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Brilhante RSN, Costa ADC, de Mesquita JRL, dos Santos Araújo G, Freire RS, Nunes JVS, Nobre AFD, Fernandes MR, Rocha MFG, Pereira Neto WDA, Crouzier T, Schimpf U, Viera RS. Antifungal Activity of Chitosan against Histoplasma capsulatum in Planktonic and Biofilm Forms: A Therapeutic Strategy in the Future? J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1201. [PMID: 38132801 PMCID: PMC10744476 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a respiratory disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus, with high mortality and morbidity rates, especially in immunocompromised patients. Considering the small existing therapeutic arsenal, new treatment approaches are still required. Chitosan, a linear polysaccharide obtained from partial chitin deacetylation, has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity properties. Chitosan with different deacetylation degrees and molecular weights has been explored as a potential agent against fungal pathogens. In this study, the chitosan antifungal activity against H. capsulatum was evaluated using the broth microdilution assay, obtaining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 32 to 128 µg/mL in the filamentous phase and 8 to 64 µg/mL in the yeast phase. Chitosan combined with classical antifungal drugs showed a synergic effect, reducing chitosan's MICs by 32 times, demonstrating that there were no antagonistic interactions relating to any of the strains tested. A synergism between chitosan and amphotericin B or itraconazole was detected in the yeast-like form for all strains tested. For H. capsulatum biofilms, chitosan reduced biomass and metabolic activity by about 40% at 512 µg/mL. In conclusion, studying chitosan as a therapeutic strategy against Histoplasma capsulatum is promising, mainly considering its numerous possible applications, including its combination with other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Barão de Canindé, 210, Montese, Fortaleza 60425-540, CE, Brazil; (A.d.C.C.); (A.F.D.N.); (M.R.F.); (W.d.A.P.N.)
| | - Anderson da Cunha Costa
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Barão de Canindé, 210, Montese, Fortaleza 60425-540, CE, Brazil; (A.d.C.C.); (A.F.D.N.); (M.R.F.); (W.d.A.P.N.)
| | | | - Gessica dos Santos Araújo
- Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Ceará, Dr. Silas Munguba Avenue, 1700, Itaperi Campus, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (G.d.S.A.); (M.F.G.R.)
| | - Rosemeyre Souza Freire
- Analytical Center, Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil; (R.S.F.); (J.V.S.N.)
| | - João Victor Serra Nunes
- Analytical Center, Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil; (R.S.F.); (J.V.S.N.)
| | - Augusto Feynman Dias Nobre
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Barão de Canindé, 210, Montese, Fortaleza 60425-540, CE, Brazil; (A.d.C.C.); (A.F.D.N.); (M.R.F.); (W.d.A.P.N.)
| | - Mirele Rodrigues Fernandes
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Barão de Canindé, 210, Montese, Fortaleza 60425-540, CE, Brazil; (A.d.C.C.); (A.F.D.N.); (M.R.F.); (W.d.A.P.N.)
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Ceará, Dr. Silas Munguba Avenue, 1700, Itaperi Campus, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (G.d.S.A.); (M.F.G.R.)
| | - Waldemiro de Aquino Pereira Neto
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Barão de Canindé, 210, Montese, Fortaleza 60425-540, CE, Brazil; (A.d.C.C.); (A.F.D.N.); (M.R.F.); (W.d.A.P.N.)
| | - Thomas Crouzier
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.C.); (U.S.)
| | - Ulrike Schimpf
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.C.); (U.S.)
| | - Rodrigo Silveira Viera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60440-900, CE, Brazil;
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Silva Pontes C, Garcia de Carvalho G, Rosa Perin Leite A, Chorilli M, Palomari Spolidorio DM. Improving Drug Delivery on Candida Albicans Using Geraniol Nanoemulsion. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2475. [PMID: 37896235 PMCID: PMC10609964 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Geraniol (GE) is a monoterpene alcohol with excellent antifungal activity. However, its low solubility and high volatility impair its use. Nanoemulsions (NE) are excellent delivery systems for poorly soluble and volatile drugs, achieving controlled release of the active ingredient. The aim of this study was to improve the delivery of geraniol (GE) incorporated in NE against Candida albicans in order to evaluate the antibiofilm effect and cytotoxicity. Nanoemulsion containing 10% oil phase (cholesterol) (w/w), 10% surfactant (mixture of soy phosphatidylcholine and Brij 58; 1:2) (w/w), and 80% aqueous phase (phosphate buffer) (w/w) was synthesized. Incorporation of GE was carried out by sonication and the final compounds were characterized by hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP), in addition to evaluation of physicochemical stability after 6 months and 1 year. The GE-NE effect was evaluated on Candida albicans biofilms and cytotoxic effect was evaluated on immortalized normal oral cell line NOK-Si. The diameter of GE-NE was 232.3 ± 2.7 nm and PDI 0.155 with exhibited homogeneity and stability in solution. GE-NE showed antibiofilm activity at a concentration of 75 μg/mL with reduction of >6.0 log10, and no cytotoxicity against NOK-Si cells at concentrations below 150 μg/mL was observed. GE-NE proved to be a promising candidate for prevention and treatment of fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Silva Pontes
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil; (C.S.P.); (D.M.P.S.)
