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Maggio F, Rossi C, Serio A, Chaves-Lopez C, Casaccia M, Paparella A. Anti-biofilm mechanisms of action of essential oils by targeting genes involved in quorum sensing, motility, adhesion, and virulence: A review. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 426:110874. [PMID: 39244811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Biofilms are a critical factor for food safety, causing important economic losses. Among the novel strategies for controlling biofilms, essential oils (EOs) can represent an environmentally friendly approach, able to act both on early and mature stages of biofilm formation. This review reports the anti-biofilm mechanisms of action of EOs against five pathogenic bacterial species known for their biofilm-forming ability. These mechanisms include disturbing the expression of genes related to quorum sensing (QS), motility, adhesion, and virulence. Biofilms and QS are interconnected processes, and EOs interfere with the communication system (e.g. regulating the expression of agrBDCA, luxR, luxS, and pqsA genes), thus influencing biofilm formation. In addition, QS is an important mechanism that regulates gene expression related to bacterial survival, virulence, and pathogenicity. Similarly, EOs also influence the expression of many virulence genes. Moreover, EOs exert their effects modulating the genes associated with bacterial adhesion and motility, for example those involved in curli (csg), fimbriae (fim, lpf), and flagella (fla, fli, flh, and mot) production, as well as the ica genes responsible for synthetizing polysaccharide intercellular adhesin. This review provides a comprehensive framework on the topic for a better understanding of EOs biofilm mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maggio
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
| | - Chiara Rossi
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Serio
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
| | - Clemencia Chaves-Lopez
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
| | - Manila Casaccia
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy
| | - Antonello Paparella
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
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Julianingsih D, Tung CW, Thapa K, Biswas D. Unveiling the Potential Ways to Apply Citrus Oil to Control Causative Agents of Pullorum Disease and Fowl Typhoid in Floor Materials. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:23. [PMID: 38200754 PMCID: PMC10778308 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the potential role of Cold-pressed Valencia Terpeneless citrus oil (CO), as a natural antimicrobial, in controlling causative agents of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in floor materials for poultry farming, specifically wooden chips. The study addresses the issues that have arisen as a result of the reduction in antibiotic use in poultry farming, which has resulted in the re-emergence of bacterial diseases including salmonellosis. CO efficiently inhibits the growth of pathogens including various serovars of Salmonella enterica (SE), including SE serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) and SE serovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum), in a dose-dependent manner. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of CO showed potential for controlling diverse S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum isolates. Growth inhibition assays demonstrated that 0.4% (v/w) CO eliminated S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum from 24 h onwards, also impacting poultry gut microbiota and probiotic strains. Floor material simulation, specifically wooden chips treated with 0.4% CO, confirmed CO's effectiveness in preventing S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum growth on poultry house floors. This study also investigated the effect of CO on the expression of virulence genes in S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum. Specifically, the study revealed that the application of CO resulted in a downregulation trend in virulence genes, including spiA, invA, spaN, sitC, and sifA, in both S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum, implying that CO may alter the pathogenicity of these bacterial pathogens. Overall, this study reveals that CO has the potential to be used as a natural antimicrobial in the prevention and management of Salmonella-related infections in chicken production, offering a viable alternative to control these re-emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Julianingsih
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (D.J.); (C.-W.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Chuan-Wei Tung
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (D.J.); (C.-W.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Kanchan Thapa
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (D.J.); (C.-W.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (D.J.); (C.-W.T.); (K.T.)
