prevent CMV disease in immunocompromised individuals, such as transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwanika Mlera
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;
| | - Melissa Moy
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;
| | - Kristen Maness
- Immunobiology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (K.M.); (L.N.T.)
| | - Linh N. Tran
- Immunobiology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (K.M.); (L.N.T.)
| | - Felicia D. Goodrum
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;
- Immunobiology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (K.M.); (L.N.T.)
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