| | - Gabriel Garcia de Carvalho
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil; (C.S.P.); (D.M.P.S.)
| | - Andressa Rosa Perin Leite
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil;
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, International School of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil;
| | - Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil; (C.S.P.); (D.M.P.S.)
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Zuzarte M, Salgueiro L. Essential Oils in Respiratory Mycosis: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134140. [PMID: 35807386 PMCID: PMC9268412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory mycosis is a major health concern, due to the expanding population of immunosuppressed and immunocompromised patients and the increasing resistance to conventional antifungals and their undesired side-effects, thus justifying the development of new therapeutic strategies. Plant metabolites, namely essential oils, represent promising preventive/therapeutic strategies due to their widely reported antifungal potential. However, regarding fungal infections of the respiratory tract, information is disperse and no updated compilation on current knowledge is available. Therefore, the present review aims to gather and systematize relevant information on the antifungal effects of several essential oils and volatile compounds against the main type of respiratory mycosis that impact health care systems. Particular attention is paid to Aspergillus fumigatus, the main pathogen involved in aspergillosis, Candida auris, currently emerging as a major pathogen in certain parts of the world, and Cryptococcus neoformans, one of the main pathogens involved in pulmonary cryptococcosis. Furthermore, the main mechanisms of action underlying essential oils’ antifungal effects and current limitations in clinical translation are presented. Overall, essential oils rich in phenolic compounds seem to be very effective but clinical translation requires more comprehensive in vivo studies and human trials to assess the efficacy and tolerability of these compounds in respiratory mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Zuzarte
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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Brilhante RSN, Paixão GC, Pereira VS, Oliveira JSD, Maciel JM, Pereira-Neto WDA, Lima-Neto RGD, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Cordeiro RDA, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Atypical chlamydoconidium-producing Trichophyton tonsurans strains from Ceará State, Northeast Brazil: investigation of taxonomy by phylogenetic analysis and biofilm susceptibility. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 33427606 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydoconidium-producing Trichophyton tonsurans strains isolated in Northeastern Brazil have morphological features different from the classic description of this dermatophyte species. This study investigated the phylogenetic relationship of chlamydoconidium-producing T. tonsurans strains isolated in Northeastern Brazil. Also, the effect of terbinafine and farnesol on mature biofilms of T. tonsurans strains was evaluated. The mass spectra of T. tonsurans strains were investigated by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The ITS and LSU loci regions of rDNA and the partial β-tubulin gene were sequenced and the phylogenetic tree was analysed. The effects of terbinafine and farnesol on mature T. tonsurans biofilms were evaluated through the analysis of metabolic activity, quantification of biomass and observation by scanning electron microscopy. MALDI-TOF MS spectra of the chlamydoconidium-producing T. tonsurans strains differed from the spectrum of the control strain (ATCC 28942), presenting an intense ion peak at m/z 4155 Da. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the chlamydoconidium-producing strains isolated in Northeastern Brazil are allocated to a single cluster, differing from strains isolated from other countries. As for mature T. tonsurans biofilms, farnesol reduced biomass and metabolic activity by 64.4 and 65.9 %, respectively, while terbinafine reduced the biomass by 66.5 % and the metabolic activity by 69 %. Atypical morphological characteristics presented by chlamydoconidium-producing T. tonsurans strains result from phenotypic plasticity, possibly for adaptation to environmental stressors. Also, farnesol had inhibitory activity against T. tonsurans biofilms, demonstrating this substance can be explored for development of promising anti-biofilm drugs against dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Germana Costa Paixão
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vandbergue Santos Pereira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jonathas Sales de Oliveira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Juliana Maria Maciel
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Waldemiro de Aquino Pereira-Neto
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Débora de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary, State University of Ceará. Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, CEP: 60714-903, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Roudbary M, Vahedi-Shahandashti R, Santos ALSD, Roudbar Mohammadi S, Aslani P, Lass-Flörl C, Rodrigues CF. Biofilm formation in clinically relevant filamentous fungi: a therapeutic challenge. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:197-221. [PMID: 34358430 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1950121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are highly-organized microbial communities attached to a biotic or an abiotic surface, surrounded by an extracellular matrix secreted by the biofilm-forming cells. The majority of fungal pathogens contribute to biofilm formation within tissues or biomedical devices, leading to serious and persistent infections. The clinical significance of biofilms relies on the increased resistance to conventional antifungal therapies and suppression of the host immune system, which leads to invasive and recurrent fungal infections. While different features of yeast biofilms are well-described in the literature, the structural and molecular basis of biofilm formation of clinically related filamentous fungi has not been fully addressed. This review aimed to address biofilm formation in clinically relevant filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Roudbary