- Biological Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Neagu R, Popovici V, Ionescu LE, Ordeanu V, Popescu DM, Ozon EA, Gîrd CE. Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Effects of Different Samples of Five Commercially Available Essential Oils. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1191. [PMID: 37508287 PMCID: PMC10376212 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have gained economic importance due to their biological activities, and increasing amounts are demanded everywhere. However, substantial differences between the same essential oil samples from different suppliers are reported-concerning their chemical composition and bioactivities-due to numerous companies involved in EOs production and the continuous development of online sales. The present study investigates the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of two to four samples of five commercially available essential oils (Oregano, Eucalyptus, Rosemary, Clove, and Peppermint oils) produced by autochthonous companies. The manufacturers provided all EOs' chemical compositions determined through GC-MS. The EOs' bioactivities were investigated in vitro against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The antibacterial and antibiofilm effects (ABE% and, respectively, ABfE%) were evaluated spectrophotometrically at 562 and 570 nm using microplate cultivation techniques. The essential oils' calculated parameters were compared with those of three standard broad-spectrum antibiotics: Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, Gentamycin, and Streptomycin. The results showed that at the first dilution (D1 = 25 mg/mL), all EOs exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested, and MIC value > 25 mg/mL. Generally, both effects progressively decreased from D1 to D3. Only EOs with a considerable content of highly active metabolites revealed insignificant differences. E. coli showed the lowest susceptibility to all commercially available essential oils-15 EO samples had undetected antibacterial and antibiofilm effects at D2 and D3. Peppermint and Clove oils recorded the most significant differences regarding chemical composition and antibacterial/antibiofilm activities. All registered differences could be due to different places for harvesting the raw plant material, various technological processes through which these essential oils were obtained, the preservation conditions, and complex interactions between constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Răzvan Neagu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, "Cantacuzino" National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 103 Spl. Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Violeta Popovici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania
| | - Lucia Elena Ionescu
- Experimental Microbiology Laboratory, "Cantacuzino" National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 103 Spl. Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Viorel Ordeanu
- Experimental Microbiology Laboratory, "Cantacuzino" National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 103 Spl. Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Mihaela Popescu
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, "Cantacuzino" National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 103 Spl. Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emma Adriana Ozon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cerasela Elena Gîrd
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
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Bharath MN, Gupta S, Vashistha G, Ahmad S, Singh SV. Bioprospective Role of Ocimum sanctum and Solanum xanthocarpum against Emerging Pathogen: Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083490. [PMID: 37110723 PMCID: PMC10145132 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a chronic, contagious, and typically life-threatening enteric disease of ruminants caused by a bacterium of the genus Mycobacterium, but it can also affect non-ruminant animals. MAP transmission occurs through the fecal-oral pathway in neonates and young animals. After infection, animals generate IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10, resulting in a Th2 response. Early detection of the disease is necessary to avoid its spread. Many detection methods, viz., staining, culture, and molecular methods, are available, and numerous vaccines and anti-tuberculosis drugs are used to control the disease. However, the prolonged use of anti-tuberculosis drugs leads to the development of resistance. Whereas vaccines hamper the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals in an endemic herd. This leads to the identification of plant-based bioactive compounds to treat the disease. Bioactive compounds of Ocimum sanctum and Solanum xanthocarpum have been evaluated for their anti-MAP activity. Based on the MIC50 values, Ursolic acid (12 µg/mL) and Solasodine (60 µg/mL) were found to be suitable for anti-MAP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manthena Nava Bharath
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Science & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Science & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Garima Vashistha
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Science & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharma Cology), School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Science & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
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Zhang LL, Chen Y, Li ZJ, Fan G, Li X. Production, Function, and Applications of the Sesquiterpenes Valencene and Nootkatone: a Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:121-142. [PMID: 36541855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Valencene and nootkatone, two sesquiterpenes, extracted from natural sources, have great market potential with diverse applications. This paper aims to comprehensively review the recent advances in valencene and nootkatone, including source, production, physicochemical and biological properties, safety and pharmacokinetics evaluation, potential uses, and their industrial applications as well as future research directions. Microbial biosynthesis offers a promising alternative approach for sustainable production of valencene and nootkatone. Both compounds exert various beneficial activities, including antimicrobial, insecticidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective and other activities. However, most of the studies are performed in animals and in vitro, making it difficult to give a conclusive description about their health benefits and extend their application. Hence, more attention should be paid to in vivo and long-term clinical studies in the future. Moreover, valencene and nootkatone are considered safe for consumption and show great promise in the applications of food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, chemical, and agricultural industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jian Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Khan N, Ahmed S, Sheraz MA, Anwar Z, Ahmad I. Pharmaceutical based cosmetic serums. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2023; 48:167-210. [PMID: 37061274 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The growth and demand for cosmeceuticals (cosmetic products that have medicinal or drug-like benefits) have been enhanced for the last few decades. Lately, the newly invented dosage form, i.e., the pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serum has been developed and widely employed in various non-invasive cosmetic procedures. Many pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serums contain natural active components that claim to have a medical or drug-like effect on the skin, hair, and nails, including anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, anti-acne, hydrating, moisturizing, repairing, brightening and lightening skin, anti-hair fall, anti-fungal, and nail growth effect, etc. In comparison with other pharmaceutical-related cosmetic products (creams, gels, foams, and lotions, etc.), pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serums produce more rapid and incredible effects on the skin. This chapter provides detailed knowledge about the different marketed pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serums and their several types such as facial serums, hair serums, nail serums, under the eye serum, lip serum, hand, and foot serum, respectively. Moreover, some valuable procedures have also been discussed which provide prolong effects with desired results in the minimum duration of time after the few sessions of the serum treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimra Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Rainard P, Gilbert FB, Germon P. Immune defenses of the mammary gland epithelium of dairy ruminants. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1031785. [PMID: 36341445 PMCID: PMC9634088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1031785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the mammary gland (MG) fulfills three major functions: nutrition of progeny, transfer of immunity from mother to newborn, and its own defense against infection. The defense function of the epithelium requires the cooperation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) with intraepithelial leucocytes, macrophages, DCs, and resident lymphocytes. The MG is characterized by the secretion of a large amount of a nutrient liquid in which certain bacteria can proliferate and reach a considerable bacterial load, which has conditioned how the udder reacts against bacterial invasions. This review presents how the mammary epithelium perceives bacteria, and how it responds to the main bacterial genera associated with mastitis. MECs are able to detect the presence of actively multiplying bacteria in the lumen of the gland: they express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) released by the growing bacteria. Interactions with intraepithelial leucocytes fine-tune MECs responses. Following the onset of inflammation, new interactions are established with lymphocytes and neutrophils recruited from the blood. The mammary epithelium also identifies and responds to antigens, which supposes an antigen-presenting capacity. Its responses can be manipulated with drugs, plant extracts, probiotics, and immune modifiers, in order to increase its defense capacities or reduce the damage related to inflammation. Numerous studies have established that the mammary epithelium is a genuine effector of both innate and adaptive immunity. However, knowledge gaps remain and newly available tools offer the prospect of exciting research to unravel and exploit the multiple capacities of this particular epithelium.
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Fan Q, Yuan Y, Zhang T, Song W, Sheng Q, Yue T. Inhibitory effects of lactobionic acid on Vibrio parahaemolyticus planktonic cells and biofilms. Food Microbiol 2022; 103:103963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Yang F, Zhang H, Tian G, Ren W, Li J, Xiao H, Zheng J. Effects of Molecular Distillation on the Chemical Components, Cleaning, and Antibacterial Abilities of Four Different Citrus Oils. Front Nutr 2021; 8:731724. [PMID: 34540881 PMCID: PMC8440794 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.731724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) from citrus fruits are excellent aromatic resources that are used in food, cosmetics, perfume, and cleaning products. EOs extracted from four citrus varieties, sweet orange, grapefruit, mandarin, and lemon, were separated into two fractions by molecular distillation. The composition, physicochemical properties, cleaning ability, and antimicrobial activity of each EO were then systematically evaluated. The relationships between each of the aforementioned characteristics are also discussed. In keeping with the principle of “like dissolves like,” most citrus EOs show better cleaning ability than acetone and all tend to dissolve the fat-soluble pigment. The key components of citrus EOs are 1-Decanol, α-terpineol, geraniol, and linalool for the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, respectively. The findings of this study will be of significant importance for the effective utilization of citrus peel resources and in the development of future applications for citrus EOs. Chemical Compounds Studied in This Article: (+)-α-Pinene (PubChem CID: 6654); β-Phellandrene (PubChem CID: 11142); 3-Carene (PubChem CID: 26049); β-Myrcene (PubChem CID: 31253); D-Limonene (PubChem CID: 440917); γ-Terpinene (PubChem CID: 7461); Octanal (PubChem CID: 454); Decanal (PubChem CID: 8175); Linalool (PubChem CID: 6549); 1-Octanol (PubChem CID: 957); β-Citral (PubChem CID: 643779); α-Terpineol (PubChem CID: 17100); Hedycaryol (PubChem CID: 5365392); α-Citral (PubChem CID: 638011); 1-Decanol (PubChem CID: 8174); Geraniol (PubChem CID: 637566).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guifang Tian
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Wenbo Ren
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Jinkai Zheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Citral modulates virulence factors in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16482. [PMID: 34389776 PMCID: PMC8363631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates. Citral has been studied in the pharmaceutical industry and has shown antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to analyze the antimicrobial activity of citral in inhibiting biofilm formation and modulating virulence genes, with the ultimate goal of finding a strategy for treating infections caused by MRSA strains. Citral showed antimicrobial activity against MRSA isolates with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 5 mg/mL (0.5%) and 40 mg/mL (4%), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values between 10 mg/mL (1%) and 40 mg/mL (4%). The sub-inhibitory dose was 2.5 mg/mL (0.25%). Citral, in an antibiogram, modulated synergistically, antagonistically, or indifferent to the different antibiotics tested. Prior to evaluating the antibiofilm effects of citral, we classified the bacteria according to their biofilm production capacity. Citral showed greater efficacy in the initial stage, and there was a significant reduction in biofilm formation compared to the mature biofilm. qPCR was used to assess the modulation of virulence factor genes, and icaA underexpression was observed in isolates 20 and 48. For icaD, seg, and sei, an increase was observed in the expression of ATCC 33,591. No significant differences were found for eta and etb. Citral could be used as a supplement to conventional antibiotics for MRSA infections.