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Department of General Microbiology, Microbiology Institute Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | | | - Peyman Aslani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Costa AF, Silva LDC, Amaral AC. Farnesol: An approach on biofilms and nanotechnology. Med Mycol 2021; 59:958-969. [PMID: 33877362 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are important virulence factor in infections caused by microorganisms because of its complex structure, which provide resistance to conventional antimicrobials. Strategies involving the use of molecules capable of inhibiting their formation and also act synergistically with conventional drugs have been explored. Farnesol is a molecule present in essential oils and produced by Candida albicans as a quorum sensing component. This sesquiterpene presents inhibitory properties in the formation of microbial biofilms and synergism with antimicrobials used in clinical practice, and can be exploited even for eradication of biofilms formed by drug-resistant microorganisms. Despite this, farnesol has physical and chemical characteristics that can limit its use, such as high hydrophobicity and volatility. Therefore, nanotechnology may represent an option to improve the efficiency of this molecule in high complex environments such as biofilms. Nanostructured systems present important results in the improvement of treatment with different commercial drugs and molecules with therapeutic or preventive potential. The formation of nanoparticles offers advantages such as protection of the incorporated drugs against degradation, improved biodistribution and residence time in specific treatment sites. The combination of farnesol with nanotechnology may be promising for the development of more effective antibiofilm therapies, as it can improve its solubility, reduce volatility, and increase bioavailability. This review summarizes existing data about farnesol, its action on biofilms, and discusses its encapsulation in nanostructured systems. LAY SUMMARY Farnesol is a natural compound that inhibits the formation of biofilms from different microbial species. The encapsulation of this molecule in nanoparticles is a promising alternative for the development of more effective therapies against biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Fernandes Costa
- Biological Science Institute, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil.,Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Lívia do Carmo Silva
- Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Andre Correa Amaral
- Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-050, Brazil
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Fregonezi NF, Oliveira LT, Singulani JDL, Marcos CM, Dos Santos CT, Taylor ML, Mendes-Giannini MJS, de Oliveira HC, Fusco-Almeida AM. Heat Shock Protein 60, Insights to Its Importance in Histoplasma capsulatum: From Biofilm Formation to Host-Interaction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:591950. [PMID: 33553002 PMCID: PMC7862341 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.591950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are among the most widely distributed and evolutionary conserved proteins, acting as essential regulators of diverse constitutive metabolic processes. The Hsp60 of the dimorphic fungal Histoplasma capsulatum is the major surface adhesin to mammalian macrophages and studies of antibody-mediated protection against H. capsulatum have provided insight into the complexity involving Hsp60. However, nothing is known about the role of Hsp60 regarding biofilms, a mechanism of virulence exhibited by H. capsulatum. Considering this, the present study aimed to investigate the influence of the Hsp60 on biofilm features of H. capsulatum. Also, the non-conventional model Galleria mellonella was used to verify the effect of this protein during in vivo interaction. The use of invertebrate models such as G. mellonella is highly proposed for the evaluation of pathogenesis, immune response, virulence mechanisms, and antimicrobial compounds. For that purpose, we used a monoclonal antibody (7B6) against Hsp60 and characterized the biofilm of two H. capsulatum strains by metabolic activity, biomass content, and images from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). We also evaluated the survival rate of G. mellonella infected with both strains under blockage of Hsp60. The results showed that mAb 7B6 was effective to reduce the metabolic activity and biomass of both H. capsulatum strains. Furthermore, the biofilms of cells treated with the antibody were thinner as well as presented a lower amount of cells and extracellular polymeric matrix compared to its non-treated controls. The blockage of Hsp60 before fungal infection of G. mellonella larvae also resulted in a significant increase of the larvae survival compared to controls. Our results highlight for the first time the importance of the Hsp60 protein to the establishment of the H. capsulatum biofilms and the G. mellonella larvae infection. Interestingly, the results with Hsp60 mAb 7B6 in this invertebrate model suggest a pattern of fungus-host interaction different from those previously found in a murine model, which can be due to the different features between insect and mammalian immune cells such as the absence of Fc receptors in hemocytes. However further studies are needed to support this hypothesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Ferreira Fregonezi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Lariane Teodoro Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Junya de Lacorte Singulani
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Caroline Maria Marcos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Claudia Tavares Dos Santos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Taylor
- Unidad de Micología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