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Cui ZH, He HL, Wu SB, Dong CL, Lu SY, Shan TJ, Fang LX, Liao XP, Liu YH, Sun J. Rapid Screening of Essential Oils as Substances Which Enhance Antibiotic Activity Using a Modified Well Diffusion Method. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040463. [PMID: 33923861 PMCID: PMC8072922 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is recognized as one of the major global health challenges of the 21st century. Synergistic combinations for antimicrobial therapies can be a good strategy for the treatment of multidrug resistant infections. We examined the ability of a group of 29 plant essential oils as substances which enhance the antibiotic activity. We used a modified well diffusion method to establish a high-throughput screening method for easy and rapid identification of high-level enhancement combinations against bacteria. We found that 25 essential oils possessed antibacterial activity against Escherichia Coli ATCC 25922 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 43300 with MICs that ranged from 0.01% to 2.5% v/v. We examined 319 (11 × 29) combinations in a checkerboard assay with E. Coli ATCC 25922 and MRSA 43300, and the result showed that high-level enhancement combinations were 48 and 44, low-level enhancement combinations were 214 and 211, and no effects combinations were 57 and 64, respectively. For further verification we randomly chose six combinations that included orange and Petitgrain essential oils in a standard time-killing assay. The results are in great agreement with those of the well diffusion assays. Therefore, the modified diffusion method was a rapid and effective method to screen high-level enhancement combinations of antibiotics and essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Cui
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.-H.C.); (H.-L.H.); (S.-B.W.); (S.-Y.L.); (L.-X.F.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui-Ling He
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.-H.C.); (H.-L.H.); (S.-B.W.); (S.-Y.L.); (L.-X.F.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuai-Bin Wu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.-H.C.); (H.-L.H.); (S.-B.W.); (S.-Y.L.); (L.-X.F.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chun-Liu Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Si-Ya Lu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.-H.C.); (H.-L.H.); (S.-B.W.); (S.-Y.L.); (L.-X.F.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ti-Jiang Shan
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Liang-Xing Fang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.-H.C.); (H.-L.H.); (S.-B.W.); (S.-Y.L.); (L.-X.F.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.-H.C.); (H.-L.H.); (S.-B.W.); (S.-Y.L.); (L.-X.F.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.-H.C.); (H.-L.H.); (S.-B.W.); (S.-Y.L.); (L.-X.F.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.-H.C.); (H.-L.H.); (S.-B.W.); (S.-Y.L.); (L.-X.F.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence:
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Matsudaira A, Hoshino Y, Uesaka K, Takatani N, Omata T, Usuda Y. Production of glutamate and stereospecific flavors, (S)-linalool and (+)-valencene, by Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:464-470. [PMID: 32713813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can grow photoautotrophically, producing a range of substances by absorbing sunlight and utilizing carbon dioxide, and can potentially be used as industrial microbes that have minimal sugar requirements. To evaluate this potential, we explored the possibility of l-glutamate production using the Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. The ybjL gene encoding the putative l-glutamate exporter from Escherichia coli was introduced, and l-glutamate production reached 2.3 g/L in 143 h (34°C, 100 μmol m-2 s-1). Then, we attempted to produce two flavor substances, (S)-linalool, a monoterpene alcohol, and the sesquiterpene (+)-valencene. The Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 strain in which the linalool synthase gene (LINS) from Actinidia arguta (AaLINS) was expressed under control of the tac promoter (GT0846K-Ptac-AaLINS) produced 11.4 mg/L (S)-linalool in 160 h (30°C, 50 μmol m-2 s-1). The strain in which AaLINS2 and the mutated farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene ispA∗ (S80F) from E. coli (GT0846K-PpsbA2-AaLINS-ispA∗) were expressed from the PpsbA2 promoter accumulated 11.6 mg/L (S)-linalool in 160 h. Genome analysis revealed that both strains had mutations in slr1270, suggesting that loss of Slr1270 function was necessary for high linalool accumulation. For sesquiterpene production, the valencene synthase gene from Callitropsis nootkatensis and the fernesyl diphosphate synthase (ispA) gene from E. coli were introduced, and the resultant strain produced 9.6 mg/L of (+)-valencene in 166 h (30°C, 50 μmol m-2 s-1). This study highlights the production efficiency of engineered cyanobacteria, providing insight into potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsudaira
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hoshino
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kazuma Uesaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takatani
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Omata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Usuda
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan.
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13
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Cheng WN, Han SG. Bovine mastitis: risk factors, therapeutic strategies, and alternative treatments - A review. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:1699-1713. [PMID: 32777908 PMCID: PMC7649072 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is the most common disease of dairy cattle causing economic losses due to reduced yield and poor quality of milk. The etiological agents include a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and can be either contagious (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Mycoplasma spp.) or environmental (e.g., Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus uberis). Improving sanitation such as enhanced milking hygiene, implementation of post-milking teat disinfection, maintenance of milking machines are general measures to prevent new cases of mastitis, but treatment of active mastitis infection is dependant mainly on antibiotics. However, the extensive use of antibiotics increased concerns about emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and that led the dairy industries to reduce the use of antibiotics. Therefore, alternative therapies for prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis, particularly natural products from plants and animals, have been sought. This review provides an overview of bovine mastitis in the aspects of risk factors, control and treatments, and emerging therapeutic alternatives in the control of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Nee Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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14
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Hua X, Jia Y, Yang Q, Zhang W, Dong Z, Liu S. Transcriptional Analysis of the Effects of Gambogic Acid and Neogambogic Acid on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:986. [PMID: 31572177 PMCID: PMC6753875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is a major threat to human health, as this bacterium has developed resistance to a variety of conventional antibiotics. This is especially true of MRSA biofilms, which not only exhibit enhanced pathogenicity but also are resistant to most antibiotics. In this work, we demonstrated that two natural products with antitumor activity, namely, gambogic acid (GA) and neogambogic acid (NGA), have significant inhibitory activity toward MRSA. GA and NGA can not only effectively inhibit planktonic MRSA strains in vivo and in vitro, but also have strong inhibitory effects on MRSA biofilms formation. By transcriptome sequencing, Q-RT-PCR and PRM, we found that GA and NGA could reduce the expression of S. aureus virulence factors by inhibiting the saeRS two-component, thus achieving inhibition of MRSA. We found that GA and NGA had anti-MRSA activity in vivo and in vitro and identified saeRS to be the target, indicating that saeRS inhibitors may be used to treat biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hua
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Jia
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wanjiang Zhang
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhimin Dong
- Innovation Team of Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control, Tianjin Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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15
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Kim MG, Kim SM, Min JH, Kwon OK, Park MH, Park JW, Ahn HI, Hwang JY, Oh SR, Lee JW, Ahn KS. Anti-inflammatory effects of linalool on ovalbumin-induced pulmonary inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105706. [PMID: 31254955 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Linalool is a natural product present in fruits and aromatic plants with biological activities. Researchers have reported that the inhalation of linalool exerts anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we examined the therapeutic effects of linalool on airway inflammation and mucus overproduction in mice with allergic asthma. Oral administration of linalool significantly inhibited the levels of eosinophil numbers, Th2 cytokines and immunoglobulin E (IgE) caused by ovalbumin (OVA) exposure. Linalool exerted preventive effects against the influx of inflammatory cells and mucus hypersecretion in the lung tissues. Linalool also dose-dependently decreased the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and protein kinase B (AKT) activation in the lung tissues. Linalool effectively downregulated the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) caused by OVA exposure. Furthermore, linalool exerted inhibitory effect on OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In the in vitro study, the increased secretion of MCP-1 was attenuated with linalool treatment in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated H292 airway epithelial cells. In conclusion, linalool effectively exerts a protective role in OVA-induced airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion, and its protective effects are closely related to the downregulation of inflammatory mediators and MAPKs/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gu Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Man Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Min
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Kyoung Kwon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyeong Park