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Differential miRNA Expression in Human Macrophage-Like Cells Infected with Histoplasma capsulatum Yeasts Cultured in Planktonic and Biofilm Forms. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010060. [PMID: 33477397 PMCID: PMC7830537 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum affects healthy and immunocompromised individuals, sometimes causing a severe disease. This fungus has two morphotypes, the mycelial (infective) and the yeast (parasitic) phases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs involved in the regulation of several cellular processes, and their differential expression has been associated with many disease states. To investigate miRNA expression in host cells during H. capsulatum infection, we studied the changes in the miRNA profiles of differentiated human macrophages infected with yeasts from two fungal strains with different virulence, EH-315 (high virulence) and 60I (low virulence) grown in planktonic cultures, and EH-315 grown in biofilm form. MiRNA profiles were evaluated by means of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction using a commercial human miRNome panel. The target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs and their corresponding signaling pathways were predicted using bioinformatics analyses. Here, we confirmed biofilm structures were present in the EH-315 culture whose conditions facilitated producing insoluble exopolysaccharide and intracellular polysaccharides. In infected macrophages, bioinformatics analyses revealed especially increased (hsa-miR-99b-3p) or decreased (hsa-miR-342-3p) miRNAs expression levels in response to infection with biofilms or both growth forms of H. capsulatum yeasts, respectively. The results of miRNAs suggested that infection by H. capsulatum can affect important biological pathways of the host cell, targeting two genes: one encoding a protein that is important in the cortical cytoskeleton; the other, a protein involved in the formation of stress granules. Expressed miRNAs in the host’s response could be proposed as new therapeutic and/or diagnostic tools for histoplasmosis.
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Essential oils encapsulated in chitosan microparticles against Candida albicans biofilms. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:621-632. [PMID: 33137389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to produce and characterize chitosan microparticles loaded with essential oils (CMEOs), evaluate the essential oil (EO) release profile and the CMEOs' anti-Candida activity. The chitosan microparticles (CMs) loaded with lemongrass essential oil (LEO) and geranium essential oil (GEO) were produced by the spray-drying method and characterized regarding CMEO morphological and physicochemical parameters and EO encapsulation efficiency (EE) and release profile. The planktonic activity was quantified by broth microdilution, and the activity against biofilm was quantified by biomass formation measurement. The LEO and GEO compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), finding the main components citral (83.17%) and citronellol (24.53%). The CMs and CMEOs showed regular distribution and spherical shape (1 to 15 μm), without any morphological and physical modifications after EO incorporation. EE% ranged from 12 to 39%. In vitro release tests demonstrated the EO release rates, after 144 h, were 33% and 55% in PBS and HCl media, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for CMEOs were lower than for CMs and pure EOs (P < 0.05). The higher CMEO biofilm inhibition percentage demonstrates the efficiency of microparticles against Candida biofilm. These results indicate that CMEOs are promising compounds that have antibiofilm activity against C. albicans.
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Brilhante RSN, Pereira VS, Nobre AFD, Oliveira JSD, Fernandes MR, Costa ADC, Rodrigues AM, Camargo ZPD, Pereira-Neto WA, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Exogenous fungal quorum sensing molecules inhibit planktonic cell growth and modulate filamentation and biofilm formation in the Sporothrix schenckii complex. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:909-921. [PMID: 33059473 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1828373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of the quorum sensing molecules (QSMs) farnesol, 2-phenylehtanol, tyrosol and tryptophol against planktonic cells, filamentation and biofilms of Sporothrix spp. The antifungal activity of QSMs was evaluated by broth microdilution. QSMs showed MICs in the ranges of 0.01-1 µM (farnesol), 1-8 mM (2-phenylehtanol and tyrosol), and >16 mM (tryptophol). Filamentous biofilm formation was inhibited by farnesol and 2-phenylehtanol and stimulated by tyrosol. Yeast biofilm formation was inhibited by 2-phenylehtanol and tyrosol. Tryptophol did not affect Sporothrix biofilm formation. QSMs showed MICs against mature biofilms of 8-32 µM (farnesol), 8-32 mM (2-phenylehtanol) and 64-128 mM (tyrosol). In conclusion, farnesol, 2-phenylethanol and tyrosol have antifungal activity against planktonic and sessile cells and modulate filamentation and biofilm formation in Sporothrix spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Vandbergue Santos Pereira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Augusto Feynman Dias Nobre
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jonathas Sales de Oliveira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Mirele Rodrigues Fernandes
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Anderson da Cunha Costa
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Cellular Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo. Rua Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Cellular Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo. Rua Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Waldemiro Aquino Pereira-Neto
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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11
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Gonçalves LNC, Costa-Orlandi CB, Bila NM, Vaso CO, Da Silva RAM, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Taylor ML, Fusco-Almeida AM. Biofilm Formation by Histoplasma capsulatum in Different Culture Media and Oxygen Atmospheres. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1455. [PMID: 32754126 PMCID: PMC7365857 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that causes an important systemic mycosis called histoplasmosis. It is an infectious disease with high prevalence and morbidity that affects the general population. Recently, the ability of these fungi to form biofilms, a phenotype that can induce resistance and enhance virulence, has been described. Despite some efforts, data regarding the impact of nutrients and culture media that affect the H. capsulatum biofilm development in vitro are not yet available. This work aimed to study H. capsulatum biofilms, by checking the influence of different culture media and oxygen atmospheres in the development of these communities. The biofilm formation by two strains (EH-315 and G186A) was characterized under different culture media: [Brain and Heart Infusion (BHI), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) with 2% glucose, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and nutrient medium HAM-F12 (HAM-F12) supplemented with glucose (18.2 g/L), glutamic acid (1 g/L), HEPES (6 g/L) and L-cysteine (8.4 mg/L)] and oxygen atmospheres (aerobiosis and microaerophilia), using the XTT reduction assay to quantify metabolic activities, crystal violet staining for biomass, safranin staining for the quantification of polysaccharide material and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the observation of topographies. Results indicated that although all culture mediums have stimulated the maturation of the communities, HAM-F12 provided the best development of biomass and polysaccharide material when compared to others. Regarding the oxygen atmospheres, both stimulated an excellent development of the communities, however in low oxygen conditions an exuberant amount of extracellular matrix was observed when compared to biofilms formed in aerobiosis, mainly in the HAM-F12 media. SEM images showed yeasts embedded by an extracellular matrix in several points, corroborating the colorimetric assays. However, biofilms formed in BHI, RPMI, and DMEM significantly induced yeast to hyphae reversal, requiring further investigation. The results obtained so far contribute to in vitro study of biofilms formed by these fungi and show that nutrition promoted by different media modifies the development of these communities. These data represent advances in the field of biofilms and contribute to future studies that can prove the role of these communities in the fungi-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Barcelos Costa-Orlandi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Níura Madalena Bila
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,School of Veterinary, Department of Para Clinic, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Carolina Orlando Vaso
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Lucia Taylor
- School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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12
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Brilhante RSN, Silva MLQD, Pereira VS, de Oliveira JS, Maciel JM, Silva INGD, Garcia LGS, Guedes GMDM, Cordeiro RDA, Pereira-Neto WDA, de Camargo ZP, Rodrigues AM, Sidrim JJC, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Rocha MFG. Potassium iodide and miltefosine inhibit biofilms of Sporothrix schenckii species complex in yeast and filamentous forms. Med Mycol 2020; 57:764-772. [PMID: 30462271 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the yeast biofilm growth kinetics and ultrastructure of Sporothrix schenckii complex and assess their mature biofilm susceptibility in filamentous and yeast forms to potassium iodide (KI) and miltefosine (MIL). Yeast biofilms were evaluated by crystal violet staining, XTT reduction assay and microscopic techniques. Susceptibility of planktonic and sessile cells was analyzed by broth microdilution. S. schenckii complex in yeast form produced biofilms, with an optimum maturation at 96 h, showing multilayered blastoconidia embedded in extracellular matrix. KI and MIL minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges against planktonic cells were 62,500-250,000 μg/ml and 0.125-4 μg/ml, respectively. KI and MIL reduced biofilm metabolic activity by 75.4% and 67.7% for filamentous form and 55.1% and 51.6% for yeast form, respectively. This study demonstrated that S. schenckii complex forms biofilms in vitro, and potassium iodide and miltefosine inhibit Sporothrix spp. biofilms in both filamentous and yeast forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucilene Queiroz da Silva
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Vandbergue Santos Pereira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jonathas Sales de Oliveira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Juliana Maria Maciel
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Isaac Neto Goes da Silva
- School of Veterinary, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lana Glerieide Silva Garcia
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Morgana de Melo Guedes
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Waldemiro de Aquino Pereira-Neto
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Department of Microbiology, Imunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Débora de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Veterinary, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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13
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Delmondes GDA, Santiago Lemos IC, Dias DDQ, Cunha GLD, Araújo IM, Barbosa R, Coutinho HDM, Felipe CFB, Barbosa-Filho JM, Lima NTRD, De Menezes IRA, Kerntopf MR. Pharmacological applications of farnesol (C15H26O): a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:227-234. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1718653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Isaac Moura Araújo
- Department of Biologial Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Roseli Barbosa
- Department of Biologial Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Regina Kerntopf
- Department of Biologial Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil
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14