- Laboratory Animal Resources Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye In Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yeon Hwang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Raying Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Meroni G, Zamarian V, Prussiani C, Bronzo V, Lecchi C, Martino PA, Ceciliani F. The bovine acute phase protein α 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) can disrupt Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:93-100. [PMID: 31282384 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-related infections are of clinical concern due to the capability of bacterial colonies to adapt to a hostile environment. The present study investigated the capability of the acute phase protein alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) to a) disrupt already established S. aureus biofilm and b) interfere with the biofilm de novo production by using Microtiter Plate assay (MtP) on field strains isolated from infected quarters by assessing. The present study also investigated whether AGP could interfere with the expression of bacterial genes related to biofilm formation (icaA, icaD, icaB, and icaC) and adhesive virulence determinants (fnbA, fnbB, clfA, clfB, fib, ebps, eno) by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The results provided the evidence that AGP could disrupt the biofilm structure only when it was already developed, but could not prevent the de novo biofilm formation. Moreover, AGP could interfere with the expression levels of genes involved in biofilm formation in a dose- and strain-dependent way, by upregulating, or downregulating, icaABC genes and fnbB, respectively. The results presented in this study provide new insights about the direct antibacterial activity of AGP in bovine milk. It remains to be demonstrated the molecular bases of AGP mechanism of action, in particular for what concerns the scarce capability to interact with the de novo formation of biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Meroni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Zamarian
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Prussiani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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17
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El-Esawi MA, Elansary HO, El-Shanhorey NA, Abdel-Hamid AME, Ali HM, Elshikh MS. Salicylic Acid-Regulated Antioxidant Mechanisms and Gene Expression Enhance Rosemary Performance under Saline Conditions. Front Physiol 2017; 8:716. [PMID: 28983254 PMCID: PMC5613177 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity stress as a major agricultural limiting factor may influence the chemical composition and bioactivity of Rosmarinus officinallis L. essential oils and leaf extracts. The application of salicylic acid (SA) hormone may alleviate salinity stress by modifying the chemical composition, gene expression and bioactivity of plant secondary metabolites. In this study, SA was applied to enhance salinity tolerance in R. officinallis. R. officinallis plants were subjected to saline water every 2 days (640, 2,000, and 4,000 ppm NaCl) and 4 biweekly sprays of SA at 0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm for 8 weeks. Simulated salinity reduced all vegetative growth parameters such as plant height, plant branches and fresh and dry weights. However, SA treatments significantly enhanced these plant growth and morphological traits under salinity stress. Salinity affected specific major essential oils components causing reductions in α-pinene, β-pinene, and cineole along with sharp increases in linalool, camphor, borneol, and verbenone. SA applications at 100–300 ppm largely reversed the effects of salinity. Interestingly, SA treatments mitigated salinity stress effects by increasing the total phenolic, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, and proline contents of leaves along with decline in sodium and chloride. Importantly, this study also proved that SA may stimulate the antioxidant enzymatic mechanism pathway including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) as well as increasing the non-enzymatic antioxidants such as free and total ascorbate in plants subjected to salinity. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that APX and 3 SOD genes showed higher levels in SA-treated rosemary under salinity stress, when compared to non-sprayed plants. Moreover, the expression level of selected genes conferring tolerance to salinity (bZIP62, DREB2, ERF3, and OLPb) were enhanced in SA-treated rosemary under salt stress, indicating that SA treatment resulted in the modulation of such genes expression which in turn enhanced rosemary tolerance to salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Esawi
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of CambridgeCambridge, United Kingdom.,Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta UniversityTanta, Egypt
| | - Hosam O Elansary
- Floriculture, Ornamental Horticulture, and Garden Design Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria UniversityAlexandria, Egypt.,Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of JohannesburgJohannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nader A El-Shanhorey
- Botanical Gardens Research Department, Horticultural Research Institute (ARC)Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amal M E Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams UniversityCairo, Egypt
| | - Hayssam M Ali
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Timber Trees Research Department, Sabahia Horticulture Research Station, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research CenterAlexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Elshikh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
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