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de Araújo Delmondes G, Bezerra DS, de Queiroz Dias D, de Souza Borges A, Araújo IM, Lins da Cunha G, Bandeira PFR, Barbosa R, Melo Coutinho HD, Felipe CFB, Barbosa-Filho JM, Alencar de Menezes IR, Kerntopf MR. Toxicological and pharmacologic effects of farnesol (C15H26O): A descriptive systematic review. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:169-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Brilhante RSN, de Aguiar FRM, da Silva MLQ, de Oliveira JS, de Camargo ZP, Rodrigues AM, Pereira VS, Serpa R, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Correia EEM, Pereira-Neto WA, Cordeiro RDA, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC. Antifungal susceptibility of Sporothrix schenckii complex biofilms. Med Mycol 2019; 56:297-306. [PMID: 28595275 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, caused by species of Sporothrix schenckii complex, is the most prevalent subcutaneous mycosis in many areas of Latin America. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of Sporothrix spp. to form biofilms in vitro and to characterize the growth kinetics, morphology, and antifungal susceptibility of biofilms against classical antifungals. We investigated the ability of strains to produce biofilms in vitro and determined the effects of exposure to amphotericin B, itraconazole, caspofungin, ketoconazole, voriconazole, and fluconazole at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against planktonic form and at 10× MIC and 50× MIC on the biomass and metabolic activity of these biofilms. Biofilm structure was analyzed by optical microscopy using Congo-red staining, confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Strains were classified for biofilm-forming ability, through the analysis of absorbance of crystal violet retained by biomass of mature biofilms. We found that all S. brasiliensis (n = 10), S. schenckii sensu stricto (n = 2), S. globosa (n = 2), and S. mexicana (n = 4) strains were strong biofilm-producers. The analyzed biofilms had dense network of hyphae and conidia immersed in extracellular matrix, with presence of water channels. Antifungal drugs at the three tested concentrations showed different effects on biomass and metabolic activity of biofilms. However, the best inhibitory response was observed with 50× MIC of amphotericin B and caspofungin, which reduced these parameters. Furthermore, high drug concentrations, especially amphotericin B and caspofungin, showed antifungal activity against these biofilms, probably because they damaged the architecture and extracellular matrix, allowing diffusion of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Felipe Rodrigues Magalhães de Aguiar
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucilene Queiroz da Silva
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jonathas Sales de Oliveira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Cellular Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Cellular Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vandbergue Santos Pereira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rosana Serpa
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Edmilson Emanuel Monteiro Correia
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Waldemiro Aquino Pereira-Neto
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary, State University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
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16
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Nimrichter L, Rodrigues ML, Del Poeta M. Exploiting Lipids to Develop Anticryptococcal Vaccines. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-019-00178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Cordeiro RDA, Pereira LMG, de Sousa JK, Serpa R, Andrade ARC, Portela FVM, Evangelista AJDJ, Sales JA, Aguiar ALR, Mendes PBL, Brilhante RSN, Sidrim JJDC, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Rocha MFG. Farnesol inhibits planktonic cells and antifungal-tolerant biofilms of Trichosporon asahii and Trichosporon inkin. Med Mycol 2019; 57:1038-1045. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Trichosporon species have been considered important agents of opportunistic systemic infections, mainly among immunocompromised patients. Infections by Trichosporon spp. are generally associated with biofilm formation in invasive medical devices. These communities are resistant to therapeutic antifungals, and therefore the search for anti-biofilm molecules is necessary. This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of farnesol against planktonic and sessile cells of clinical Trichosporon asahii (n = 3) andTrichosporon inkin (n = 7) strains. Biofilms were evaluated during adhesion, development stages and after maturation for metabolic activity, biomass and protease activity, as well as regarding morphology and ultrastructure by optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Farnesol inhibited Trichosporon planktonic growth by 80% at concentrations ranging from 600 to 1200 μM for T. asahii and from 75 to 600 μM for T. inkin. Farnesol was able to reduce cell adhesion by 80% at 300 μM for T. asahii and T. inkin at 600 μM, while biofilm development of both species was inhibited by 80% at concentration of 150 μM, altering their structure. After biofilm maturation, farnesol decreased T. asahii biofilm formation by 50% at 600 μM concentration and T. inkin formation at 300 μM. Farnesol inhibited gradual filamentation in a concentration range between 600 and 1200 μM. Farnesol caused reduction of filament structures of Trichosporon spp. at every stage of biofilm development analyzed. These data show the potential of farnesol as an anti-biofilm molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - José Kleybson de Sousa
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rosana Serpa
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jamille Alencar Sales
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, State University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Ribeiro Aguiar
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Júlio da Costa Sidrim
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Fabio Gadelha Rocha
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, State University of Ceará, Brazil
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18
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Garcia LGS, Guedes GMDM, da Silva MLQ, Castelo-Branco DSCM, Sidrim JJC, Cordeiro RDA, Rocha MFG, Vieira RS, Brilhante RSN. Effect of the molecular weight of chitosan on its antifungal activity against Candida spp. in planktonic cells and biofilm. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:662-669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Bioprospection of Eugenia brasiliensis , a Brazilian native fruit, as a source of anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm compounds. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:132-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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20
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Brilhante RSN, Correia EEM, Guedes GMDM, Pereira VS, Oliveira JSD, Bandeira SP, Alencar LPD, Andrade ARCD, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Cordeiro RDA, Pinheiro ADQ, Chaves LJQ, Pereira Neto WDA, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Quantitative and structural analyses of the in vitro and ex vivo biofilm-forming ability of dermatophytes. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1045-1052. [PMID: 28708048 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and ex vivo biofilm-forming ability of dermatophytes on a nail fragment. METHODOLOGY Initially, four isolates of Trichophyton rubrum, six of Trichophyton tonsurans, three of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, ten of Microsporum canis and three of Microsporum gypseum were tested for production biomass by crystal violet assay. Then, one strain per species presenting the best biofilm production was chosen for further studies by optical microscopy (Congo red staining), confocal laser scanning (LIVE/DEAD staining) and scanning electron (secondary electron) microscopy. RESULTS Biomass quantification by crystal violet assay, optical microscope images of Congo red staining, confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope images revealed that all species studied are able to form biofilms both in vitro and ex vivo, with variable density and architecture. M. gypseum, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans produced robust biofilms, with abundant matrix and biomass, while M. canis produced the weakest biofilms compared to other species. CONCLUSION This study sheds light on biofilms of different dermatophyte species, which will contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of dermatophytosis. Further studies of this type are necessary to investigate the processes involved in the formation and composition of dermatophyte biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Edmilson Emanuel Monteiro Correia
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Morgana de Melo Guedes
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Vandbergue Santos Pereira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Jonathas Sales de Oliveira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Silviane Praciano Bandeira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Lucas Pereira de Alencar
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Raquel Colares de Andrade
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Débora de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Adriana de Queiroz Pinheiro
- School of Veterinary, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Science, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Jackson Queiroz Chaves
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Waldemiro de Aquino Pereira Neto
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.,School of Veterinary, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Science, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
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21
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Sardi JDCO, Polaquini CR, Freires IA, Galvão LCDC, Lazarini JG, Torrezan GS, Regasini LO, Rosalen PL. Antibacterial activity of diacetylcurcumin against Staphylococcus aureus results in decreased biofilm and cellular adhesion. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:816-824. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janaina de Cássia Orlandi Sardi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, 13414 903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Polaquini
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, São Jose do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irlan Almeida Freires
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, 13414 903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Câmara de Carvalho Galvão
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, 13414 903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josy Goldoni Lazarini
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, 13414 903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Silva Torrezan
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, São Jose do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Octávio Regasini
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, São Jose do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luiz Rosalen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, 13414 903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Costa-Orlandi CB, Sardi JCO, Pitangui NS, de Oliveira HC, Scorzoni L, Galeane MC, Medina-Alarcón KP, Melo WCMA, Marcelino MY, Braz JD, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Fungal Biofilms and Polymicrobial Diseases. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3020022. [PMID: 29371540 PMCID: PMC5715925 DOI: 10.3390/jof3020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is an important virulence factor for pathogenic fungi. Both yeasts and filamentous fungi can adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces, developing into highly organized communities that are resistant to antimicrobials and environmental conditions. In recent years, new genera of fungi have been correlated with biofilm formation. However, Candida biofilms remain the most widely studied from the morphological and molecular perspectives. Biofilms formed by yeast and filamentous fungi present differences, and studies of polymicrobial communities have become increasingly important. A key feature of resistance is the extracellular matrix, which covers and protects biofilm cells from the surrounding environment. Furthermore, to achieve cell–cell communication, microorganisms secrete quorum-sensing molecules that control their biological activities and behaviors and play a role in fungal resistance and pathogenicity. Several in vitro techniques have been developed to study fungal biofilms, from colorimetric methods to omics approaches that aim to identify new therapeutic strategies by developing new compounds to combat these microbial communities as well as new diagnostic tools to identify these complex formations in vivo. In this review, recent advances related to pathogenic fungal biofilms are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Costa-Orlandi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Janaina C O Sardi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba SP 13414-018, Brazil.
| | - Nayla S Pitangui
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Haroldo C de Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Mariana C Galeane
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Kaila P Medina-Alarcón
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Wanessa C M A Melo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Mônica Y Marcelino
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline D Braz
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Maria José S Mendes-Giannini
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
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23
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Unexplored endemic fruit species from Brazil: Antibiofilm properties, insights into mode of action, and systemic toxicity of four Eugenia spp. Microb Pathog 2017; 105:280-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Melo WCMA, Santos MBD, Marques BDC, Regasini LO, Giannini MJSM, Almeida AMF. Selective photoinactivation of Histoplasma capsulatum by water-soluble derivatives chalcones. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:232-235. [PMID: 28359936 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a respiratory and systemic disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. The clinical features may vary from asymptomatic infections to disseminated severe form depending of patient immunity. The treatment of histoplasmosis can be performed with itraconazole, fluconazole, and in the disseminated forms is used amphotericin B. However, the critical side effects of amphotericin B, the cases of itraconazole therapy failure and the appearance of fluconozole-resistant strains makes necessary the search of new strategies to treat this disease. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) seems to be a potential candidate once have been show efficacy to inhibit others dimorphic fungi. Although the photosensitizer (PS) chalcone aggregates in biological medium, it has antifungal activity and show a high quantum yield of ROS formation. So, the aim of this study was to obtain the experimental parameters to achieve an acceptable selective chalcone water-soluble derivatives photoinactivation of H. capsulatum comparing with fibroblastic and keratinocytes cells which are the constituents of some potential host tissues. Yeast and cells were incubated with the same chalchones concentrations and short incubation time followed by irradiation with equal dose of light. The best conditions to kill H. capsulatum selectively were very low photosensitizers concentration (1.95μgmL-1) incubated by 15min and irradiated with LED 450nm with 24Jcm-2. Key words: chalcone, Histoplasma capsulatum, aPDT, selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa C M A Melo
- Biociências e Biotecnologia Aplicada a Farmácia/Núcleo Proteomica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Bastos Dos Santos
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio-SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz de Carvalho Marques
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio-SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Octávio Regasini
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio-SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Marisa Fusco Almeida
- Biociências e Biotecnologia Aplicada a Farmácia/Núcleo Proteomica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara-SP, Brazil.
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25
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Pathogen–Host Interaction of Histoplasma capsulatum: an Update. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-016-0267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Dimorphic fungi cause several endemic mycoses which range from subclinical respiratory infections to life-threatening systemic disease. Pathogenic-phase cells of Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Paracoccidioides and Coccidioides escape elimination by the innate immune response with control ultimately requiring activation of cell-mediated immunity. Clinical management of disease relies primarily on antifungal compounds; however, dimorphic fungal pathogens create a number of challenges for antifungal drug therapy. In addition to the drug toxicity issues known for current antifungals, barriers to efficient drug treatment of dimorphic fungal infections include natural resistance to the echinocandins, residence of fungal cells within immune cells, the requirement for systemic delivery of drugs, prolonged treatment times, potential for latent infections, and lack of optimized standardized methodology for in vitro testing of drug susceptibilities. This review will highlight recent advances, current therapeutic options, and new compounds on the horizon for treating infections by dimorphic fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad A Rappleye
- a Department of Microbiology , Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
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27
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Wongsuk T, Pumeesat P, Luplertlop N. Fungal quorum sensing molecules: Role in fungal morphogenesis and pathogenicity. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:440-7. [PMID: 26972663 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
When microorganisms live together in high numbers, they need to communicate with each other. To achieve cell-cell communication, microorganisms secrete molecules called quorum-sensing molecules (QSMs) that control their biological activities and behaviors. Fungi secrete QSMs such as farnesol, tyrosol, phenylethanol, and tryptophol. The role of QSMs in fungi has been widely studied in both yeasts and filamentous fungi, for example in Candida albicans, C. dubliniensis, Aspergillus niger, A. nidulans, and Fusarium graminearum. QSMs impact fungal morphogenesis (yeast-to-hypha formation) and also play a role in the germination of macroconidia. QSMs cause fungal cells to initiate programmed cell death, or apoptosis, and play a role in fungal pathogenicity. Several types of QSMs are produced during stages of biofilm development to control cell population or morphology in biofilm communities. This review article emphasizes the role of fungal QSMs, especially in fungal morphogenesis, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity. Information about QSMs may lead to improved measures for controlling fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanwa Wongsuk
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Potjaman Pumeesat
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthanej Luplertlop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
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